8. الاجتهاد
8. Ijtihad
الاجتهاد (ئؾطٙحد) مشتق من الجذر «جَهَدَ». ومعناه لغةً: بذل الجهد والمشقة في أي عمل يتضمن قدراً من المشقة. وقد عرّفه كبار علماء الأصول، مثل أبي الحسن علي المعروف بالآمدي (ت 631هـ) ومحمد بن علي الشوكاني (ت 1255هـ)، بأنه: «استفراغ الفقيه وسعَه لتحصيل ظنٍّ بأحكام الشريعة من أدلتها التفصيلية في المصادر».27
Ijtihad (ئؾطٙحد ) is derived from the root word Jahada. Linguistically, it means striving or self-exertion in any activity, which entails a measure of hardship. The great scholars of Usul such as Abu al-Husayn Ali otherwise known as Al-Amidi (d. 631 AH) and Mohammad bin Ali Al-Shawkani (d. 1255 AH) defined it as, „the total expenditure of effort made by a jurist in order to infer, with a degree of probability, the rules of Shariah from their detailed evidence in the sources.‟27
وَيُضِيفُ آخَرُونَ إِلَى هَذَا التَّعْرِيفِ: «بِحَيْثُ يَشْعُرُ الْمُجْتَهِدُ بِالْعَجْزِ عَنْ بَذْلِ أَيِّ جُهْدٍ إِضَافِيٍّ». وَالِاجْتِهَادُ، بِوَصْفِهِ مُصْطَلَحًا فِقْهِيًّا، يَعْنِي اسْتِفْرَاغَ كُلِّ الْوُسْعِ فِي دِرَاسَةِ مَسْأَلَةٍ دِرَاسَةً وَافِيَةً، وَالْتِمَاسِ حُكْمِهَا مِنْ مَصَادِرِ الشَّرِيعَةِ.
Others add, „in a manner the Mujtahid feels unable to exert any more effort‟ to this definition. Essentially as a juristic term, Ijtihad means exhausting all of one‟s efforts in studying a problem thoroughly and seeking a solution for it from the sources of Shari‟ah.