15. 学习伊斯兰教法（Fiqh）
15. Studying Fiqh
每个穆斯林在其一生中所须遵守的沙里亚教法知识，是每位穆斯林应尽的个人义务，因为他被命令依照沙里亚教法的规定来行事。这是因为立法者向人类和信士们发出的责成性训谕是确定性的训谕，对于信仰（iman）或人的行为，不给任何人留有选择的余地。所以真主（SWT）的话语：
Knowledge of the Shari’ah rules, which a Muslim is obliged with in his life, is an individual duty upon every Muslim because he is commanded to undertake all his actions according to the Shari’ah rules. This is because the address of accountability with which the Legislator addressed mankind, and the believers, is a decisive address which leaves no option for anyone concerning the creed (iman) or the activities of man. So Allah (swt)’s statement:
“信仰安拉和祂的使者” [TMQ 4:136]
“ Believe in Allah and His Messenger “ [TMQ 4:136]
像他的(SWT)这句话:
Is like His (swt) statement:
安拉允许买卖，并禁止利息（高利贷）。 [TMQ 2:275]
“ Allah permitted trade and forbade riba” [TMQ 2:275]
这两节经文都是关于问责的训诫。它们是针对其所指对象的明确训诫，而不是针对我们所提及的主题而言，这由安拉（SWT）的话可以证明：
Both of these ayat are addresses of accountability. They are both decisive addresses in relation to their address, not in relation to the subjects we were addressed with, due to the evidence of Allah’s (swt) statement:
“对于信道的男女而言，当真主和祂的使者已经裁决某件事时，他们就无权再有其他的选择。” [TMQ 33:36]
“It is not for any believer, male or female, to have any option in any matter upon which Allah and His Messenger have judged” [TMQ 33:36]
鉴于经文证据，每一项行为都将受到清算，正如安拉（SWT）所说：
Also due to the evidence that every action will be accounted for as Allah (swt) said:
“谁行了微尘重的善，必将见到它；谁行了微尘重的恶，也必将见到它。” [TMQ 99:8-9]
“Whoever performs a particle’s weight of good will see it, and whoever performs a particle’s weight of evil will see it” [TMQ 99:8-9]
安拉(SWT)说:
And Allah (swt) said:
在那一天，每个灵魂都将面对自己所行的一切善功与恶行，它会希望自己与那恶行之间有一段遥远的距离。但真主警告你们，提醒你们当敬畏祂。 [TMQ 3:30]
“The Day that every soul will be confronted with all the good it has done and all the evil it has done, it will wish that there was a great distance between it and (its evil). But Allah cautions you about Himself” [TMQ 3:30]
他(SWT)说:
And He (swt) said:
“每个灵魂都将因其所行而得到报偿”[TMQ 16:111]。
“And each soul will be recompensed for all its actions” [TMQ 16:111].
关于责任（taklīf），已有明确的定性：穆斯林负有确定无疑的责任，在任何行为上都必须受伊斯兰教法（Shar'a）规定的约束。至于责任的对象，即真主（SWT）使人负有责任的一切事物，可以是必须履行的（fard）、推荐的（mandub）、允许的（mubah），也可以是禁止的（haram）或被厌恶的（makruh）。至于责任的本质，它是确定的，没有任何选择余地；因此只有一种情况，即必须约束自己遵守它。由此，每一位穆斯林都有义务认识自己在现世生活中所受约束的伊斯兰教法规定。至于认识在今世约束自己的教法规定之外的其他知识，则属于集体义务（Fard Kifayah），而不是个人义务（Fard Ain），即如果有人承担并完成了这项任务，其余人就免除了责任。这一点得到了安纳斯·本·马立克（ra）所传圣训的印证：真主的使者（ﷺ）说：
Accountability has been addressed in a decisive manner, a Muslim is accountable in a decisive manner and he is obliged to restrict himself to the Shar’a rules when he undertakes any action. As for the subject of accountability i.e. any thing that Allah (swt) has made man accountable with, this can be obligatory (fard), recommended (mandub) or allowed (mubah), or it can be prohibited (haram) or disliked (makruh). As for the essence of accountability, it is decisive without any choice in it; so there is only one situation, namely the obligation of restricting oneself to it. Hence it becomes obligatory upon every Muslim to know the Shari’ah rules with which he is bound in the earthly life. As for knowing other than the Shari’ah rules with which he is bound in this life, this is a obligation of sufficiency (Fard Kifayah) and not an individual duty (Fard Ain) i.e. if some undertake and fulfil this, then it falls away from the rest. This is strengthened by what was narrated by Anas bin Malik (ra) that The Messenger of Allah (saw) said:
“寻求知识是每位穆斯林的义务。”
“Seeking knowledge is obligatory upon every Muslim.”
尽管此处所指的是穆斯林一生所应遵守的全部知识,但教法学(fiqh)就其中穆斯林一生所应遵守的规范而言,是其中的一部分,例如信条('aqeeda)、功修('ibadat)、社会交易(mu'amalat)等方面的规范。因此,学习教法学属于穆斯林必须履行的事务之一;实际上,它属于真主(SWT)为穆斯林规定的义务之一,无论是个人义务还是集体义务。经中有珍贵的圣训鼓励学习教法学,而先知ﷺ确实鼓励人们学习教法学。
Even though what is meant here is all the knowledge with which a Muslim is bound in his life, jurisprudence (fiqh) is a part of it in respect to the rules with which a Muslim is bound in his life such as creed (aqeeda), ritual worships (ibadat), social transactions (mu’amalat) etc. Hence studying fiqh is among the compulsory matters for Muslims; rather it is from the rules that Allah (swt) obliged upon them, whether it is an individual or collective duty. There have come noble ahadith encouraging the studying of fiqh and verily the Messenger (saw) encouraged the study of fiqh.
布哈里传述，伊本·欧麦尔（愿真主喜悦他们）说：真主的使者ﷺ说：
Al-Bukhari narrated through Ibn Umar (ra): The Messenger of Allah (saw) said:
“安拉为谁意欲行善，就使谁通晓伊斯兰教法（fiqh）。”
“The one for whom Allah wills good (khayr), He grants him fiqh.”
赛义德·本·穆萨耶卜传述，艾布·胡莱赖（愿安拉喜悦他）说：安拉的使者ﷺ说：
Saeed bin al-Musayyab narrated from Abu Hurayra (ra) who said: The Messenger of Allah (saw) said:
“谁若是真主所意欲赐予恩惠的人，祂就使他通晓宗教知识。”（伊本·马哲辑录）
“The one for whom Allah wills good, He grants him fiqh in the deen” . (narrated by Bin Majah).
阿扎姆·本·哈基姆从他的叔叔那里传述，叔叔说：真主的使者ﷺ说：
Azzam bin Hakeem narrated from his uncle from the Messenger of Allah (saw) who said
“你们所处的时代，法学家众多，讲说者寡少，给予者多而求问者少；因此在这个时代，行动胜过知识。不久将来会出现一个时代，法学家寡少，讲说者众多，乞求者多而施予者少；因此在那个时代，知识胜过行动。”
“You are in a time of many jurisprudents (fuqaha), few speakers, many who give and few who ask; so action in this time is better than knowledge. There will soon come a time of few jurisprudents, many speakers, many who beg and few who give; so knowledge in this time is better than action.”
这些圣训明确阐述了伊斯兰教法学（fiqh）的美德，并鼓励人们学习它。据传，欧麦尔·本·赫塔卜（愿安拉喜悦他）说：
These ahadith are explicit in the virtue of fiqh and encouraging its study. It was narrated that Umar bin al-Khattab (ra) said:
“一个夜间礼拜、白天崇拜的虔诚者死去，其严重性不及一位通晓安拉所定合法与非法之事的有见识之人去世。”
“The death of one thousand worshippers who pray at nigh and worship in the day is less serious than the death of one intelligent knower (baseer) of the halal and haram of Allah.”