9.2 伊斯兰教中的学习方法
9.2 The Method Of Study In Islam
伊斯兰文化有一套学习的方法,这一方法可以概括为三点:
The Islamic culture has a method of study, and this method is summarised in three points:
首先:研习应当深入,直到问题被正确理解为止,因为这一文化在概念上极为深邃,其学习需要耐心与坚忍。以之涵养自身是一个理性的过程,需要运用心智去领会其义,因为它要求理解其语句,认识其所指的实际,并理清其与用以理解该实际的各类知识之间的联系。正因如此,必须以理性的方式来接受这一文化。例如,穆斯林有义务通过理性来确立其信仰,而不是盲目顺从。因此,研习一切与信仰根基相关的内容,必然要在学习时运用理性的过程。沙里亚的律例已在《古兰经》和圣训中有所阐述。所以,要推导出沙里亚的律例,就必须运用理性的过程。借助它,才能理解问题、相关经文及其在该问题上的应用。为此,理性过程不可或缺。即便是普通信众(阿姆)在不了解其依据的情况下采纳某项裁定,也需要理解所面对的问题,并理解用以解决该问题的裁定,以免采用了针对其他问题而设的裁定。运用理性过程是必不可少的。因此,无论是穆智塔希德还是普通信众,要以伊斯兰文化涵养自身,都必须以理性的方式领受这一文化。这只有通过理性过程并在学习中竭尽全力才能做到。
First: That the study should be deep until the matters are correctly comprehended because this culture is conceptually profounf and its study requires patience and forbearance. Culturing oneself with it is an intellectual process which requires mental exertion to comprehend them because it requires the comprehension of its sentences, cognizance of its reality and its linkage with information through which this reality is understood. This is why it is essential to acquire this culture intellectually. For instance, the Muslim is obliged to adopt his creed through ration and not by unquestioning submission. So, the study of whatever relates to the basis of the creed inevitably requires an intellectual process at the time of study. The Sharī’ah rules have been addressed in the Qur’ān and hadīth. So, to deduce the Sharī’ah rules the use of the intellectual process is imperative. Through it, the problem, the relevant text and its application on the problem is understood. For this the intellectual process is indispensable. Even the layman (‘aammi) who adopts the hukm without knowledge of its evidence needs to understand the problem and understand the hukm which has been brought to solve it so that he does not adopt the hukm which is for a problem other than the problem to which the hukm applies. It is imperative that he utilises the intellectual process. Therefore, to culture oneself with the Islamic culture, whether he is a mujtahid or layman (‘aammi) he must receive the culture intellectually. This will not be possible except through the intellectual process and by exerting ones utmost effort in study.