19.1 服从（at-ta’ah）
19.1 Obedience (at-ta’ah)
服从是国家纪律得以存在的根本问题，也是表明国家与乌玛整体纪律的最重要体现之一。正因为如此，尽管启示、神迹、使命以及使者（愿主赐福他并使其平安）的品格本身已足以产生服从，《古兰经》仍在许多经文中强调服从。有的经文命令服从，即服从是必须存在的，这是一项要求人履行的命令；有的经文禁止服从，即服从是不被允许存在的，这是一项要求人不去做的禁令；经文还将具有此类品行视为穆斯林必须远离的东西。我们看到，《古兰经》在提及服从时说：
Obedience is a fundamental matter for the existence of discipline in the State, and from the most important manifestation to indicate the general discipline in the State and Ummah. Due to this, the Qur’an emphasised obedience in many ayat despite the existence of revelation, miracles, the message and the Messenger (saw)’s personality which by themselves are enough to create obedience. The ayat came commanding obedience i.e. when it is obligatory to exist, a command which obliges its fulfilment, and it came prohibiting obedience i.e. when it is not permitted to exist, a prohibition which obliged its non-performance, and it considered that possessing such manners as something that the Muslim must put himself far away from. We find that the Qur’an, when it refers to obedience, saying:
服从安拉和使者。 [TMQ 3:32]
“Obey Allah and the Messenger” [TMQ 3:32]
和:
And:
“跟随我，服从我的命令” [TMQ 20:90]
“Follow me and obey my command” [TMQ 20:90]
和:
And:
听从并服从 [TMQ 64:16]
“Hear and obey” [TMQ 64:16]
和:
And:
“谁服从真主和祂的使者，祂就使他进入下面有河流流淌的乐园” [TMQ 4:13]
“Whoever obeys Allah and His Messenger, He will admit him into gardens underneath which rivers flow” [TMQ 4:13]
和:
And:
“谁服从使者，就是服从了真主。” [TMQ 4:80]
“Whoever obeys the Messenger has obeyed Allah” [TMQ 4:80]
和:
And:
“谁服从真主和使者，谁就与真主所恩赐的人同在”[TMQ 4:69]。
“Whoever obeys Allah and the Messenger, they are among those whom Allah has granted favour” [TMQ 4:69].
所以，真主在这节经文中命令了无条件的服从；服从是没有限制的。我们发现，使者（ﷺ）命令服从统治者和地方长官，无论何种情况，除非所命令的是罪恶。伊本·阿拔斯（愿真主喜悦他）传述，先知（ﷺ）说：
So Allah has commanded unrestricted obedience in this ayat; obedience came without restriction. We find that the Messenger (saw) commands obedience to the rulers and governors in all situations except if what was commanded was a sin. From ibn Abbas (ra) from the Prophet (saw) who said:
“谁厌恶他的埃米尔（统治者）的某事，就应当忍耐，因为凡是背离权威（苏丹）哪怕一拃之距的人，并且死于这种状态，他便是死于无知（jahiliyyah）的状态。”
“Whoever dislikes something from his Amir should be patient about it for verily, none among the people will go out/rebel from the authority (sultan) by even a hand span and die upon that except that he dies a death of ignorance (jahiliyyah).”
先知（ﷺ）认为不服从埃米尔即是脱离集体。阿布·里贾·阿塔尔迪传述说："我听伊本·阿拔斯（愿安拉喜悦他）转述先知（ﷺ）所说：
The Messenger (saw) considered the failure to obey the Amir as separation from the community. Abu Rija Al-‘Attardi related and said: “I heard ibn Abbas (ra) (narrating) from the Prophet (saw) who said:
“谁看到他的埃米尔有某件他不喜欢的事，就当忍耐。因为，凡是与集体分离哪怕一拃之距而死去的人，他的死亡便是愚昧之死。”（穆斯林圣训集辑录）
“Whoever sees in his Amir something he dislikes, let him be patient. For, verily, whoever separated from the community by (even a) hand span and dies, his death is one of ignorance” (narrated by Muslim).
穆斯林向先知宣誓效忠的内容之中，就包括顺从。据朱纳达ʼ本·阿布·乌麦耶传述：我们前去探望患病的欧拜代ʼ本·沙米特，对他说：愿真主使你康复。请你给我们讲一段圣训，愿真主借你所听闻的先知ﷺ的言语使你受益。他说：
Among what the Muslims pledged the Prophet upon was obedience. From Junadah bin Abu Umayyah who said: “We entered upon Ubadah bin As-Samit when he was ill and said: May Allah improve your health. Relate (to us) a hadith for which Allah (swt) will benefit you from what you heard from the Prophet (saw). He said:
先知ﷺ召集我们，我们向他宣誓效忠（bay’ah）。他说：他所立下的条件之一是，我们宣誓要在我们喜欢和不喜欢的事情上听从和服从，无论在顺利还是困难的时候，即使别人被置于我们之上，并且我们不与掌权者争夺权力，他说：除非你们看到明显的不信（kufr buwah），而你们对此有来自真主的明确证据。”（由Al-Bukhari记载）
The Prophet (saw) invited us and we gave him a pledge (bay’ah). He said: Among what he took as condition(s) upon us is that we pledged to hear and obey in what we find pleasing and what we dislike, in our ease and hardship, even if others are preferred over us and that we do not dispute the authority of those who possess it ,he said, except if you see open disbelief (kufr buwah) for which you have clear proof from Allah” (Narrated by Al-Bukhari
经文和圣训都是命令服从的，但这种服从受伊斯兰律例的限制；另有圣训禁止在违抗安拉的事情上服从。先知ﷺ说：
The ayat and ahadith came from commanding obedience, except that this obedience is restricted by the limits of Islam, there came other ahadith prohibiting obedience in (matters of) disobedience to Allah (swt). He (saw) said:
“在违抗造物主的事上，不得服从受造之物。”（由艾哈迈德转述）
“No obedience to the created in disobedience to the Creator” (narrated by Ahmad).
而纳菲尔（Nafi'）传述，他从阿卜杜拉（ra）那里得知，先知ﷺ说道：
And Nafi’ related from Abdullah (ra) from the Prophet (saw) who said:
“听从与服从是穆斯林男子应尽的义务，无论他所喜欢或不喜欢的事情，除非他被命令去犯罪。若他被命令去犯罪，则不必听从，也不必服从。”（由布哈里辑录）
“Hearing and obedience is obliged upon the Muslim man in whatever he likes or dislikes except if he is commanded with a sin. If he is commanded with a sin, there is no hearing or obeying” (Narrated by Al-Bukhari).
然而，当这种服从属于一般的纪律时，真主(SWT)已经命令服从。至于这种服从与伊斯兰相悖，或与真主(SWT)的道路背道而驰时，伊斯兰就禁止服从。因此，真主(SWT)在祂说的时候明确禁止我们服从某些（类型的）服从：
However, Allah (swt) commanded with this obedience when it is for the general discipline. As for when this obedience is contrary to Islam or in a way opposite to the way of Allah (swt), then Islam has prohibited obediece. Due to this, Allah (swt) explicitly forbade us from some (types of) obedience when He said:
“信道的人们啊！如果你们服从那些曾经接受天经的人中的一派，他们会在你们信仰之后，使你们变成不信道者。” [TMQ 3:100]
“O you who believe, if you obey a party (fareeqa) of those given the Book they will turn you disbelievers after your belief” [TMQ 3:100]
和:
And:
“不要听从那些我们使其心地忽视我们的记念、并且顺从私欲、事情已经失败的人。” [TMQ 18:28]
“Do not obey the one whose heart we have made neglectful of Our Remembrance so he followed his desire and his affair was lost” [TMQ 18:28]
和:
And:
“如果你服从地上的大多数人，他们会使你偏离安拉的道路” [TMQ 6:116]
“If you obey most of those in the earth, they will misguide you from the way of Allah” [TMQ 6:116]
和:
And:
不要服从那些不信道者。 [TMQ 25:52]
“Do not obey the disbelievers” [TMQ 25:52]
和:
And:
“不要服从那些否认真理的人” [TMQ 68:8]
“Do not obey those who give lie (to the Truth)” [TMQ 68:8]
和:
And:
不要听从他们中的罪人或不信者。 [TMQ 76:24]
“Do not obey the sinful or disbeliever among them” [TMQ 76:24]
和:
And:
“不要顺从每个发誓的卑贱者（maheen）”[TMQ 68:10]。
“Do not obey each swearing (maheen)” [TMQ 68:10].
这些经文禁止服从具有特定属性的人。任何去考察这些人或这些属性的人，都会发现它们明显与伊斯兰相悖，也与伊斯兰的道路不同。真主（SWT）向我们阐明了这些，以便我们致力于在自身培养服从的品格，即确立一种普遍的纪律。同时，也是为了使这种纪律远离那些一旦服从便会对国家实体有害的领域。因此，穆斯林在回应真主（SWT）的服从命令时，也有义务避免服从真主（SWT）禁止我们服从的那些人。
All these ayat prohibit obeying persons (with specific) attributes. Anyone investigating (these persons or attributes) will find them clearly against Islam and in a way other than the way of Islam. Allah (swt) has clarified them to us so that we devote ourselves in developing the obedience in ourselves i.e bring in place a general discipline. And so as to keep this discipline far away from the areas where, if obedience occurs, it would be harmful to the entity (i.e. of the State). Therefore, it is obliged upon the Muslim that, when he responds to Allah’s (swt) command of obedience, to also avoid obeying those whom Allah (swt) has prohibited (us from) obeying them.