20.6 寻求异教徒协助作战 - 伊斯兰人格 | Quran Course

20.6 寻求异教徒协助作战 - 伊斯兰人格 | Quran Course

这段圣训被理解为：向不信道者寻求援助的事，交由哈里发的判断；若他愿意，便寻求援助；若他不愿意，便拒绝。先知ﷺ在乌侯德之役和攻克麦加时寻求过援助，而在白德尔之役以及对呼拜卜和与他同在的那人，则在他们皈依伊斯兰之前拒绝了援助。既然已经确定，先知ﷺ曾在他们仍处于不信之中时，向个别不信道者寻求援助；同时也确定，他在他们皈依伊斯兰之前拒绝了个别人的援助，那么这便是证据：在战斗中向个别不信道者寻求援助是被允许的，并且此事交由哈里发的判断。他若愿意，可以接受援助；若不愿意，则可以拒绝。拜海吉在引述沙斐仪的原文时提到：先知ﷺ凭洞察力察觉了他所遣返之人的品性，因此他遣返了他们，并期待他们皈依伊斯兰。安拉（SWT）证实了他的判断。

This hadith is is taken to mean that seeking of assistance of disbelievers is delegated to the Khalifah’s opinion; if he wills, he seeks assistance and if he so wills, he refuses. The Messenger (saw) sought assistance in Uhud and the conquest of Makkah and refused to seek assistance in Badr and from Khubayb and the man together with him until they embraced Islam. Since it is established that the Messenger (saw) sought assistance from individual disbelievers while they were upon disbelief, and it is (also) established that he rejected assistance from individuals until they embraced Islam and this is evidence that seeking assistance of individual disbelievers in fighting is allowed and that it is delegated to the opinion of the Khalifah. If he wills he can accept assistance and if he so wills he will refuse it. Al-Baihaqi mentioned the text of Ash-Shafi’: Verily the Prophet (saw) intuitively perceived into the character of those he returned so he returned them expecting their Islam. And Allah (swt) verified his belief.

至于不允许在不信道者以独立国家身份存在时向其寻求援助的证据，是艾哈迈德和奈萨仪所传述的，源自安斯，他说：安拉的使者ﷺ说道：

As for the evidence that it is not allowed to seek assistance from the disbelievers in their capacity as an independent State, this is due to what Ahmad and An-Nasai narrated from Anas who said: The Messenger of Allah (saw) said:

Khuza'ah跳起来说:我们处于穆罕默德ﷺ的盟约和承诺之中。Banu Bakr也跳起来说:我们处于古莱氏及其承诺之中。于是Khuza'ah与穆斯林一同进入了这项古莱氏与穆斯林之间的条约,先知ﷺ依据该盟约,将他们作为一个群体纳入自己的庇护之下,归入他的国家。因此,他们作为一个部落在穆斯林的旗帜下作战,成为伊斯兰国的一部分,而非独立的国家,所以他们是个体,而不是一个实体。至于有些人设想Khuza'ah与先知ﷺ有同盟或条约关系,这是不正确的。依据这项条约,Banu Bakr部落作为古莱氏的一部分与古莱氏一同进入条约,Khuza'ah部落作为穆斯林的一部分与穆斯林一同进入条约。因此,Khuza'ah与先知ﷺ一同参战,并非一个异教部落与穆斯林并肩作战,而是异教部落中的个体异教徒在穆斯林的旗帜下与穆斯林并肩作战。这其中没有任何问题,是被允许的。至于Ahmad和Abu Dawud从Dhu Makhmar处所传的圣训,他说:我听到安拉的使者ﷺ说:

Based upon this text, Khuza’ah leaped and said: We are in the contract of Muhammad and his pledge, and Banu Bakr leaped and said: We are in the contract of Quraysh and their pledge. So Khuza’ah came together with the Muslims in this treaty which was between Quraysh and the Muslims, and the Messenger (saw) entered them under his protection as a group in his State according to the contract. Therefore it fought as a tribe under the Muslims’ flag and as a part of the Islamic State, not like an independent State so they were like individuals not like an entity. As for what some imagine of Khuza’ah having an alliance or treaty with the Messenger (saw), this is not correct. Based upon this treaty, the tribe of Banu Bakr entered together with Quraysh as a part of them. The tribe of Khuza’ah entered together with Muslims as a part of them. Accordingly the war of Khuza’ah together with the Messenger (saw) was not a war of a disbelieving tribe together with Muslims; rather it was a war of individual disbelievers in a disbelieving tribe together with Muslims under the flag of Muslims. This is allowed without any problem in it. As for what was narrated by Ahmad and Abu Dawud from Dhu Makhmar who said: I heard the Messenger of Allah (saw) saying:

这一语境性的暗示（قرينة）表明，他们处于穆斯林的旗帜之下，因此应当被视为个人。这一点得到了与罗马人所发生之事的印证：穆斯林与罗马人作战，战胜了他们，并占领了他们的土地。部分罗马人作为个人与穆斯林并肩作战，但从未发生过罗马人以国家的身份，与伊斯兰国家之外的敌人一同作战的情况。这种情况在任何时候都未曾出现，这说明关于罗马人的圣训，其含义指的是个人而非国家，并且必须按此理解。由此可以明确，并没有证据表明可以以国家的身份寻求多神教徒的协助；相反，明文经训是绝对禁止这样做的。

Is a connotation (qareena) that they are under the Muslims’ flag so they would then be individuals. This is strengthened by the reality of what occurred with the Romans. Muslims fought them, defeated them and occupied their land. Some Romans fought together with Muslims as individuals. It never occurred that Romans fought in their capacity as a State with the Islamic State enemies beyond them. This never occurred at any time which emphasizes that the meaning of the hadith of Romans is individuals and not as a State, and it is obligatory to take it as such. This clarifies that there is no evidence indicating the permissibility of seeking assistance of polytheists as a State; rather the explicit texts are about the absolute impermissibility of this.

所有这些都是针对寻求异教徒亲自与穆斯林一起参战的协助而言的。至于从异教徒那里获取武器来寻求协助，这是允许的，无论武器来自个人还是国家，因为这被视为有担保的借用。这是依据所传述的这段圣训：当使者ﷺ决定前往与哈瓦津部落会战时，有人告诉他，صفوان 本·乌maiya（Safwan bin Umayyah）那里有盾牌和武器。他便派人去找他，那时他仍是一名多神教徒，并对他说：

All this is in relation to seeking assistance of the disbelievers to fight by himself together with Muslims. As for seeking assistance of the disbeliever by taking weapons from him; this is allowed whether the weapons are from an individual or a State based on this being a guaranteed loan. This is due to what was narrated that when the Messenger of Allah (saw) decided to travel to meet Hawazin, it was mentioned to him that there were shields and weapons with Safwan bin Umayyah. He sent to him, while he was still a polytheist on that day, and said: