14 Baitul Mali (Ma'ajin Jiha)

Baitul-mali (Bayt Al-Mal) ita ce hukumar da ke da alhakin kudaden shiga da kashe-kashe bisa ga dokokin Shari'a ta fuskar tattarawa, ajiya da kashewa. Shugaban ofishin baitul-mali ana kiransa Ma'ajin Baitul-mali (Khazin Bayt Al-Mal). Ofisoshin da ke lardunan kasar suna karkashinsa, kuma shugaban kowane ofishi ana kiransa Mai Baitul-mali (Sahib Bayt Al-Mal).

The treasury (Bayt Al-Mal) is the administration responsible for the revenues and expenditure in accordance with the Shari’ah rules in terms of their collection, storage and spending. The head of the office of the treasury is called the Treasurer of the Treasury (Khazin Bayt Al-Mal). The offices in the provinces fall under it and the head of each office is called the Trustee of the Treasury (Sahib Bayt Al-Mal).

Bayt Al-Mal kalma ce ta nau'in suna wacce aka samar da ita daga tsarin mallaka (genitive). Ana amfani da ita wajen nufin wurin da ake ajiye kudaden shiga na gwamnati har sai an kashe su. Hakanan tana iya nufin hukumar da ke da alhakin karɓa da kashe kuɗaɗen da suke halatta ga Musulmi.

Bayt Al-Mal is a noun made from a genitive construction. It is used to mean the place where the state’s revenues are kept until they are spent. It could mean the authority responsible for receiving and spending the funds entitled for Muslims.

Mun karɓi – kamar yadda muka bayyana a baya – cewa gwamna yana da iko na musamman wanda ya keɓe rundunar soji, shari'a da kuɗi. Saboda haka, dukkan rundunar soji za ta zama sashe na tsakiya (wanda Amir na Jihadi ke jagoranta). Shari'a kuma za ta zama sashe na tsakiya (wanda aka sani da shari'a), sannan dukkan kuɗaɗen za su zama sashe na tsakiya (wanda aka sani da baitul-mali), wanda ya keɓanta da kowace ƙungiya a cikin Daula, kuma yana ƙarƙashin Khalifah kamar sauran ƙungiyoyi.

We have adopted – as we explained earlier - that the governor is given a special authority that excludes the army, judiciary and funds. Thus, the whole army will be a central department (presided over by the Amir of Jihad). The judiciary will be a central department (known as judiciary) and the entire funds form a central department (known as the treasury), which is separate from any other organisation in the State, and is subordinate to the Khalifah as are the other organisations.

Wannan kuma baya ga cewa akwai hujjoji masu yawa da ke nuna cewa baitul-mali yana ƙarƙashin ikon kai tsaye na Manzon Allah ﷺ ko Khalifa, ko kuma duk wanda ya naɗa ya jagoranci ta. Manzon Allah ﷺ wani lokaci yana hulɗa kai tsaye da kuɗaɗen, yana da akwati. Yana karɓar kuɗaɗen, yana raba su, yana kashe su a wurarensu da suka dace. A wasu lokuta kuma yana naɗa wani ya kula da hakan. Haka ne waɗanda suka shiryu daga cikin Khulafa'u suka yi bayansa, inda ko dai su da kansu suke jagorantar baitul-mali, ko kuma su wakilta wasu su yi hakan a madadinsu.

This is in addition to the fact that there are abundant evidences that the treasury was under the direct authority of the Messenger (pbuh) or the Khalifah, or whoever he appointed to preside over it. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would sometimes deal directly with the funds and he had a safe. He used to receive the funds, distribute them, and spend them in their due place. On other occasions he used to appoint somebody to take care of that. This is what the righteous Khulafaa’ used to do after him , where they either took charge of the treasury by themselves, or they delegated others to do that on their behalf.

Manzon Allah ﷺ yakan sanya kuɗaɗen a cikin masallaci, kamar yadda Al-Bukhari ya ruwaito daga Anas, ya ce:

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) used to place the funds in the mosque, as Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas, he said:

. » يبَِالٍ يمنَ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن فَ قَالَ: انْ ثُ رُوهُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ أُيتَِ النَّيبُِّ « .

"An kawo wasu kuɗi zuwa ga Annabi ﷺ daga Bahrain. Sai ya ce: ‘A baza su a cikin masallaci.’"

“Some funds were brought to the Prophet (phuh) from Bahrain. He said: ‘Spread it out in the mosque.’”.

Wani lokaci yakan sanya shi a ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan matansa, kamar yadda Al-Bukhari ya ruwaito daga Uqbah, ya ce:

He would sometimes put it in one of the rooms of his wives, as it was narrated by Al-Bukhari from Uqbah, he said:

. بيالْمَ ي دينَية الْعَصْرَ، فَسَلَّمَ ثُمَّ قَامَ مُسْيرعًا، فَ تَخَطَّى يرقَابَ صَلَّيْتُ وَرَاءَ النَّيبِِّ « النَّا ي س إيلَى ب عَْ ي ض حُجَير نيسَائييه، فَ فَيزعَ النَّاسُ يمنْ سُرْعَتييه، فَخَرَجَ عَلَيْيهمْ، فَ رَأَى أَن هَُّمْ عَ ي جبُوا يمنْ » سُرْعَتييه، فَ قَالَ: ذكََرْتُ شَ يْئًا مِنْ تِ بْرٍ عِنْدَنَا، فَكَرِهْتُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَنِي، فَأَمَرْتُ بِقِسْمَتِهِ .

Na yi sallar La'asar a bayan Annabi ﷺ a Madina. Bayan da ya gama sallar da yin sallama, sai ya tashi da sauri ya fita, yana ratsa layukan mutane, zuwa ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan matansa. Mutane sun ji tsoro saboda gudunsa. Annabi ﷺ ya dawo ya ga mutane sun yi mamaki saboda saurinsa, sai ya ce musu: "Na tuna da wani yanki na zinariya da yake kwance a gidana, kuma ban so shi ya karkatar da hankalina daga bautar Allah ba, don haka na umarta a raba shi (a matsayin sadaka)."

“I offered the `Asr prayer behind the Prophet (phuh) at Medina. When he finished the prayer with Taslim, he got up hurriedly and went out by crossing the rows of the people to one of the dwellings of his wives. The people got scared at his speed . The Prophet (phuh) came back and found the people surprised at his haste and said to them, "I remembered a piece of gold lying in my house and I did not like it to divert my attention from Allah's worship, so I have ordered it to be distributed (in charity)”.

Dangane da ajiye shi a wuri mai aminci - Muslim ya ruwaito daga Umar (ra) cewa ya ce:

With respect to keeping it in a safe - Muslim narrated from Umar (ra) that he said:

. قَالَتْ: هُوَ يفي ي خزَانَتييه يفي الْمَشْرُبَية ... ؟ فَ قُلْتُ لهَاَ: أَيْنَ رَسُولُ اللهي ...« فَيإذَا أَنَا بيقَبْضَةٍ يمنْ شَعييرٍ نََْيو الصَّاي ع، وَيمثْليهَا قَ رَظًا فَ نَظَرْتُ بيبَصَيري يفي ي خزَانَية رَسُويل اللهي يفي نَا ي حيَية الْغُرْفَية وَإيذَا أَفييقٌ مُعَلَّقٌ. قَالَ: فَابْ تَدَرَتْ عَيْ نَايَ قَالَ: مَا ي بُْكِيكَ يَا ابْنَ الْخَطَّابِ ؟ قُ لْتُ: يَا نَيبَِّ اللهي، وَمَا يلَ لاَ أَبْ ي كي وَهَذَا الَْْ ي صيرُ قَدْ أَث رََّ يفي جَنْبيكَ، وَهَ ي ذهي ي خزَان تَُكَ لا أَرَى »... ؟ فييهَا إيلاَّ مَا أَرَى .

“..Sai na ce mata, ‘Ina Manzon Allah (ﷺ) yake?’ Ta ce, ‘Yana cikin ɗakinsa na ajiya a cikin tagar katako.’ Sai na duba cikin ɗakin ajiyar Manzon Allah ﷺ, sai na ga ba zato ba tsammani wani adadin sha'ir kimanin sa' ɗaya (wani ƙaramin ma'aunin girma), da kuma daidai da 'ya'yan itatuwan itace da ake amfani da su wajen yin ruwan 'ya'yan itace a gefe ɗaya na ɗakin. Na kuma ga wata fatar dabba da ba a yi mata magani ba tana rataye a cikin ɗakin. Idanuna sun zubar da hawaye. Sai Annabi ﷺ ya ce, ‘Me ke sa ka kuka, ɗan Al-Khattab?’ Sai na ce, ‘Ya Annabin Allah ﷺ! Ta yaya ba zan yi kuka ba, alhali wannan tabarma ta yi tasiri a jikinka, kuma wannan ita ce ɗakin ajiyarka wanda ba na ganin a cikinsa face abin da nake gani…’.”

“..So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an un-tanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet (phuh) said ‘What makes you weep, son of Al- Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet (phuh) of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see…’.”.

A zamanin Khulafa' Ar-Rashidun, wurin da ake ajiye kudade ya zama sananne da suna Bayt Al-Mal. Ibn Sa'd ya ambata a cikin Al-Tabaqat daga Sahl Ibn Abu Hathmah da wasu, cewa: "Abu Bakr yana da wani gida a Al-Sanh wanda babu wanda ke tsare da shi. Sai aka ce masa, 'Don me ba ka sa wani ya tsare shi ba?' Ya ce, 'Yana da kulle.' Yana rarraba abin da ke cikinsa har sai ya kare. Lokacin da ya koma Madinah, ya kwashe shi ya ajiye a gidansa." Hinad ya ruwaito a cikin Al-Zuhd da sanadi mai kyau daga Anas, ya ce: "Wani mutum ya zo wajen Umar ya ce, 'Ya Shugaban Muminai! Ka taimake ni, domin ina so in tafi Jihadi.' Umar ya amsa, 'Ka kama hannunsa ka kai shi Bayt Al-Mal domin ya dauki kudin da yake so.'" A cikin Al-Sunan Al-Kubra na Al-Bayhaqi, wanda Ibn Hajar ya tabbatar da ingancinsa, daga Abdullahi b. Wadi'ah, ya ce: "Salim, bawan Abu Hudhayfah, ya kasance bawa ga wata mace daga gare mu mai suna Salma bint Ye'ar, ta 'yantar da shi a zamanin Jahiliyya. Lokacin da aka kashe shi a Al-Yamamah, aka kawo gadonsa wajen Umar Ibn Al-Khattab. Sai ya kira Wadi'ah Ibn Khidham ya ce, 'Wannan ita ce gadon bawanka, kai ne ka fi cancanta da shi.' Ya ce, 'Ya Shugaban Muminai. Allah ya sa mu ba mu da bukatar sa. Matarmu ta 'yantar da shi ba tare da sharadi ba; don haka ba ma son kawo wa kanmu kunya (ko kuma asara) daga al'amarinsa.' Sai Umar ya sanya dukiyar gadonsa a Bayt Al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi da Al-Darimi sun ruwaito, kuma Ibn Hazm ya tabbatar da ingancinsa: "Sufyan b. Abdullahi b. Rabi'ah Al-Thaqafi ya samu jaka ta fata ya kawo wa Umar b. Al-Khattab. Ya ce, 'Ka sanar da ita tsawon shekara guda; idan wani ya gane ta, to ka ba shi, in ba haka ba ta ka ce.' Babu wanda ya gane ta, sai ya sadu da shi shekara mai zuwa ya ambata masa. Umar ya ce, 'Taka ce, domin Manzon Allah ﷺ ya umarce mu da haka.' Ya ce, 'Ba na so.' Umar ya karbe ta ya sanya ta a Bayt Al-Mal." Al-Darimi da Ibn Abi Shaybah sun ruwaito daga ‘Abd Allah b. Amr, wanda ya ce: “Wani bawa ya rasu a zamanin Uthman ba tare da yana da wani dangi ba. Sai ya umarta a sanya dukiyarsa a Bayt Al-Mal.” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr ya ruwaito a cikin Al-Istidhkar daga Anas Ibn Sirin cewa: “Ali yana rarraba kudade har Bayt Al-Mal ya kare, sannan yana wanke shi ya zauna a cikinsa.”

At the time of the righteous Khulafaa’, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as Bayt Al-Mal. Ibn Sa‘d mentioned in Al-Tabaqat from Sahl Ibn Abu Hathmah and others: “Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it until it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house.” Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd with a good chain from Anas, he said: “A person came to Umar and said, ‘O Leader of the Believers! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to Bayt Al- Mal so he can take the funds he wants.” In Al-Sunan Al-Kubra by Al-Bayhaqi, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abd Allah b. Wadi‘ah, said: “Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah, was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Ye’ar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to Umar Ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadi‘ah Ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Leader of the Believers. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, Umar put his inheritance wealth in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazm authenticated it: “Sufyan b. ‘Abd Allah b. Rabi’ah Al-Thaqafi found a leather bag and brought it to Umar b. Al-Khattab. He said, ‘Announce it for one year; and if it was recognised (by someone) then give it (to them), otherwise it is yours.’ No body recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ordered us to do that.’ He said, ‘I do not want it.’ Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Darimi and Ibn Abi Shaybah narrated from ‘Abd Allah b. Amr who said: “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al- Mal.” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr narrated in Al-Istidhkar from Anas Ibn Sirin “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside.”.

Wannan yana game da ma'anar farko ta Baitul-mali, wato wurin ajiya. Dangane da ma'ana ta biyu, wato hukuma mai kula da shi, wannan ya zama dole saboda akwai lokacin da ba a ajiye kuɗaɗe a wuri ba, kamar filaye, rijiyoyin man fetur, rijiyoyin iskar gas, ma'adinai, da kuɗaɗen sadaka da ake karɓa daga dukiya a raba wa waɗanda suka cancanta ba tare da an ajiye su a wuri ba. Ana amfani da Baitul-mali wani lokaci don nufin hukumar da ke da alhakin kula da shi, kamar yadda Al-Bayhaqi ya ruwaito a cikin Sunan, Ahmad a cikin Al-Musnad, da ‘Abd Al-Razzaq a cikin Musannafinsa, daga Lahiq Ibn Hameed ya ce: "An aika Ibn Mas‘ood ya jagoranci shari'a da Baitul-mali." Ba yana nufin Umar (ra) ya aike shi ya zama mai tsaron ƙofar Baitul-mali ba, sai dai yana nufin shi ne mai alhakin karɓa da kashe kuɗaɗen. Wannan ma'ana ɗaya ce da Ibn Al-Mubarak ya ruwaito a cikin Al-Zuhd daga Al-Hasan, lokacin da shugabannin Basra suka zo tare da Abu Musa Al-Ash‘ari suka roƙe shi ya ware musu abinci. Ya ce a ƙarshen maganarsa a gare su: "Ya ku shugabanni! Na ware muku tumaki biyu da filaye biyu da ake noma daga Baitul-mali." Don haka yana iya nufin hukumar mai kula da shi.

This is in regards to the first meaning of Bayt Al-Mal, which is the place. With regards to the second meaning, which is the responsible authority, this is necessitated by the fact that the funds are sometimes not kept in a place, such as the lands, oil wells, gas wells, mines, and the charity funds that are taken from the wealth and paid to its deserving people without being kept in a place. The Bayt Al-Mal is sometimes used to mean the responsible authority as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi in Sunan, Ahmad in Al- Musnad, and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in His Musannaf, from Lahiq Ibn Hameed “Ibn Mas’ood was sent to preside over the judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal.” It would not mean that Umar (ra) sent him as a doorman to the Bayt Al-Mal, but rather he meant that he was responsible to collect and spend the funds. This is the same meaning as narrated by Ibn Al-Mubarak in Al-Zuhd from Al- Hasan, when the leaders of Basra came with Abu Musa Al- Ash‘ari and requested him to assign food for them. He said, in concluding his words to them: ‘O Leaders! I have assigned two sheep and two patches of arable land to you from the Bayt Al- Mal’; thus it can mean the responsible authority.

Wanda yake sarrafa kudaden Bayt Al-Mal kuma yake kula da kashe-kashensa shi ne Khalifah.

The one that disposes of the revenues and deals with the expenses of Bayt Al-Mal is the Khalifah.

Manzon Allah (ﷺ) ne ya karɓi sadakokin ‘Uthman (ra) na rundunar wahala (‘Usrah) a cikin mahaifarsa. Ahmad ya ruwaito, Al-Tirmidhi kuma ya ruwaito wani riwaya - ya ɗauke ta a matsayin Hasan Gharib, Al-Hakim ya tabbatar da ingancinta, Al-Dhahabi kuma ya amince da shi - daga ‘Abd al Rahman b. Samrah cewa ya ce:

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was the one that received the donations of ‘Uthman (ra) to the army of hardship (‘Usrah) in his lap. Ahmad narrated and Al-Tirmidhi reported a narration - they considered it to be Hasan Gharib, and Al-Hakim authenticated it and Al-Dhahabi agreed with him - from ‘Abd al Rahman b. Samrah that he said:

. بيأَلْ ي ف يدينَارٍ يفي ث وَْبييه ي حينَ جَهَّزَ النَّيبُِّ )جَاءَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ إيلَى النَّيبِِّ مَا « : ي قَُلِّ بُ هَا بييَ ي دهي وَي قَُولُ فَجَعَلَ النَّيبُِّ جَيْشَ الْعُسْرَةي قَالَ فَصَ بَّ هَا يفي ي حجْير النَّيبِِّ ي رَُدِّدُهَا يمرَارًا( » ضَرَّ ابْنَ عَفَّانَ مَا عَمِلَ بَ عْدَ الْيَ وْمِ “ .

‘Uthman ya zo wurin Annabi ﷺ da dinari dubu lokacin da yake shirya Rundunar Wahala (Tabuk), sai ya zuba su a cinyar Annabi ﷺ. Ya ce Annabi ﷺ ya fara juya su yana cewa: “Ba za a cutar da ‘Uthman ba saboda duk wani aiki da zai yi bayan yau,” kuma ya maimaita hakan sau da yawa. Wani lokaci yakan raba su da kansa. Al-Bukhari ya ruwaito daga Anas:

‘Uthman came to the Prophet (phuh) with one thousand dinars when he prepared the Army of the Hardship (Tabuk) and he emptied it in the lap of the Prophet (phuh) . He said the Prophet (phuh) started to turn them around and say: ‘Uthman will not be harmed by any work he does after today, and he repeated it many times”. He used sometimes to divide them by himself. Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas:

. يبَِالٍ يمنَ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن فَ قَالَ: انْ ثُ رُوهُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ ... فَ لَمَّا قَضَى أُيتَِ النَّيبُِّ « وَثَمَّ الصَّلاةَ جَاءَ فَجَلَسَ إيلَيْيه، فَمَا كَانَ ي رََى أَحَدًا إيلاَّ أَعْطَاهُ ... فَمَا قَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّيه » يمنْ هَا يدرْهَمٌ.

Kuɗaɗe daga Bahrain aka kawo wa Annabi ﷺ. Ya ce "ku baza su a cikin masallaci." Idan ya gama sallah, sai ya zauna kusa da su, bai bar kowa da ya gani ba tare da ya ba shi… Lokacin da Manzon Allah ﷺ ya tashi, babu ko dirhami ɗaya da ya rage a wurinsu.

“Funds from Bahrain were brought to the Prophet (phuh) . He said ‘spread them out in the mosque’. When he finished the prayer, he sat down close to them and left nobody he saw without giving him… when the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) stood up, there was not a single dirham left with them”.

Abu Bakr (ra) ya ɗauki alhakin raba kuɗaɗen da suka zo daga Bahrain da kansa. Al-Bukhari ya ruwaito daga Jabir wanda ya ce:

Abu Bakr (ra) took responsibility of dividing by himself the funds coming from Bahrain. Al-Bukhari narrated from Jabir who said:

. لَوْ قَدْ جَاءَنِي مَ الُ الْبَحْرَيْنِ، لَقَدْ أَعْطَي تُكَ هَكَذَا « : )قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّيه فَ لَمَّا جَاءَ مَالُ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن أَمَرَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ، فَ لَمْ يَ يَئْ حَ تََّّ قُبيضَ النَّيبُِّ ،» وَهَكَذَا وَهَكَذَا دَيْنٌ أَوْ ي عدَةٌ فَ لْيَ أْتينَا، فَأَتَ يْ تُهُ فَ قُلْتُ: إينَّ مُنَايديًا فَ نَادَى: مَنْ كَانَ لَهُ ي عنْدَ رَسُويل اللَّيه قَالَ: يلَ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَحَثَا يلَ ثَلاَثاً ...( رَسُولَ اللَّيه “ .

Manzon Allah ﷺ ya ce: "Idan kuɗi suka zo daga Bahrain, zan ba ka kaza da kaza da kaza." Lokacin da Manzon Allah ﷺ ya rasu, kuɗin suka zo daga Bahrain, sai Abu Bakr ya umarci wani ya yi kira: "Duk wanda yake da bashi ko wani abu a wurin Manzon Allah ﷺ, ya zo gare mu." Sai na je wurinsa na ce: Manzon Allah ﷺ ya ce: "Mini kaza da kaza," sai ya ba ni (kuɗi) sau uku...

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: ‘If funds come from Bahrain, I will give you thus and thus and thus. When the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) died and the funds came from Bahrain, Abu Bakr ordered somebody to call: Whoever has some debt or something with the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) let him come to us. I went to him and said: the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: ‘for me is thus and thus, so he gave me (of money) three times...’”.

A cikin hadisin da aka ambata a sama game da Sufyan Al-Thaqafi, dangane da jakar fata da ya samo ya sanar da Umar (ra), Umar ya karɓa ya sa ta a Bayt Al-Mal. Al-Shafi‘i ya ruwaito a cikin Al-Umm: "Malamai fiye da ɗaya sun gaya mana cewa lokacin da dukiyar yaƙin Iraƙi ta isa wurin Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, amintaccen Bayt Al-Mal ya ce masa, 'bari in ajiye su a Bayt Al-Mal.' Ya ce: 'A'a! Ina rantsuwa da Ubangijin Ka'aba, ba za a ajiye ta a cikin wani gida ba har sai na raba ta.' Sai ya umarta a sa ta a masallaci, aka shimfiɗa tabarmar fata a kanta, maza daga cikin Muhajirai da Ansar suka yi tsaronta. Da safe, Al-‘Abbas b. ‘Abd Al-Muttalib da ‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf suka fita tare da shi, yana riƙe da hannun ɗaya daga cikinsu, ko kuma ɗaya daga cikinsu yana riƙe da hannunsa. Da suka gan shi, suka cire tabarmar fatan daga kan kuɗaɗen. Sai ya ga abin da bai taɓa gani ba. Ya ga zinariya, saffir, lu'ulu'u da lu'u-lu'u suna walƙiya, sai ya yi kuka. Ɗaya daga cikinsu ya ce masa, 'Ina rantsuwa da Allah! Wannan ba ranar kuka ba ce, illa ranar yabo da farin ciki.' Ya ce, 'Ina rantsuwa da Allah! Ban yi tunani kamar yadda kuke yi ba. Hakika, irin waɗannan kuɗaɗe ba sa ƙaruwa a cikin kowace al'umma sai cutarwarsu ta shiga tsakanin mutanenta.' Sannan ya juya zuwa ga Alqibla, ya ɗaga hannayensa ya ce, 'Ya Ubangijina! Ina neman kariya gare ka daga jarabtuwa, domin ina jin Ka (swt) kana cewa:"

In the narration mentioned above of Sufyan Al-Thaqafi regarding the leather bag which he found and announced to Umar (ra): “Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal”. Al-Shafi‘i reported in Al-Umm “More than one of the scholars told us that when the spoils of Iraq reached Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, the trustee of the Bayt Al-Mal told him, ‘let me put them in the Bayt Al-Mal’. He said: ‘No! By the Lord of the Ka’bah, it will not be kept in any house until I have divided it.’ So he ordered it should be put in the mosque, and leather mats were put on top of it and men from the Muhajir and Al-Ansar guarded it. In the morning, Al-‘Abbas b. ‘Abd Al-Muttalib and ‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf went out with him, he was either holding the hand of one of them, or one of them was holding his hand. When they saw him, they removed the leather mats away from the funds. So, he saw a scene he never saw before. He saw the gold, sapphire, crystals, and pearl sparkling and he cried. One of them said to him, ‘By Allah! This is not a day of crying, rather a day of praising and delight.’ He said ‘By Allah! I did not think of it your way. Rather, such funds will not increase in any people except their harm falls between them.’ Then he turned to the Qiblah, rose up his hands and said, ‘O my Lord! I seek protection with you from being allured, for I hear You (swt) saying:

“Amma waɗanda suka ƙaryata ayoyinMu, za Mu jagorance su a hankali zuwa halaka ta inda ba su sani ba.” (TMQ 7:183). Sai ya ce: “Ina Suraqah Ibn Ja’sham?” Aka kawo shi gare shi yayin da hannayensa suke da gashi kuma sirara. Ya ba shi ’yan kunnen hannu biyu na Kisra. Ya ce: “Ka saka su”, shi kuwa ya saka. Sai ya ce: “Allah ya fi girma.” Ya ce: “Allah ya fi girma.” Ya ce: “Ku ce: Duk godiya ta tabbata ga Allah, wanda ya ƙwace su daga Kisra Ibn Hirmiz, ya kuma sanya wa Suraqah b. Ja‘sham su, ɗan ƙauye daga Banu Midlij.” Ya fara juya dukiyar da sanda, sai ya ce: “Lallai wanda ya miƙa wannan mai gaskiya ne.” Wani mutum ya ce masa: “Bari in faɗa maka, kai ne amintaccen Allah (ameen), kuma suna miƙa maka abin da ka miƙa wa Allah. Don haka idan ka ɓoye, za su ɓoye.” Ya ce: “Ka faɗi gaskiya.” Sannan ya raba ta. Mun riga mun ambaci hadisin ‘Abdullahi ɗan ‘Amr wanda Al-Darimi ya ruwaito: “Wani bawa ya rasu a zamanin ‘Uthman ba tare da yana da dangi ba. Sai ya umarta a sa dukiyarsa a Baitul-mal.” Baya ga hadisin Anas Ibn Sirin a cikin Al-Istidhkar cewa: “‘Ali yana raba dukiya har Baitul-mal ya ƙare, sannan yana wanke shi yana zaune a cikinsa (a ƙasa).”

“But those who deny Our signs - We will progressively lead them [to destruction] from where they do not know.”. (TMQ 7:183). Then he said, ‘Where is Suraqah Ibn Ja’sham?’ He was brought to him while his arms were hairy and slim. He gave him the two bracelets of Kisra. He said, ‘Wear them’ and he did. He then said, ‘Allah is great.’ He said, ‘Allah is Great’ He said, ‘Say all Praise is to Allah, who wrested them from Kisra Ibn Hirmiz and dressed Suraqah b. Ja‘sham with them, a Bedouin from Bani Midlij.’ He started to turn over the funds with a stick and said, ‘Indeed the one that rendered that is honest.’ A man said to him, ‘Let me tell you, you are the trustee of Allah (ameen), and they render to you that which you rendered to Allah. So, if you reveled they would revel.’ He said, ‘You said the truth.’ then he distributed it”. We mentioned before also the narration of ‘Abd Allah b. Amr as reported by Al-Darimi “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al-Mal”. This is aside from the narration of Anas Ibn Sirin in Al-Istidhkar that “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside (on the floor).”.

Manzon Allah ﷺ yakan naɗa ɗaya daga cikin sahabbansa ya jagoranci rabon kuɗaɗen, ko kuma ya naɗa shi a kan wasu al'amuran kuɗaɗen. Al-Bukhari ya ruwaito wani hadisi daga ‘Uqbah cewa Manzon Allah ﷺ ya ce: .» ذكََرْتُ شَ يْئًا مِنْ تِ بْرٍ عِنْدَنَا، فَكَرِهْتُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَنِي، فَأَمَرْتُ بِقِسْمَتِهِ « .

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would sometimes appoint one of his companions to preside over the division of the funds, or he used to appoint him over some of the issues of the funds. Al-Bukhari reported a narration from ‘Uqbah that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: .» ذكََرْتُ شَ يْئًا مِنْ تِ بْرٍ عِنْدَنَا، فَكَرِهْتُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَنِي، فَأَمَرْتُ بِقِسْمَتِهِ « .

“Na tuna wani yanki na zinariya da ke kwance a gidana, kuma ban so ta karkatar da hankalina daga ibadar Allah ba, don haka na umarta a raba ta (a matsayin sadaka).” Wannan ruwayar Ibn Shihab ce, wadda Ibn Abi Shaybah ya ruwaito ta hanyar ruwayar da Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar Al-‘Asqalani, Al-Mundhiri da Al-Haythami suka ɗauka a matsayin Hasan, cewa:

“I remembered a piece of gold Lying in my house and I did not like it to divert my attention from Allah's worship, so I have ordered it to be distributed (in charity).”The narration of Ibn Shihab, as reported by Ibn Abi Shaybah through a narration considered Hasan by Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar Al-‘Asqalani, Al- Mundhiri and Al-Haythami says:

. دَخَلَ ي خزَانَةَ بيلاَلٍ الَّيتِ يَضَعُ فييهَا الصَّدَقَا ي ت، فَ وَجَدَ فييهَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ الله ي « صُبْ رَةً يمنْ تََْرٍ، فَ قَالَ: مَا هَذَا التَّمْرُ يَا بِلاَلُ ؟ قَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهي، أَخَذْت هَُا لينَ وَائيبيكَ. قَالَ : أَفَأَمِنْتَ أَنْ تُصْبِحَ وَلَهَا فِي جَهَنَّمَ بُخَارٌ ؟ أَنْفِقْ وَلاَ تَخْشَ مِنْ ذِي الْعَرْشِ إَقْلاَلاً أَوْ » إِقْ تَار اً .

"Manzon Allah ﷺ ya shiga cikin ma'ajiyar Bilal inda yake ajiye Sadaqah (sadaka), sai ya ga wani tarin dabino a cikinta, sai ya ce, 'Me ne waɗannan dabinon, ya Bilal?' Ya ce, 'Ya Manzon Allah ﷺ, na ajiye su ne saboda lokutanka na wahala.' Sai ya ce, 'Shin kana jin lafiya daga farkawa ka ga cewa sun yi hayaƙi a cikin Wuta? Ka ciyar kuma kada ka ji tsoron ragi ko rowa daga Mai Al'arshi.'" Haka kuma a cikin wata riwayar: "Abd al-Rahman ɗan Auf yana kula da Sadaqah ta raƙuma da tumaki a zamanin Manzon Allah ﷺ, Bilal kuma yana kula da Sadaqah ta 'ya'yan itatuwa, yayin da Mahmiyyah ɗan Juz' yana kula da ɗaya bisa biyar (na Manzon Allah ﷺ da iyalansa)." Khalifah ya ce: "Bilal kuma shi ne yake da alhakin kashe-kashensa."

“The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) entered the safe of Bilal in which he put the Sadaqah (charity) and found in it a heap of dates, so he said, ‘What are these dates, O Bilal?’ He said ‘O Messenger of Allah, I took it for your hard times.’ He said, ‘Do you feel safe from waking up and finding it fume in Hell? Spend and do not fear reduction or stinginess from the Owner of the Throne.’” And also in the narration: “Abd al Rahman b. ‘Awf used to take charge of the Sadaqah of camels and sheep at the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) , and Bilal used to take charge of the Sadaqah of fruits; while Mahmiyyah Ibn Juz’ used to take charge of the fifth (of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and his household)”. And Khalifah said: “And Bilal was responsible for his expenses”.

Ibn Hibban ya ruwaito a cikin Sahihinsa daga ‘Abdullahi b. Lahi’a Al-Huzani, wanda ya ce: “Na sadu da Bilal, mai kiran sallah na Manzon Allah ﷺ, sai na ce: ‘Ya Bilal! Kudin kashewa na Manzon Allah ﷺ nawa ne?’ Ya amsa: ‘Bai mallaki komai ba. Ni ne nake kula da hakan tun daga lokacin da aka aiko shi a matsayin Manzo har zuwa ranar da ya rasu. Idan wani Musulmi ya zo wurinsa ya gan shi ba shi da sutura, sai ya umarce ni da in yi gaggawar karbo bashi domin in sayo masa rigar da zai sanya, da kuma abinci.’” Muslim ya ruwaito daga Abu Rafi‘, bawan Manzon Allah ﷺ, wanda ya ce:

Ibn Hibban reported in his Sahih from ‘Abd Allah b. Lahya Al-Huzani, who said: “I met with Bilal, the Mu’adhin of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and said, ‘O Bilal! How much were the expenses of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ?’ He replied, ‘He did not have anything. I was the one that took care of that since he was sent as a Messenger till the day he passed away. If a Muslim came to him and he saw him not dressed he ordered me to rush and borrow some money so as to buy him a cloak to dress him and also feed him’”. Muslim reported from Abu Rafi‘, the servant of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) , who said:

اسْ تَسْلَفَ مِنْ رَجُلٍ بَكْرًا، فَ قَدِمَتْ عَلَيْهِ إِبِلٌ مِنْ إِبِلِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ « الصَّدَقَةِ، فَأَمَرَ أَبَا رَافِعٍ أَنْ يَ قْضِيَ الرَّجُلَ بَكْرَه ، فَ رَجَعَ إيلَيْيه أَبُو رَافيعٍ فَ قَالَ: لََْ أَ ي جدْ فييهَا إيلاَّ » ي خيَارًا رَبَا ي عيًا، فَ قَالَ: أَعْطِهِ إِيَّاهُ، إِنَّ خِيَارَ النَّاسِ أَحْسَ نُ هُمْ قَضَاء .

Manzon Allah ﷺ ya aro wani rakumi matashi. Daga baya ya karɓi wasu rakuman Sadaƙa. Ya umarci Abu Rafi‘ da ya biya mutumin rakuminsa matashi. Sai na ce: Ban samu a cikin rakuman ba sai rakumi mai kyau mai shekara huɗu. Manzon Allah ﷺ ya ce: Ka ba shi, domin mafi alherin mutane su ne waɗanda suka fi kyau wajen biya.

“The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) borrowed a young camel. Then he received some camels of the Sadaqah. He ordered Abu Rafi‘ to repay the man his young camel. I said: I did not find in the camels except a four year old good camel. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: give it to him, for the best people are those who are best in repayment”.

It is also mentioned in the narration of Ibn Abbas, which is agreed upon: That when the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent Mu’adh to Yemen, he said: ليمُعَايذ بْ ي ن جَبَلٍ ي حينَ ب عََثَهُ إيلَى الْيَمَ ي ن: ... فَإِنْ هُمْ أَطَاعُوا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهي « لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ فَ رَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُ ؤْخَذُ مِنْ أَغْنِيَائِهِمْ فَ تُ رَدُّ عَلَى فُ قَرَائِهِمْ، فَإِنْ هُ مْ أَطَاعُوا لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَإِيَّاكَ وَكَرَائِمَ أَمْوَالِهِمْ، وَاتَّقِ دَعْوَةَ الْمَظْ لُومِ فَإِنَّهُ » لَيْسَ بَ يْ نَهُ وَبَ يْنَ اللهِ حِجَابٌ .

"Idan kuma sun yi maka biyayya a cikin haka, to ka sanar da su cewa Allah ya wajabta musu sallah biyar a kowace rana da dare. Idan kuma sun yi maka biyayya a cikin haka, to ka sanar da su cewa Allah ya wajabta musu biyan Zakka, wadda za a karɓa daga masu arziki a cikinsu a bai wa talakawa a cikinsu. Idan sun yi maka biyayya a cikin haka, to ka guji karɓar mafi kyau daga cikin dukiyoyinsu, kuma ka ji tsoron addu'ar wanda aka zalunta, domin babu wani shãmaki tsakanin addu'arsa da Allah." Haka kuma Muslim ya ruwaito daga Abu Hurairah.

“And if they obey you in that, tell them that Allah has enjoined on them five prayers in each day and night. And if they obey you in that tell them that Allah has made it obligatory on them to pay the Zakat which will be taken from the rich among them and given to the poor among them. If they obey you in that, then avoid taking the best of their possessions, and be afraid of the invocation of an oppressed person because there is no screen between his invocation and Allah”. It is also reported in Muslim from Abu Hurayrah.

. » عُمَرَ عَلَى الصَّدَقَةِ بَ عَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ « .

cewa Manzon Allah ﷺ ya aika Umar ya karɓo Sadaqah.

“that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent Umar to collect the Sadaqah”.

Khulafa'ur Rashidun sun bi shi a hanyarsa, don haka sukan naɗa wasu mutane su tafiyar da al'amuran asusun kuɗi. Ibn Ishaq da Khalifah sun ce: "Abu Bakr ya naɗa Abu 'Ubaydah b. Al-Jarrah a matsayin mai kula da Bayt Al-Mal, sannan ya aike shi zuwa Al-Sham." Al-Dhahabi ya ce yayin da yake magana a kan rayuwar Mu'ayqib cewa: "Abu Bakr da Umar sun naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da Bayt Al-Mal." A littafin Ibn Kathir Al-Bidayah wa 'l-Nihayah, ya ambata daga 'Abd Allah b. Zubayr cewa: "Manzon Allah ﷺ ya yi amfani da 'Abd Allah b. Al-Arqam b. 'Abdu Yaghuth a matsayin marubucinsa, kuma yana amsa wa Sarakuna a madadinsa. An kuma ambata cewa yana umurtar shi ya rubuta wa wasu daga cikin Sarakuna, kuma zai sanya hatimi a kan abin da ya karanta masa saboda amanar da yake da ita a gare shi. Ya rubuta wa Abu Bakr kuma ya sanya shi mai alhakin Bayt Al-Mal, Umar b. Al-Khattab kuma ya amince da hakan." Ibn Sa'd ya ruwaito a Al-Tabaqat, Ibn Hajar kuma a Al-'Isabah, cewa ma'ajin Umar (ra) bawansa ne Yasar Ibn Numayr. Ahmad a cikin Musnadinsa, da 'Abd Al-Razzaq a cikin Al-Musannaf, sun ruwaito daga Lahiq b. Hamid cewa ya ce: "Ya aika Ibn Mas'ud ya zama mai kula da shari'a da Bayt Al-Mal," ma'ana zuwa Kufa. Khalifah ya ruwaito daga Malik Ibn Anas, daga Zayd b. Aslam, cewa: "Umar ya naɗa 'Abd Allah b. Arqam a matsayin mai kula da Bayt Al-Mal." Ibn Khuzaymah ya ruwaito a cikin Sahihinsa daga 'Urwah b. Al-Zubayr cewa: "'Abd Al-Rahman b. 'Abd Al-Qari ya ce: 'Ina kula da Bayt Al-Mal a zamanin Umar b. Al-Khattab." Ibn Hajar ya ruwaito a Al-Fath, yayin da yake magana a kan falalar 'Abd Allah b. Mas'ud: "Umar da 'Uthman sun naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da Bayt Al-Mal a Kufa." Al-Jahshayari ya ambata a Al-Wuzara' wa 'l-Kuttab cewa: "'Abdullah b. Arqam Ibn 'Abdu Yaghuth, ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Annabi ﷺ, yana tafiyar da Bayt Al-Mal a madadinsa," ma'ana a madadin 'Uthman (ra). Al-Hakim ya ambata a cikin Al-Mustadrak daga Al-Zubayr Ibn Bakkar cewa, "Abdullah Ibn Al-Arqam Ibn Abdu Yaghuth ya kasance mai kula da Bayt Al-Mal a lokacin Umar da farkon mulkin Uthman har zuwa rasuwarsa; kuma yana da wata zumunci da Manzon Allah ﷺ." Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr ya ce a cikin Al-Isti’ab: "Zaid Ibn Thabit ya kasance mai kula da Bayt Al-Mal a lokacin Khilafar Uthman. Zaid yana da bawa mai suna Wahib. Uthman ya gan shi yana taimaka musu a Bayt Al-Mal, sai ya ce: ‘Wane ne wannan?’ Zaid ya amsa: ‘Bawa ne a gare ni.’ Uthman ya ce: ‘Ina ganin yana taimakon Musulmai, kuma yana da hakki, saboda haka zan ba shi.’ Sai ya ba shi dubu biyu. Zaid ya ce: ‘Ta hanyar Allah, ba za ka iya ba bawa dubu biyu ba,’ sai ya ba shi dubu ɗaya." Al-Sadfi ya ambata a cikin littafin game da malaman Masar da sahabban Manzon Allah ﷺ da suka shiga cikinta: "Bayan haka an mayar da Abu Rafi‘ ga ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, sai ya naɗa shi mai kula da Bayt Al-Mal a Kufa." Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr ya ce a cikin Al-Isti’ab: "‘Ubayd Allah b. Abu Rafi‘ ya kasance ma'ajin kuɗi kuma sakatare ga ‘Ali." Al-‘Ayni ya ambata a cikin ‘Umdat Al-Qari': "‘Abd Allah b. Wahb Al-Suwa’i, ‘Ali yana girmama shi, yana ƙaunarsa kuma yana amincewa da shi, don haka aka naɗa shi mai kula da Bayt Al-Mal a Kufa." ‘Ali ya naɗa Ziyad mai kula da Basra. Al-Jahshiyari ya ce: "Lokacin da ya bar Basra, ya naɗa shi mai kula da Al-Kharaj da Diwan." Bayt Al-Mal (baitul-mali) za a iya raba shi zuwa kashi biyu.

Kuɗin shiga: Ya ƙunshi rajista uku (Diwan):

Revenues: It includes three registers (Diwan):

Rajistar ganima da Kharaj: Wannan ya haɗa da ganimar yaƙi, Kharaj, filaye, Jizya, ganimomi da haraji.

• The register of the booty and Kharaj: This includes the spoils of war, Kharaj, lands, Jizya, booties and taxes.

Rijistar dukiyar jama'a: Ya haɗa da man fetur, iskar gas, wutar lantarki, ma'adanai, teku, koguna, tafkuna, maɓulɓulai, dazuzzuka, filayen kiwo da Hima (wuraren da aka kare).

• The register of the public property: This includes oil, gas, electricity, minerals, seas, rivers, lakes, springs, forests, pastures and Hima (protected lands).

Rajistar Sadaqah: Wannan ya haɗa da Zakkar kuɗi, kayan kasuwanci, amfanin gona da 'ya'yan itatuwa, raƙuma, shanu da tumaki.

• The register of Sadaqah: This includes Zakah of money, merchandise, harvest and fruits, camels, cows and sheep.

Kashe-kashe: Wannan ya ƙunshi rajista takwas:

Expenditure: This includes eight registers:

• Rajistar na Dar Al-Khilafah. • Rajistar na hidimomin Dawla.

• The register of the Dar Al-Khilafah. • The register of the State’s services.

Rajistar kyaututtuka.

• The register of grants.

Rijistar Jihadi.

• The register of Jihad.

Rajistar kuɗaɗen Sadaƙa.

• The register of expenses of Sadaqah.

Rajistar kashe-kashen dukiyar jama'a.

• The register of expenses of public property.

Rajistar gaggawa.

• The register of emergency.

Rajistar kasafin kuɗi na gaba ɗaya, lissafin kuɗi na gaba ɗaya da duba na gaba ɗaya.

• The register of general budget, general accounting and general inspection.

14 Baitul Mali (Ma'ajin Jiha)

Mataki na 102