6 Mataimakin Babban Jami'i (Al-Tanfidh)

Halifa yana naɗa mataimaka don aiwatarwa, kuma aikinsu na gudanarwa ne. Ba masu mulki ba ne, kuma sashensu shi ne hukumar da take aiwatar da abin da Halifa ya bayar a cikin hukumomin harkokin cikin gida da na waje, kuma take mika masa abin da ya zo daga waɗannan hukumomi. Sashen shi ne mai shiga tsakanin Halifa da sauran mutane, yana isar da saƙo zuwa gare shi da daga gare shi a cikin waɗannan al'amura masu zuwa:

The Khalifah appoints assistants for implementation and their work is administrative. They are not rulers and their department is the institution that executes what the Khalifah issues in both of the internal and foreign affairs authorities and submits what comes to him from these authorities. The department is the intermediary between the Khalifah and others, conveying to and from him in the following matters:

a. Dangantaka da mutane.

a. Relations with the people.

b. Dangantakar ƙasashen duniya.

b. International relations.

c. Sojoji.

c. The military.

d. Cibiyoyin Gwamnati banda na soja.

d. The institutions of the State other than the military.

Mataimakin zartarwa shi ne minista wanda Khalifah ya naɗa ya zama mataimakinsa wajen aiwatar da al'amura, bibiyar umarninsa da aiwatar da su. Shi ne mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Khalifah da sassa daban-daban na Dawla, al'ummar musulmi da ofishin harkokin waje. Yana isar da saƙonni zuwa ga Khalifah da daga gare shi. Shi mataimaki ne wajen zartar da umarni, ba shi da iko a kansu ko kuma ba a damƙa masa su ba, watau aikinsa aiki ne na zartarwa da gudanarwa, ba mulki ba. Sashensa kayan aiki ne da ake amfani da shi wajen zartar da abin da Khalifah ya bayar zuwa ofisoshin cikin gida da na waje, yana tabbatar da biyayya ga Khalifah a duk abin da ya zo masa ta waɗannan ofisoshi. Sashensa yana aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani tsakanin Khalifah da sauran mutane, inda yake isar musu a madadinsa, kuma yana isar masa daga gare su.

The executive assistant is the minister whom the Khalifah appoints to be his assistant in the execution of matters, the following up and implementation of his orders. He is the intermediary between the Khalifah and the various State departments, the subjects and the foreign office. He conveys messages to and from the Khalifah. He is an assistant in executing orders and is not authorised over them or entrusted with them i.e. his role is one of execution and administrative and not ruling. His department is a tool used to execute what the Khalifah issues to the internal and foreign offices, ensuring submission to the Khalifah in all that comes to him through these offices. His department acts as an intermediary between the Khalifah and others, where it conveys to them on his behalf and conveys to him from them.

Mataimakin shugaba mai aiwatarwa a zamanin Manzon Allah ﷺ da Khulafa'u Ar-Rashidun ana kiransa da "Al-Katib" (sakatare). Daga bisani aka san shi da mai kula da Diwan na wasiku ko rubuce-rubuce. Daga baya aka yanke shawarar a kira shi sakataren tsara rubuce-rubuce ko mai kula da Diwan na tsara rubuce-rubuce, sannan malaman shari'a suka sanya masa suna mataimakin shugaba mai aiwatarwa (Wazir Al-Tanfidh).

The executive assistant used to be called a secretary (Al- Katib) at the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and the righteous Khulafaa’. Then he became known as the keeper of the Diwan of letters or correspondence. Later, it was decided that he is called the secretary of composition or the keeper of the Diwan of composition and then the jurists named him the executive assistant (Wazir Al-Tanfidh).

Dangane da ayyukan da suka shafi batutuwan nan huɗu da aka ambata, dalilinsu ya samu ne ta hanyar nazarin dalilan da suka shafi Katib (Wazir Al-Tanfidh) a zamanin Manzon Allah ﷺ, da kuma ayyukan Khulafa'u masu adalci a gaban jama'ar sahabbai.

As for the actions regarding the four issues mentioned – the evidence is through examination of the evidences related to the Katib (Wazir Al-Tanfidh) at the time of the Messenger (pbuh) and the actions of the righteous Khulafaa’ in front of the masses of companions:

a. Saƙonnin da aka aika kai tsaye ga mutane (waɗanda ake mulka).

a. The messages sent to the subjects directly. Such as:

- Saƙon sa ﷺ ga mutanen Najran. Abu 'Ubayd ya ruwaito a cikin Al-Amwal daga Abu Al-Malih Al-Huthali, wanda ya ambata a ƙarshensa.

- His (pbuh) message to the people of Najran. Abu ’Ubayd narrated in Al-Amwal from Abu Al-Malih Al-Huthali which mentioned at its end.

. » شَ هِ دَ بِذَلِكَ عُ ثْ مَ انُ بْ نُ عَفَّانَ وَمُعَيْقِيبُ، وَكَتَ ب «.

"’Uthman Bin ’Affan da Mu’ayqib sun shaida shi, kuma ya rubuta." Abu Yusuf ya ruwaito shi a cikin Al-Kharaj, ya kuma ambata cewa marubucin shi Al-Mughaira ne. Sannan ya ambaci wasikar Umar (ra) wadda marubucinta Mu’ayqib ne, sannan wasikar ’Uthman (ra) zuwa gare su wadda marubucinta bawansa Hamran ne, sannan wasikar daga ’Ali (ra) wadda marubucinta ’Abdullah b. Abi Rafi’ ne.

- “’Uthman Bin ’Affan and Mu’ayqib witnessed it, and he wrote”. Abu Yusuf reported it in Al-Kharaj and mentioned that the Katib was Al-Mughaira, and then it mentioned the message of Umar (ra) with the Katib being Mu’ayqib, and then the message of ’Uthman (ra) to them with the Katib being his servant Hamran, and then the message from ’Ali (ra) with the Katib being ’Abdullah b. Abi Rafi’.

- Saƙonsa (ﷺ) zuwa ga Tamim Al-Dari. Abu Yusuf ya ambata a cikin Al-Kharaj yana cewa.

- His (pbuh) message to Tamim Al-Dari. Abu Yusuf mentioned in Al-Kharaj saying.

. قَامَ تَمِيمٌ الدَّارِيُّ وَهُوَ تَمِيمُ بْنُ أَوْسٍ - رَجُلٌ مِنْ لَخْمٍ - فَ قَالَ يَا رَسُولَ « اللَّهِ، إِنَّ لِي جِيرَةً مِنَ الرُّومِ بِفِلَسْطِينَ، لَهُمْ قَ رْيَةٌ ي قَُالُ لَهَا حِبْ رَى، وَأُخْرَى ي قَُالُ لَهَا عَيْ نُونُ، وَإِنْ فَ تَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكَ الشَّامَ فَ هَبْ هُمَا لِي، فَ قَالَ: هُمَا لَكَ. قَالَ: فَاكْ تُبْ لِي بِذَلِكَ، فَكَتَبَ لَهُ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ، هَذَا كِتَابٌ مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ لِ تَِِمِيمِ بْنِ أَوْسِ الدَّارِيِّ، أَنَّ لَهُ قَ رْيَة حِبْ رَى وَبَ يْتَ عَ ي نُونَ قَ رْيَ تُ هَا كُلُّهَا، وَسَهْلُهَا وَجَبَ لُهَا وَمَاؤُهَا وَحَرْث هَُا وَأَنْ بَاطُهَا وَبَ قَرُهَا وَلِعَقِبِهِ مِنْ بَ عْدِهِ، لاَ يُحَاقُّهُ فِيهَا أَحَدٌ، وَلاَ ي لُْحِدُ عَلَيْهِمْ أَحَدٌ بِظُلْمٍ، فَمَنْ ظَلَمَ وَأَخَذَ مِنْ هُمْ شَيْئاً فَإِنَّ عَل يْهِ لَعْنَةَ اللَّهِ وَالمَلاَئِكَةِ وَالنَّاسِ أَجْمَعِينَ. وَكَتَبَ » عَلِيٌ.

"Tamim Al-Dari (Tamim Bin Aws, mutumin Lakhm) ya tashi tsaye ya ce: Ya Manzon Allah, ina da makwabta daga cikin Romawa a Falasdinu – akwai wani ƙauye da ake kira Hibra, wani kuma da ake kira Aynun. Idan Allah ya buɗe maka Sham, ka ba ni su a matsayin kyauta. Sai ya ce – Su naku ne. Ya ce – Ka rubuta mini hakan, sai ya rubuta: Da sunan Allah, wannan wasiƙa ce daga Muhammad, Manzon Allah ﷺ, zuwa ga Tamim Bin Aws Al-Dari, cewa yana da dukkan gidajen ƙauyuka biyu: Hibra da Aynun, da filayensu, duwatsunsu, ruwansu, noma, shuke-shuke da dabbobinsu, da kuma ga wanda zai zo bayansa. Babu wanda zai yi gardama da su a kansa, kuma babu wanda zai nemi kwace shi da ƙarfi. Duk wanda ya zalunta ya ɗauki wani abu daga gare shi, to zai sami la'anar Allah da mala'iku da dukkan mutane. ’Ali ne ya rubuta shi." Lokacin da Abu Bakr (ra) ya karɓi shugabanci, ya rubuta musu wasiƙa wadda ta ambata: "Da sunan Allah – wannan wasiƙa ce daga Abu Bakr, mai tsayawa a matsayin wakilin Manzon Allah ﷺ a bayan ƙasa, ya rubuta wa mutanen Dari: Kada wani ya lalata wani abu da hannunsa daga ƙauyukan Hibra da Aynun, duk wanda ya ji kuma ya bi Allah, to kada ya lalata wani abu daga cikinsu, kuma ya gina ƙofofi biyu a kewaye da su don hana duk wanda ya yi niyyar shiga."

- “Tamim Al-Dari (Tamim Bin Aws, a man from Lakhm) stood up and said: O Messenger of Allah, I have a neighbourhood from the Romans in Palestine – there is a village which is called Hibra, and another called Aynun. If Allah opens as-Sham to you, grant them to me as a gift. And so he said – They are yours. He said – write that for me, and so he wrote: In the name of Allah, this is a message from Muhammad the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) to Tamim Bin Aws Al-Dari, that he has all the houses of the two villages: Hibra and Aynun, and their plains, mountains, water, agriculture, plants and its cattle, and for who comes after him. No one should contest over it with them, and no one should incline to take it by force. Whoever oppresses and takes anything from it, then they will have the curses of Allah and the angels and all of the people. ’Ali was the one who wrote it”. When Abu Bakr (ra) took the leadership, he wrote them a message which mentioned “In the name of Allah – this is a message from Abu Bakr the guarantor of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) succeeded on the Earth, he wrote to the people of Dari, no one should spoil anything by their hand from the villages of Hibra and Aynun, and whoever heard and obeyed Allah, then do not spoil anything from them, and should build two entrances around them to prevent anyone who intended to do so from entering”.

b. Dangantakar Kasashen Duniya:

b. International relations:

Yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya: Al-Bukhari ya ruwaito daga Al-Miswar da Marwan game da yarjejeniyar:

- The Treaty of Hudaybiyah: Al-Bukhari narrated from Al- Miswar and Marwan regarding the treaty:

»... الكَاتِبَ فَدَعَا النَّبِيُّ «. - "Sai Annabi (ﷺ) ya kira marubucin..." Abu Yusuf ya kuma ruwaito a cikin littafinsa Al-Kharaj yana cewa:

.»... الكَاتِبَ فَدَعَا النَّبِيُّ «. - “So the Prophet (phuh) called the Katib (writer)…”. Abu Yusuf also narrated in the book Al-Kharaj saying:

. وَحَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَقَ وَالكَلْبِيُّ، زَادَ بَ عْضُهُمْ عَلَى ب عَْضٍ فِي الحَدِيثِ، « »... وَفِيهِ: وَقَالَ: اكْ تُ بُوا – .

"Muhammad Ibn Ishaq da Al-Kalbi sun ba ni labari, wasu kuma sun ƙara a cikin riwayar suna cewa: Ya ce: Ku rubuta (jam'i), ba tare da an ambaci sunan marubucin ba. Ibn Kathir ne ya ruwaito."

“Muhammad Ibn Ishaq and Al-Kalbi informed me, some others added in the narration saying: He said: Write (plural)”, without mentioning the name of the writer. Ibn Kathir reported.

. عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبَ قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَقَ قَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ ... ثُمَّ دَعَا رَسُ ولُ اللَّهِ « »... فَ قَالَ: اكْتُبْ  - .

"Ibn Ishaq ya ce Al-Zuhri ya ce… sai Manzon Allah ﷺ ya kira ’Ali Ibn Abi Talib ya ce: ‘Rubuta (mufuradi)…’". Abu ’Ubayd ya ruwaito shi a littafin Al-Amwal daga Ibn ’Abbas, inda ya ce:

“Ibn Ishaq said Al-Zuhri said…then the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) called upon ’Ali Ibn Abi Talib and said: ‘Write (singular)…’”. Abu ’Ubayd narrated it in the book of Al- Amwal from Ibn ’Abbas, where he said:

. »... فَ قَالَ لِعَلِيٍّ: أُكْ تُبْ يَا عَلِيُّ ...« .

"…sai ya ce wa ’Ali: ‘Ya ’Ali, rubuta…’" Al-Hakim ya ruwaito daga Ibn ’Abbas, Al-Dhahabi kuma ya tabbatar da ingancinsa, ya amince da shi, yana cewa:

- “….and he said to ’Ali: ‘O ’Ali, write…’” and Al-Hakim narrated from Ibn ’Abbas, and Al-Dhahabi authenticated and approved it, saying:

. »... اكُْ تُبْ يَا عَلِيُّ ...« .

"…..Ya ’Ali, rubuta…". Rubutun wannan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya sananne ne kuma ba ya bukatar a ambata shi a nan. c. Sojoji: - Wasikar Abu Bakr (ra) zuwa ga Khalid (ra), wadda a cikinta ya umarce shi da ya tafi as-Sham. Abu Yusuf ya ce a littafin Al-Kharaj: "Khalid ya so ya mai da Al-Heerah cibiyarsa. Sai dai wasikar Abu Bakr ta zo masa tana umartarsa da ya tafi as-Sham domin ƙarfafa Abu ’Ubaydah da Musulmai…" d. Hukumomin gwamnati banda sojoji - Wasikar Manzon Allah ﷺ zuwa ga Mu’adh game da ushur (Al-Ushr): Yahya Ibn Adam ya ruwaito a littafin Al-Kharaj daga Al-Hasan, ya ce:

- “…..O ’Ali, write…”. The text of this peace treaty is well known and does not need mentioning here. c. The Military: - The letter of Abu Bakr (ra) to Khalid (ra), in which he commands him to travel to as-Sham. Abu Yusuf said in the book Al-Kharaj: “Khalid wanted to take Al-Heerah as his centre. However, the letter of Abu Bakr came to him commanding him to travel to as-Sham as reinforcement for Abu ’Ubaydah and the Muslims…” d. The institutions of the state other than the military - The letter of the Messenger (pbuh) to Mu’adh regarding the tenth (Al-Ushr): Yahya Ibn Adam narrated in the book of Al-Kharaj from Al-Hasan, he said:

. إِلَى مُعَاذٍ بِالْيَمَنِ: فِيمَا سَقَتِ السَّمَاءُ أَوْ سُقِيَ غَيْلاً كَتَبَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ « » العُشْرُ، وَمَا سُقِيَ بِالغَرْبِ فَنِصْفُ العُشْرِ .

"Manzon Allah ﷺ ya rubuta wa Mu'adh a Yaman: "Ana biyan kashi ɗaya cikin goma a kan abin da ruwan sama ko ruwan rafi mai yawa ke shayarwa; kuma kashi ɗaya cikin ashirin (rabin kashi ɗaya cikin goma) a kan abin da ake shayarwa da guga." Al-Sha'bi ya rubuta irin wannan hadisi. Ibn Abu Shaybah ma ya ruwaito irinsa a littafinsa na hukunce-hukunce."

– “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) wrote to Mu’adh in Yemen: “A tenth is payable on what is watered by rain or by sizable water; and a twentieth (have of a tenth) on what is watered by bucket.” Al-Sha’bi wrote the same narration. Ibn Abu Shaybah has also narrated similar in his book about ruling.

Khalifa na iya nada marubuta (Kuttab) gwargwadon bukatunsa; ma'ana, idan ba zai iya cika ayyukan da suka wajaba ba sai ya nada su, to nadin nasu na iya kaiwa matsayin wajibi. Marubutan da suka rubuta tarihin Manzon Allah ﷺ sun ambata cewa yana da kimanin marubuta irin wadannan guda ashirin.

The Khalifah can appoint writers (Kuttab) according to his needs; rather it could reach to the level of being an obligation if he could not fulfill the obligatory tasks without appointing them. The authors who wrote the history of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) mention that he had about twenty such writers.

6 Mataimakin Babban Jami'i (Al-Tanfidh)

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