A cikin kotun shari'ar Musulunci, alkali guda ɗaya ne kaɗai ke da alhakin kowace shari'a. Yana da ikon yanke hukunci bisa Alkur'ani da Sunnah. Sauran alkalai za su iya ba da shawara ko taimako kawai, idan alkalin da ke jagorantar shari'ar ya nemi hakan.

In an Islamic law court only one judge is responsible for any trial. He has the authority to pronounce judgements based on the Qur’an and Sunnah. Other judges may only advise or assist, if requested to do so by the presiding judge.

Hukunce-hukuncen Musulunci ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba sai idan hujja ta tabbata ba tare da shakka ba, kuma duk sharuddan da suka dace sun cika (misali, shaidu huɗu don tabbatar da zina). Idan akwai wani shakka game da hujja, to ana watsar da dukan shari'ar.

Islamic punishments can only be administered when the evidence is proven to be definite and all relevant conditions are met (for example four witnesses to prove adultery). If there is any doubt over the evidence the whole case is thrown out.

Akwai nau'o'i uku na alƙali a Musulunci:

There are three types of judge in Islam :

1) Qadi ‘Aam - mai alhakin warware sabani tsakanin jama'a, misali rikice-rikicen yau da kullum kan filaye, hadarin mota, hatsari da sauransu.

1) Qadi ‘Aam - responsible for settling disputes among the people, e.g. everyday issues over land, car crashes, accidents etc.

2) Qadi Muhtasib - Shi ne ke da alhakin warware rigingimun da ke tasowa tsakanin al'umma da duk wasu mutane da ke cutar da al'umma baki daya, misali, yin ihu a tituna, yin magudi a kasuwa da sauransu.

2) Qadi Muhtasib - Responsible for resolving disputes that arise between the Ummah and any people who harm the society at large, e.g. shouting in the streets, cheating in the market etc.

3) Qadi Madhaalim - wanda yake hukunta rigingimu tsakanin jama'a da jami'an gwamnati. Yana iya cire duk wani mai mulki ko jami'in gwamnati, har da Khaleefah.

3) Qadi Madhaalim - who deals with disputes between the people and the State officials. He can dismiss any ruler or government official, including the Khaleefah.

Khalifa na biyu, 'Umar ibn al-Khattab (Amir na Musulmi tsakanin 634-644 CE), shi ne ya fara kafa gidajen kurkuku da gidajen yari a Makkah.

The second Khaleefah ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab (Amir of the Muslims between 634-644 CE) was the first to set up jails and prisons in Makkah.

A ƙarƙashin Tsarin Shari'a, kowane mutum, Musulmi ko wanda ba Musulmi ba, namiji ko mace, wanda ake ƙara da wanda ake zargi, yana da haƙƙin naɗa wakili ko mai wakiltarsa.

Under the Judicial System, every person, Muslim or non-Muslim, male or female, defendant and accused has the right to appoint a representative or proxy.

Babu wani bambanci tsakanin kotunan farar hula da na laifuffuka kamar yadda muke gani a yau a ƙasashen Musulmi, misali Pakistan, inda ake aiwatar da sassan Musulunci da sassan kafirci a lokaci guda. Daular Musulunci za ta yi amfani da tushen dokar Musulunci kawai, watau Alƙur'ani da Sunnah (da duk abin da ya samo asali daga gare su), a matsayin tushen mafita.

There is no distinction between civil and criminal courts as we see today in Muslim countries, e.g. Pakistan where both parts of Islam and parts of kufr are applied. The Islamic State will only use the sources of Islamic law, i.e. the Qur’an and the Sunnah (and whatever derives from them), as its reference.

Ana aiwatar da hukunce-hukuncen Musulunci ba tare da jinkiri ko shakka ba. Babu wanda za a hukunta shi sai bisa hukuncin kotu. Haka kuma, duk wata hanyar azabtarwa ba ta halatta ba.

Islamic punishments will be executed without delay or hesitation. No-one is to be punished except by a rule of court. In addition, any means of torture is not permissible.

A cikin tsarin Musulunci, wanda aka cutar da shi a laifi yana da hakkin ya yafe wa wanda ake zargi ko kuma ya nemi diyya (watau qisas) saboda laifin - sai dai dokokin hudud, wadanda hakkin Allah (SWT) ne.

Under the Islamic system a person aggrieved of a crime has the right to forgive the accused or demand compensation (i.e. qisas) for a crime - except for hadud laws, which are the right of Allah (swt).

Hukuncin yanke hannu a Musulunci yana aiki ne kawai idan an cika sharuɗɗa bakwai. Su ne:

The Islamic punishment of hand-cutting only applies if seven conditions are fulfilled. These are :

1) Shaidu biyu (ba tare da saɓani ko kuskure a cikin shaidarsu ba).

1) Two witnesses (with no contradiction or error in their testimonies).

2) Darajar kayan da aka sata dole ta wuce 1/4 na dinari (gram 4.25 na zinariya).

2) The value of the stolen goods must exceed 1/4 of a dinar in value (4.25g of gold).

3) Ba zai iya zama abinci ba (idan barawon yana jin yunwa).

3) Cannot be food (if the thief was hungry).

4) Ba zai iya zama daga cikin iyalan ɓarawon ba.

4) Cannot be from the thief’s family.

5) Kayayyaki dole ne su zama halal a cikin yanayinsu (misali, ba giya ba).

5) Goods must be halal in nature (e.g. not alcohol).

6) Dole ne a sace shi daga wuri mai tsaro.

6) Must be stolen from a secure place.

7) Dole ya zama babu shakka a kan kayan (watau barawo tabbas ba shi da wani hakki a kansa, misali kuɗi daga baitul māl na jama'a).

7) Must be no doubt on the goods (i.e. the thief definitely has no right over it, e.g. money from the public treasury).

A cikin shekaru 1300 na mulkin Musulunci gaba ɗaya, mutane kusan 200 ne kawai aka yanke wa hannu saboda sata.

Throughout the entire 1300 years of Islamic rule only around 200 people had their hand cut off for theft.

Kowane mutum yana da hakkin ya kai shugaba kotu, ya yi magana da shi, ko ya soki shi idan ya aikata wani zalunci a kansa ko a kanta. Haka abin ya kasance a zamanin 'Umar ibn al-Khattab, lokacin da wata mace ta gyara masa kuskure da ya yi game da darajar sadaki.

Any person has the right to take the leader to court, speak to him or criticise him if he has done any transgressions towards him or her. This was the case when a woman in the time of ‘Umar ibn al-Khattab corrected him over a mistake he made about the value of the dowry.

Mutuncin ɗan ƙasa amana ce mai tsarki a wuyan al'umma. Hukuncin wanda ya zargi wani Musulmi da rashin tsarki ba tare da ya kawo shaidu huɗu don tabbatar da zargin ba shi ne bulala tamanin.

The honour of a citizen is a sacred trust upon the Ummah. The punishment for accusing another Muslim of being unchaste without producing four witnesses to substantiate the claim is 80 lashes.

Akwai nau'o'i huɗu na hukunci a Tsarin Shari'a na Musulunci:

There are four categories of punishment in the Islamic Judicial System:

Hadud - Haƙƙin Allah (SWT), misali zina (bulala 100), ridda (kisa).

Hadud - The right of Allah (swt), e.g. fornication (100 lashes), apostasy (death).

Al-Jinayat - Haƙƙin mutum ɗaya. Yana iya yafe wa mai laifi, misali kisan kai, cutar da jiki.

Al-Jynayaat - The right of the individual. He/she may forgive the criminal, e.g. murder, bodily harm.

Al-Ta‘azir - Haƙƙin al'umma - waɗancan al'amuran da suke shafar rayuwar yau da kullum ta jama'a, misali, zubar da shara a kan hanya, da yaudara a kasuwa.

Al-Ta‘azir - The right of the community - those issues that affect the every day life of the general public, e.g. littering, cheating in the market.

Al-Mukhalafat - Haƙƙin Gwamnati - al'amuran da ke shafar tafiyar da Gwamnati, misali karya iyakar gudun abin hawa.

Al-Mukhalafat - The right of the State - issues affecting the running of the State, e.g. breaking the speed limit.