Musulunci ya amince cewa ɗaya daga cikin ainihin abubuwan da ke bayyana a cikin maza da mata shi ne sha'awar haihuwa da jin kusanci ga jinsin da ya sha bamban da nasu. Ba kamar addinan zuhudu ba, waɗanda ke ɗaukar jima'i a matsayin "zunubin jiki", Musulunci yana ganin dangantakar da ke tsakanin maza da mata a matsayin hanya mai kyau kuma halaltacciya ta biyan buƙatar haihuwa, wadda ya kamata a more ta sosai. Duk da haka, yana hana matsanancin jima'i irin wanda ake yi a yammacin duniya mai 'yanci, don haka yana kawar da hatsari da matsalolin da cikin al'umma ke fuskanta sakamakon irin wannan "'yanci", kamar iyalan da uwa ɗaya ko uba ɗaya ke rene su, ciki da ba a so, da zubar da ciki. Maimakon haka, a Musulunci, dangantakar da ke tsakanin maza da mata tana dogara ne bisa nauyi da girmama juna. Allah (SWT) ya ce,

Islam recognises that one of the basic instincts that appear in men and women is the urge to procreate and feel attraction to members of the opposite sex. Unlike monastic religions, which condemn sex as a ‘sin of the flesh’, relations between men and women are seen by Islam as a beautiful and perfectly acceptable means of fulfilling the procreational instinct that is to be enjoyed to the full. However, it forbids the sexual excesses of the liberal west and thus removes the dangers and problems in society which such so called ‘freedom’ inevitably entails, like single parent families, unwanted pregnancies and abortion. Rather in Islam, relationships between men and women are based upon responsibility and mutual respect. Allah (swt) says,.

"Kuma daga cikin alamominSa shi ne cewa Ya halitta muku mata daga cikinku, domin ku sami natsuwa da su, kuma Ya sanya soyayya da rahama a tsakanin zukatanku. Lallai a cikin wannan akwai alamomi ga mutanen da suke tunani." [TMQ 30:21].

“And among His signs is this, that He created for you mates from among yourselves, that you may dwell in tranquillity with them, and He has put love and mercy between your hearts. Undoubtedly in this are signs for those who reflect.” [TMQ 30:21].

Duk wata alaƙa ta kusanci tsakanin maza da mata marasa dangantaka da juna, ba tare da an yi aure ba, an haramta ta. Wannan ya kama daga komai na "mu'amala" tsakanin mabambantan jinsi, har zuwa zina. Zina haram ce kuma ana hukunta ta sosai, haka nan duk wani nau'i na lalatar jima'i kamar cin zarafin yara, luwadi, zina tsakanin 'yan uwa (incest) ko lalata da dabbobi, duk an haramta su irin wannan. Allah (SWT) ya ce,

Intimate relationships of any kind between unrelated men and women are forbidden outside the framework of marriage. This ranges from everything between ‘socialising’ with members of the opposite sex, to zina (fornication). Adultery is forbidden and punished severely, and any forms of sexual deviancy like child abuse, homosexuality, incest or bestiality are similarly forbidden. Allah (swt) says,.

"Kada ku kusanci zina (zina ko fasikanci), domin lalle ta na da alfasha, kuma mugun aiki ne, tana buɗe hanyar wasu munanan ayyuka."

“Do not come near zina (adultery or fornication), for it is a shameful deed and an evil, opening the road to other evils.” [TMQ 17:32].

Aure yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a Musulunci, kuma ana ƙarfafa maza da mata su yi aure da zarar sun iya, watau sun balaga a jiki kuma suna da ikon ciyar da mata. Haka kuma ana ɗaukar aure a matsayin ibada, kuma duk wani abu da miji da mata suke yi wa juna na cika buƙata sadaka ce.

Marriage is highly recommended in Islam, with men and women being encouraged to marry as soon as they are able (i.e. physically mature and capable of supporting a wife). It is in fact seen as an act of worship, and every act of fulfilment between husband and wife is a charity.

Anas (ra) ya ruwaito cewa Annabi ﷺ ya ce: "Idan mutum ya yi aure, to ya cika rabin addininsa, don haka ya ji tsoron Allah game da sauran rabin."

Anas (ra) narrated that the Prophet (saw) said, “When a man marries, he has fulfilled half of his deen, so let him fear Allah regarding the remaining half.”.

Ana ɗaukar aure a matsayin zumunci tsakanin maza da mata, ba a matsayin haɗin gwiwa ba. Manufofin aure guda biyu ne:

Marriage is regarded as a companionship between men and women, as opposed to a partnership. The objectives of marriage are two :

Jin daɗin zama tare da wani/wata daga cikin jinsi ɗaya da ba na ku ba.

To enjoy the company of a member of the opposite sex.

Don haifar 'ya'ya, ta haka ne ake tabbatar da ci gaban jinsin ɗan adam.

To have children thereby guaranteeing the continuity of the human race.

Yarjejeniyar aure ana kiranta nikah, kuma yarjejeniya ce tsakanin namiji da mace wadda dole ne a cika dukkan sharuddanta domin ta zama daidai kuma ingantacciya. Daga cikin wadannan sharudda akwai:

The contract of marriage is called nikah, and it is a contract between a man and a woman of which all the conditions must be fulfilled for it to be correct and valid. These include:

Tayarwa da karɓa.

Offer and acceptance.

Babu tilastawa ko matsin lamba.

No compulsion or duress.

Shaidu biyu.

Two witnesses.

Waliyyul amr (majibincin amarin amarya).

Waliy amr (guardian of the bride).

Ɗaya daga cikin sharuɗɗan aure shi ne cewa abokin aure bai kasance daga cikin rukunan da aka haramta ba (mahārim).

One of the conditions of marriage is that the partner must not be from the forbidden categories (maharim).

Mahramun mutum sun hada da: mahaifiyarsa, matan mahaifinsa, matan 'ya'yansa, kakanni biyu (mata), 'ya'yansa mata, jikokinsa mata, 'yan'uwansa mata, 'yar'uwar mahaifinsa da 'yar'uwar mahaifiyarsa, 'yar'uwar kakansa da kakarsa, 'ya'yan 'yan'uwansa mata, mahaifiyar matarsa, uwayensa na shayarwa da iyayensu da 'ya'yansu mata, da 'yan'uwansa mata na shayarwa.

The maharim of the man include : his mother, the wives of his father, his sons wives, the two grandmothers, his daughters, his grand-daughters, his sisters, his paternal and maternal aunts, his great aunts, his nieces, his wife’s mother, his mothers by breast feeding and their mothers and daughters and his sisters by breast feeding.

Mahramin mata sun bayyana idan aka fahimci akasin fahimtar mahramin namiji da aka bayar a sama.

The maharim of the women become clear given the opposite understanding of the maharim of the man given above.

A cikin dukkan waɗannan lamuran, duk da cewa an haramta aure a tsakaninsu, ana halatta musu su gauraya cikin walwala a wuraren sirri da na jama'a. Allah (SWT) ya ce,

In all these cases, while it is forbidden for marriage to occur between them, it is permitted for them to mix freely in the private and public areas. Allah (swt) says,.

An haramta a kanku uwayenku, da 'yayenku mata, da 'yan'uwanku mata, da 'yan'uwan ubanku mata, da 'yan'uwan uwayenku mata, da 'ya'yan ɗan'uwanku mata, da 'ya'yan 'yar'uwarku mata, da uwayen da suka shayar da ku, da 'yan'uwanku mata na shayarwa, da uwayen matanku, da 'ya'yan matanku waɗanda kuke tarbiyyantarwa, waɗanda suke a cikin kulawarku, daga matanku waɗanda kuka shiga gare su - amma idan ba ku shiga gare su ba, to babu laifi a kanku (ku auri 'ya'yansu) - da matan 'ya'yanku waɗanda suka fito daga sulbinku. Kuma an haramta a kanku ku haɗa 'yan'uwa mata biyu a aure, sai abin da ya riga ya faru a baya. Lallai Allah Mai yawan gafara ne, Mai yawan jinƙai ne. [TMQ 4:23].

“Forbidden unto you are your mothers, and your daughters, and your sisters, and your father’s sisters, and your mother’s sisters, and your brother’s daughters and your sister’s daughters, and your foster mothers, and your foster sisters, and your mothers-in-law, and your step daughters who are under your protection (born) of your women unto whom you have gone in - but if you have not gone in unto them, then it is no sin for you (to marry their daughters) - and the wives of your own sons who spring from your own loins. And it is forbidden unto you that you should marry two sisters together, except what has already happened of that nature in the past. Lo! Allah is ever Forgiving, Merciful.” [TMQ 4:23].

Allah (SWT) ya ce,.

Allah (swt) says,.

"Maza su ne masu kare mata kuma masu tanadar su, saboda Allah ya ba wani daga cikinsu fifiko a kan wani, kuma saboda suna ciyarwa da kashe dukiyarsu a kansu. Saboda haka, mata nagari masu biyayya ne masu tsoron Allah, suna kiyaye abin da Allah ya umurce su da kiyayewa (a lokacin rashin mijinsu)." [TMQ 4:34].

“Men are the protectors and maintainers of women, because Allah has given the one more strength than the other and because they support them from their means. Therefore the righteous women are devoutly obedient and guard (in the husband’s absence) what Allah would have them guard.” [TMQ 4:34].

Ibn ‘Umar ya ruwaito, Annabi ﷺ ya ce: "Kowannenku makiyayi ne, kuma kowannenku za a tambaye shi game da rayuwar da ke ƙarƙashin kulawarsa. Shugaba makiyayi ne (a kan mutanensa), mutum makiyayi ne a kan iyalan gidansa, mace kuma makiyayiya ce, kuma za a tambaye ta game da gidan mijinta da 'ya'yansa. Don haka kowannenku makiyayi ne, kuma za a tambaye shi game da rayuwar da ke ƙarƙashin kulawarsa." Bukhari da Muslim ne suka rawaito shi.

Ibn ‘Umar narrated, the Prophet (saw) said, “Each of you is a guardian and is responsible for his ward. The ruler is a guardian (over his people) and the man is a guardian of the members of his household, and the woman is guardian and is responsible for her husband’s house and his offspring, and so each of you is a guardian and is responsible for his ward.” Bukhari and Muslim.

‘A’isha (ra) ta ruwaito cewa Annabi ﷺ ya ce: “Idan mace ta ciyar da abinci daga gidanta ba tare da ɓata ba, akwai lada a gare ta saboda abin da ta bayar sadaka, kuma akwai lada ga mijinta saboda abin da ya samu, haka kuma ga wanda ke ajiye kayan (ma’ajiyi) lada iri ɗaya - babu ɗayansu da zai rage wani abu daga ladan ɗayan.” Bukhari.

‘A’isha (ra) narrated that the Prophet (saw) said, “When a wife spends food of her house without spoiling, there is for her its reward for what she gives away, and there is also reward for her husband for what he earns, and the like (reward) for the storekeeper - none of them diminishing anything from the reward of another.” Bukhari.

Waɗannan hujjoji, tare da wasu, suna bayyana tushen da fahimtar haƙƙoƙi da wajibai na miji da mace ga juna a cikin rayuwar aure ta samo asali. Ga su a takaice a ƙasa.

These evidences, among others, define the basis from which come the understanding of the rights and duties of the husband and wife to each other within the framework of married life. These are outlined below.

Manyan ayyukan namiji sune:

The main duties of the man are :

Wilayar mata da yara: Wannan yana nufin dole ne ya tabbatar da tsaronsu da kariyarsu, kuma koyaushe ya yi aiki ta hanyar da za ta kare muradunsu.

The guardianship of the wife and children : This means he must ensure their security and protection, and must always act in such a way as to safeguard their interests.

Kula da matarsa da 'ya'yansa: Dole ne ya ciyar da su daga dukiyarsa, don tabbatar da cewa an biya musu muhimman bukatun rayuwa, wanda ya hada da kawo mata duk abin da take bukata domin ta cika ayyukanta a matsayinta na mata. Matarsa ba ta da wajibi ta ba shi wani kudinta don wannan dalili, koda kuwa tana da arziki shi kuma talaka ne. Sai dai za ta iya yin hakan idan ta so.

The maintenance of his wife and children : He must spend from his own means to ensure that the basic material needs are provided for them, which include bringing her all she needs to fulfil her duties as a wife. His wife is not obliged to give him any of her own money for this purpose, even if she is wealthy and he is poor. However, she may do so if she wishes.

Matsuguni ga matar aure da yara: Dole ne miji ya samar wa iyalinsa gida mai isasshe.

Shelter for the wife and children : The husband must provide adequate housing for his family.

Biyayya da neman izini: Mace dole ne ta yi wa mijinta biyayya a dukkan al'amuran da Musulunci ya halatta, kamar taimaka masa ko ba shi natsuwa. Haka kuma, mace dole ne ta nemi izinin mijinta idan tana son fita daga gida, ko kuma idan tana son gayyatar mutane zuwa cikin gida.

Obedience and taking permission : The wife must obey her husband in all areas which are permitted from Islam, like to assist him or give him comfort. Also, the wife must take permission from her husband when she wants to leave the house, or when she wants to invite people into the house.

Kisan aure: Haƙƙin miji ne ya saki matarsa idan bai gamsu da auren ba. Idan miji ya rasu, ko ya saki matarsa, dole ne ta yi iddah (lokacin jira) kafin ta sake yin aure. Idan mijin ya rasu, iddar ita ce watanni huɗu da kwanaki goma, kuma idan an sake ta, iddar ita ce lokacin da hailar tazarar uku ta ƙare (muddin ba ta da ciki ba).

Divorce : It is the right of the husband to divorce his wife if he is unhappy with the marriage. If the husband dies, or divorces his wife, she must observe the ‘iddah (waiting period) before she can marry again. In the case of his death, this is four months and ten days, and in divorce, it is when three intervals between her menstruations have finished (as long as she is not pregnant).

Kula da kuɗinsa da 'ya'yansa: Dole ne mace ta tabbatar cewa an kula da 'ya'yan yadda ya kamata, kuma an ba su ilimi tare da sanin Musulunci, kuma ana kashe kuɗin mijinta ta hanya ta adalci.

Looking after his money and children : The wife must ensure that the children are properly cared for and educated with knowledge of Islam and that the husband’s money is spent in a just way.

Kula da Yara: Haƙƙin miji ne cewa idan aurensa ya ƙare, ya karɓi kula da yara bayan sun kai shekara bakwai.

Custody of the Children : It is the right of the husband that if his marriage ends, he takes custody of the children after they have reached seven years of age.

Manyan aikace-aikacen mata sune:

The main responsibilities of the wife are :

Biyayya da neman izinin mijinta.

Obedience and taking permission of her husband.

Kula da dukiyar mijinta: Wannan ya haɗa da kuɗinsa, dukiyoyinsa (kadarorinsa) da sauransu.

Looking after her husbands wealth : This includes his money, property etc.

Jin daɗin mijinta: Dole ne ta tabbatar da cewa an biya bukatun mijinta.

Welfare of her husband : She must ensure that her husband’s needs are taken care of.

Kula da yara.

Looking after the children.

Manyan haƙƙoƙin matar daga mijinta sune:

The main rights of the wife from her husband are :

Abokin zama: Haƙƙin mata ne cewa mijinta ya ba ta abokin zama, kuma ya kiyaye yanayi na so da ƙauna a gare ta.

Companionship : It is the right of the wife that her husband gives her companionship and maintains an environment of love and affection for her.

Kashe kuɗi da masauki: Mijin dole ne ya lura da buƙatun abin duniya na matarsa, ya samar mata da masauki, kuma ya ba ta duk abin da take buƙata don cika aikinta a matsayinta na mata. Wannan ya haɗa da samar mata da abubuwan da za ta yi amfani da su wajen yin ado da kanta da kuma sa kanta kyakkyawa.

Spending and shelter : The husband must look after her material needs, provide shelter for her, and give her anything she needs to fulfil her role as a wife. This includes providing things for her which she can use to adorn herself and make herself beautiful.

Khul‘a (Hakkin Rabuwa): Mace na iya neman rabuwa da mijinta idan ba ta gamsu da aurensu ba. Akwai dalilai guda uku da za ta iya yin hakan saboda su: a) Idan ya cutar da ita kai tsaye, misali ta hanyar dukanta, b) Idan ya cutar da ita a kaikaice, misali ta hanyar rashin ba ta da 'ya'yanta abin da za su ci, c) Idan ta ƙi shi.

Khul‘a (Right of divorce) : The wife can ask for separation from her husband if she is unhappy with the marriage. There are three reasons for which she can do this : a) He harms her directly, e.g. beating her, b) He harms her indirectly, e.g. not providing for her or her children, c) She hates him.