Musulunci ya bayyana nau'o'i uku na dukiya a cikin Tsarin Tattalin Arziki. Su ne: Dukiyar Mutum, Dukiyar Jama'a da Dukiyar Gwamnati.

Islam has defined three types of property within the Economic System. These are : Individual Property, Public Property and State Property.

Allah (SWT) ya halatta wa mutane amfani da dukiya, ko ta hanyar cinyewa, ko ta hanyar amfani da ita, ko ta hanyar musayarta. Musulunci ya mayar da mallaka haƙƙin doka ga mutum ɗaya, kuma ba ya sanya iyaka ga adadin dukiyar da mutum zai iya mallaka. Saboda haka, mutane na iya mallakar dukiya mai motsi, kamar dabbobi, kuɗi, motoci da tufafi, ko dukiya marar motsi, kamar fili, gidaje ko masana'antu.

Allah (swt) has permitted human beings to utilise capital, whether by consuming, using or exchanging it. Islam has made ownership a legal right for the individual, and it does not impose a limit on the amount of wealth that one can own. Accordingly, people may own moveable property, such as livestock, money, cars and clothes, or immoveable property such as land, houses or factories.

Sai dai Shari'ah tana sarrafa hanyoyin mallaka ta yadda mutane za su mallaki dukiya ta hanya ta adalci, kuma tana kuma daidaita hanyoyin da ake amfani da ita ko ake zubar da ita.

However, the Shari’ah controls the means of ownership such that people acquire the right to wealth in a just manner, and it also regulates the ways in which it is disposed of.

Akwai hanyoyi iri-iri da ake iya mallakar dukiya ta bi. Aiki na ɗaya daga cikinsu, ko dai aiki don kai ko aiki ga wasu a kan albashi. Wannan ya haɗa da duk wani aikin da aka halatta, kamar noma, hakar ma'adinai, ciniki da sauransu. Sauran hanyoyin mallaka da Musulunci ya halatta sun haɗa da gado, baiwar dukiyar Baitulmal ga 'yan ƙasa, kyauta, diyya ta jini, da sadaki.

There are a variety of ways in which ownership of wealth can be achieved. Work is one example of this, whether it be for ones self or for others in exchange for a wage. This includes any type of permitted work, such as farming, mining, trading etc. Other means of ownership which Islam has permitted include inheritance, grants of the States property to citizens, gifts, blood money or dowry.

Musulunci ya takaita hanyoyin da za a iya samun dukiya ko saka ta ta hanyar haramta ayyuka irin su caca, zamba, sata da karɓar rashawa, ko cinikin giya, alade, gicciye da sauran abubuwan da aka haramta.

Islam restricts the means in which wealth can be earned or invested by forbidding persuits such as gambling, fraud, theft and bribery, or trading in wine, pigs, crosses and other forbidden items.

Wannan an bayyana shi da cewa su ne kayayyakin da Musulunci ya sanya su mallakar Musulmi baki ɗaya, ta yadda daidaikun mutane za su iya amfani da su, amma an hana su mallakar su a matsayin dukiyarsu.

This is defined as the commodities which Islam has made the property of Muslims as a whole, such that individuals are allowed to utilise them, but are forbidden from owning them as their own property.

Waɗannan kayayyaki sun shiga cikin manyan rukuni guda uku:

These commodities come under three main categories :

a) Abubuwan amfanin al'umma waɗanda ba tare da su ba rayuwar yau da kullum ta al'umma ba za ta gudana yadda ya kamata ba. A cikin wannan rukuni akwai abubuwa irin su ruwa ko man fetur. Muhammad ﷺ ya ce, "Mutane abokan tarayya ne a abubuwa uku: ruwa, makiyaya da wuta."

a) The utilities of the community without which the everyday life of the community cannot properly function. Under this category comes things like water or oil reserves. Muhammad (saw) said, “The people are partners in three things : water, pastures and fire.”.

Sai dai umarnin ba ya takaituwa ga abubuwa uku ɗin nan kawai, a'a ya haɗa da duk abin da ya zama buƙatar dukkan al'umma baki ɗaya. Haka kuma duk injunan da ake amfani da su a irin waɗannan manufofi ana ɗaukar su a matsayin mallakar jama'a, kamar waɗanda ake buƙata wajen ɗibar ruwa don amfanin jama'a, bututun da ake jigilar ruwa da su zuwa ga masu amfani da shi, ko tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki ta ruwa da sanduna masu ɗauke da wayoyinsu da igiyoyin rarraba wutar lantarki da sauransu.

However, the order is not restricted to these three things, but it includes everything that is a common need for the whole community. All machinery used for such purposes is similarly regarded as public property, like that required for drawing water for public use, the pipes for transporting water to consumers, or hydro-electric power stations and their pylons and distribution cables etc.

b) Kayayyakin da ta yanayinsu ba za su iya zama mallakar mutum ɗaya ba, kamar tekuna, koguna, filayen jama'a, masallatai da manyan hanyoyin jama'a. Manzon Allah ﷺ ya ce: "Duk wanda ya fara isa Mina, yana da haƙƙi a kanta."

b) Commodities that by their nature cannot be an individuals property like the seas, rivers, public parks, mosques and public highways. The Messenger of Allah (saw) said, “Whoever reaches Mina first has the right to it.”.

Wannan rukuni ya haɗa da jiragen ƙasa da sauran nau'o'in sufuri na jama'a, ko magudanan najasa a kan hanyoyin jama'a; ba za su zama mallakar wani mutum ɗaya ba, domin mallakar jama'a ne.

Tun da dukiyar jama'a ta dukkan Musulmai ce, saboda haka kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin amfana da ita. Idan kayayyakin wannan dukiya ne irin waɗanda kowane mutum zai iya amfani da su kai tsaye, kamar ruwa, makiyaya, wutar lantarki, hanyoyin jama'a, koguna da teku, to an halatta masa ya yi amfani da su da kansa.

Since the Public Porperty is the property of all Muslims, it is accordingly the right of every individual to enjoy its utilisation. If the commodities of this property are such that every person can utilise them directly, like water, pasture, electricity, public roads, rivers and seas, then he is allowed to do so by himself.

Amma idan kayayyakin Dukiyar Jama'a sun kasance irin wadanda ba su da sauki ga kowane mutum ya amfana da su kai tsaye, kamar man fetur da ma'adanai, to, aikin Dawla ne ta hako su da tattara kudaden shigarsu a Bait al-Mal, kuma Khaleefah ya kashe daga cikinsu ta hanyoyin da suke amfanar dukkan Musulmai. Yana yiwuwa ya yanke shawarar raba kayayyakin da kudaden shigarsu ta hanyoyi daban-daban.

However, if the commodities of Public Property are such that they are not easy for every individual to make use of directly, like oil and minerals, then it is for the State to mine them and collect their revenues in Bait al-Mal and for the Khaleefah to spend from it in ways that are useful to all Muslims. It is possible that he decides to undertake the distibution of the products and revenues in a variety of ways :

a) Ana iya kashe shi wajen gudanarwa da hakar kayayyakin Dukiyar Jama'a, da kuma wajen gine-ginen jama'a, ma'aikata, masu ba da shawara, ƙwararru, injina da masana'antu.

a) It can be spent on the running and mining of Public Property commodities, as well as on public buildings, staff, advisors, experts, machinery and factories.

b) Ana iya kashe shi a kan Musulmai tun da su ne masu mallakar kayayyakin jama'a tare. Shugaba zai iya raba musu abubuwa kamar ruwa, gas, mai ko wutar lantarki ba tare da caji ba, ko kuma ya ba su kudi daga kudaden shiga bisa ga halin Musulmai domin inganta rayuwarsu baki daya.

b) It can be spent upon the Muslims since they are the common owners of the commodities. He can distribute amongst them things like water, gas, oil or electricity without charge or he can grant them money from their revenues according to the situation of Muslims for their general betterment.

c) Yana iya ɗaukar kuɗin shiga daga cikinta ya kashe a kan jihadi da abubuwan da jihadi ke buƙata, kamar masana'antun kera makamai, kafa rundunar soja, da sauran kuɗaɗen Baitul-Mali waɗanda ya wajaba ga Dawla ta biya wa al'umma.

c) He can take from it revenue to spend on jihad and what the jihad requires such as ordinance factories, establishing the army and other expenses of Bait al-Mal which are obligatory for the State to provide for the people.

Wannan ya haɗa da duk wani abu na ƙasa ko gini wanda ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin jama'a kuma ba ya cikin Dukiyar Jama'a. Don haka Dukiyar Ƙasa ta ƙunshi abubuwan da za a iya mallakar su ga mutum ɗaya, kamar ƙasa, gine-gine da kayayyakin da ake iya motsawa. Cikin wannan rukuni akwai gine-ginen ofisoshin gwamnati, ko kuɗin ƙasa. Jama'a suna da haƙƙi a kan waɗannan, saboda haka gudanarwarsu da ikon amfani da su an ba Khaleefah (watau Ƙasa) saboda shi ne yake da alhakin yin amfani da ikonsa game da duk abin da ke da alaƙa da haƙƙin jama'a, kamar hamada, duwatsu, gaɓar koguna, filaye marasa noma waɗanda ba mallakar mutane ba ne, gine-gine da dukiyar da Ƙasa ta saya ta kuma sanya su masu dacewa da zama, ko kuma waɗanda ta kwace daga abokan gaba a yaƙi, kamar gine-ginen sassan gwamnati, makarantu, asibitoci da makamantansu.

This includes every commodity of land or building which is connected to the right of the public and is not included in the Public Property. So the State Property consists of things that are liable to individual possession such as land, buildings and moveable things. Included within this category are state office buildings, or state money. The public has a right to these and therefore their running and control over use is given to the Khaleefah (i.e. to the State) because he has the resposibility to exercise his powers regarding everything that is associated with the public right, like deserts, mountains, river banks, uncultivated lands not owned by people, buildings and property which the State has purchased and made suitable for dwelling, or has captured from enemies in war like state department buildings, schools, hospitals and the like.

Gwamnati tana da hakkin ta bayar da wani sashe na dukiyarta ga daidaikun mutane, kamar filaye da gine-gine, domin Khaleefah na iya ba da su ga mutane a kan mallaka da amfani, ko kuma a kan amfani kawai, ko kuma a ba mutane izinin noma filayen da babu kowa a cikinsu (matattun filaye), ta haka za su mallaki ƙasar. Ta kowace hanya ake amfani da dukiyar Gwamnati, tana kasancewa domin amfanin ɗaukacin al'ummar ƙasar.

The State has the right to give of its property to individuals, such as lands and buildings, because the Khaleefah can give them to the people on an ownership and utilisation basis, or on the basis of utilisation only, or people can be permitted to cultivate dead land and thereby acquire its ownership.Whichever way the State Property is used, it is for the good of the citizens.

Ta hanyar waɗannan ka'idojin mallaka, Musulunci yana tabbatar da cewa kowa ya samu abin da ya cancanta daga wajen Mahaliccinsa, sabanin, misali, tsarin Jari-hujja inda kawai waɗanda suka shiga cikin tsarin samarwa ne ke da haƙƙin dukiya. A lokaci guda, yana ba wa daidaikun mutane cikakkiyar ƙarfafawa don su shiga cikin tattalin arziki sosai, ta hanyar rashin sanya iyaka kan yawan abin da za su iya mallaka. Haka kuma, yana tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin mutane a kan dukiyar da Allah (SWT) ya ba su, kuma yana hana masu haɗama yin amfani da ita su kuma mamaye ta da cutar da wasu.