29.2 Si Halali Kuuza Kile Usicho Nacho - Utu wa Kiislamu | Quran Course

29.2 Si Halali Kuuza Kile Usicho Nacho - Utu wa Kiislamu | Quran Course

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29.2 Si Halali Kuuza Kile Usicho Nacho

29.2 It Is Not Allowed To Sell What You Do Not Have

by Sheikh Taqīuddīn An-Nabahānī2 min readViewed 113 times

Haramu kuuza bidhaa kabla ya kukamilisha umiliki wake, hivyo kuiuza katika hali hii ni mauzo batili. Hili limethibitishwa katika hali mbili. Kwanza, mtu kuuza bidhaa kabla ya kuimiliki. Pili, anaiuza baada ya kuinunua lakini kabla ya kukamilisha umiliki wake kwa kuichukua mikononi mwake, katika bidhaa ambayo ukamilifu wa umiliki wake unategemea kuchukuliwa mikononi. Hii ni kwa sababu mkataba wa mauzo hutokea tu juu ya mali iliyomilikiwa. Kwa hiyo, kile ambacho bado hakijamilikiwa, au kimenunuliwa lakini umiliki wake haujakamilika kwa kuwa bado hakijachukuliwa mikononi, basi mkataba wa mauzo hauwezi kutokea juu yake, kwa kuwa hakuna mahali pa mkataba huo kutokea juu yake katika Shari'a. Mtume ﷺ alikataza kuuza kile ambacho muuzaji hakimiliki. Imepokewa kutoka kwa Hakiim bin Hizam (ra) aliyesema:

It is not allowed to sell a good before completing its ownership so selling it in this situation is a void sale. This is verified in two situations. Firstly, that one sells the good before he owns it. Secondly, he sells it after buying it but before he completes owning it via taking possession in that whose completion of ownership is conditioned upon taking possession. This is because the sale contract only occurs upon owned property so that which is not owned yet or is purchased but its ownership is not yet completed since its possession has not yet been taken, then there cannot occur over it the sale contract because there does not exist a place for the contract to occur over it in the Shar’a. The Messenger of Allah (saw) prohibited the sale of what the seller does not own. It is narrated from Hakeem bin Hazam (ra) who said:

Ahadith hizi zinakataza waziwazi kuuza kitu ambacho muuzaji bado hajakimiliki kwa kukipokea, kwa sababu muuzaji hajakamilisha umiliki wake juu yake. Hii ni kwa sababu kitu kinachohitaji kupokelewa, umiliki wake hauwi kamili mpaka mnunuzi akipokee, na pia kwa sababu kipo chini ya dhamana ya muuzaji wake.

These ahadith are explicit in prohibiting that which they have not taken possession of since the seller has not completed his ownership over it. This is because that which requires taking possession of, then its ownership is not completed until the buyer possesses it and also because it is in the guarantee of its seller.

Hivyo inafafanuliwa kwamba ni sharti la uhalali wa uuzaji kwamba muuzaji amiliki bidhaa na amekamilisha umiliki wake juu yake. Lakini ikiwa hamiliki au anamiliki lakini hajakamilisha umiliki wake juu yake, basi haijuzu kabisa kuiuza. Hili linajumuisha kile anachokimiliki lakini bado hajakichukua kwa kukimiliki, ambapo kukichukua ni sharti la kukamilisha uuzaji, ambayo ni vitu vinavyopimwa, kupimwa kwa uzito au kuhesabiwa. Kwa upande wa vile ambavyo kuvichukua si sharti la kukamilisha umiliki, yaani vitu visivyopimwa, visivyopimwa kwa uzito wala kuhesabiwa, kama mnyama, nyumba, ardhi na vinavyofanana navyo, basi inaruhusiwa kwa muuzaji kuviuza kabla ya kuvichukua. Hii ni kwa sababu kuwepo tu kwa mkataba wa uuzaji kwa ijab na qabul kunakamilisha uuzaji, iwe amevichukua au hajavichukua, hivyo atakuwa ameuza kile ambacho umiliki wake juu yake umekamilika. Suala la uuzaji kubatilika halihusiani na kuchukua au kutokuchukua; bali linahusiana na umiliki wa bidhaa na kukamilika kwa umiliki juu yake. Kuhusu kuruhusu kuuza kitu ambacho hakijachukuliwa katika vitu visivyopimwa wala kuhesabiwa, hili limethibitishwa na Hadith sahihi. Na Al-Bukhari amesimulia kutoka kwa Ibn Umar (ra) kwamba alikuwa akipanda ngamia mkorofi ambaye alikuwa wa Umar

Hence it is clarified that it is a condition of the validity of sale that the seller owns the good and has completed his possession therein. If however he does not own it or he owns it but has not completed his own ownership therein then it is absolutely not allowed to sell it. This includes what he owns but has not taken possession in what taking possession is a condition to complete the sale which is what is measured, weighed and counted. As for those for which taking possession is not a condition of completing ownership which is other than that which is measured, weighed or counted such as the animal, house and land and what is similar then it is permitted for the seller to sell it before taking possession. This is because the mere occurrence of the sale contract by offer and acceptance completes the sale whether he takes possession of it or not, so he would have sold that which his ownership over it is accomplished. The issue of the sale being void is not related to taking possession or not; rather it is related to the ownership of the sale and the completion of ownership therein. As for permitting the sale of something that has not been possessed in other than what is weighed or counted, this is established by the sahih hadith. And Al-Bukhari narrated from ibn Umar (ra) that he was riding troublesome camel which belonged to Umar

Hii ni kuuza kwa zawadi kabla ya kuchukua umiliki wake, jambo ambalo linaonyesha kukamilika kwa umiliki wa bidhaa iliyouzwa kabla ya kuichukua. Inaonyesha pia kuruhusiwa kuiuza, kwa sababu umiliki wa muuzaji juu yake umekamilika. Kwa hiyo kila kitu ambacho muuzaji anakimiliki na umiliki wake juu yake umekamilika, inaruhusiwa kwake kukiuza. Na kitu ambacho umiliki wake haujakamilika hairuhusiwi kukiuza. Kwa hiyo, kitendo cha wafanyabiashara wadogo wa kujadiliana na wanunuzi wa bidhaa, kisha kukubaliana nao juu ya bei na kumuuzia, kisha kwenda kwa mfanyabiashara mwingine kununua bidhaa hiyo kwa ajili ya yule aliyemuuzia, kisha kuiwasilisha na kumkabidhi mnunuzi, hakiruhusiwi, kwa sababu ni kuuza kitu ambacho hakimilikiwi. Mfanyabiashara anapoulizwa kuhusu bidhaa, haiko mbele yake wala hainamilikiwi, bali anajua kuwa ipo sokoni kwa wengine. Hivyo anasema uongo kwa mnunuzi kwamba ipo, na anamuuzia, kisha ndipo anakwenda kuinunua baada ya kuiuza. Hili ni haramu na haliruhusiwi, kwa kuwa ni kuuza kitu ambacho hakimilikiwi. Vilevile ndivyo inavyofanywa na wamiliki wa maduka katika soko la mboga na nafaka wanapouza mboga na ngano kabla umiliki wao juu yake haujakamilika. Baadhi ya wafanyabiashara hununua mboga au ngano kutoka kwa wakulima na kuiuza kabla ya kuichukua. Hili haliruhusiwi, kwa kuwa ni katika vyakula ambavyo umiliki wake hauwezi kukamilika isipokuwa kwa kuvichukua. Vilevile ndivyo wanavyofanya waagizaji bidhaa kutoka nchi nyingine. Baadhi yao huuza bidhaa na kufanya kuletwa nchini kuwa sharti ndani ya mkataba, kisha huziuza kabla hazijafika, yaani kabla umiliki wao juu yake haujakamilika. Uuzaji huu ni haramu kwa kuwa ni kuuza kabla umiliki juu yake haujakamilika.

This is disposal in the sale by gift before taking possession of it which indicates the completion of ownership in the sold good before taking possession of it. It indicates the permissibility of selling it because the seller’s ownership therein has been completed. Accordingly whatever the seller owns and his ownership is completed over it then it is permitted for him to sell it. And whatever (good) whose ownership is not completed is not permitted to be sold. Hence what is done by small traders of bargaining with the buyers of the good then agreeing with him over the price and selling it to him, then going to another trader to buy it for the one whom he sold it to and then presenting it and delivering it to the buyer is not permitted because it is selling that which is not owned. When the trader is asked about the good, it is not before him nor does he own it but he knows it exists in the market with others. So he lies and tells the buyer that it is present and sells it to him, then he goes to buy it after selling it. This is haram and not permitted as it is selling that which is not owned. Similarly what is done by the owners of shops in the vegetable and grain market when they sell vegetables and wheat before their ownership therein is completed. Some traders buy vegetables or wheat from farmers and sell it before they have taken possession of it. This is not permitted as it is from the foodstuff wherein ownership is not completed except by taking possession of it. Similar is what importers from other countries do. Some of them sell the goods and make the delivery in the country a condition therein, then sell them before they arrive i.e. before their ownership over them is completed. This sale is forbidden as it is selling before the ownership over it is completed