32. Rehani / Kuweka Dhamana
32. Mortgage/ Pledging Security
Ahadi katika lugha ina maana ya uhakika na kuendelea kushikamana, na baadhi ya wanazuoni wameitafsiri pia kuwa ina maana ya kufungwa. Allah (SWT) amesema
The pledge in the language means certainity and persistence, and some also referred it to mean confinement. Allah (swt) said
"Kila mtu ni rehani kwa yale aliyoyachuma (kasaba)" [TMQ 52:21]
“Each person is a pledge over what he acquired (kasaba)” [TMQ 52:21]
Na:
And:
"Kila nafsi imewekwa rehani kwa kile ilichokichuma (kasaba)" [TMQ 74:38]
“Each soul is a pledge over what he acquired (kasaba)” [TMQ 74:38]
i.e. yenye kikomo. Rehani katika Sharia ni mali inayotolewa kama dhamana ya deni, ili kulipwa kutokana na thamani yake endapo mtu anayedaiwa atashindwa kulipa. Ni jambo linaloruhusiwa, na ni miongoni mwa miamala ambayo Sharia imeruhusu. Ushahidi wake ni Kitabu na Sunnah. Allah (SWT) amesema:
i.e. restricted. The pledge in Shar’a is the property which is given as security for the debt so as to pay from its price if the one upon whom it is due finds it impossible to pay it. It is permitted and among the transactions which the Shar’a permitted. Its evidence is the Book and Sunnah. Allah (swt) said:
"Na mkiwa safarini na msipate mwandishi, basi iwe ni rehani iliyochukuliwa" [TMQ 2:283].
“And if you are travelling and cannot find a writer, then let there be a pledge taken (mortgaging)” [TMQ 2:283].
Al-Bukhari alisimulia kutoka kwa Aisha, Mama wa Waumini,
Al-Bukhari narrated from Aisha, the mother of the believers,
Kwamba Mtume ﷺ alinunua chakula kutoka kwa Myahudi kwa muda uliocheleweshwa, na akamwekea rehani vazi lake la chuma la kivita.
“That the Prophet (saw) bought food from a Jew for a (deferred) period and pledged an iron coat of armour to him.”
Na At-Tirmidhi alisimulia kutoka kwa Ibn Abbas ambaye alisema:
And At-Tirmidhi narrated from ibn Abbas who said:
Mtume ﷺ alifariki dunia na vazi lake la kivita lilidhaminiwa kwa kiasi cha ṣāʿ ishirini za chakula alichokichukua kwa ajili ya familia yake.
“The Prophet (saw) died and his coat of armour was pledged for twenty (sa’a) of food which he took for his family.”
Na Al-Bukhari alisimulia kutoka kwa Ibn Abbas (ra) ambaye alisema:
And Al-Bukhari narrated from ibn Abbas (ra) who said:
Mtume ﷺ alimwekea rehani silaha yake ya kivita huko Madinah kwa Myahudi mmoja, akamchukulia shayiri kwa ajili ya familia yake.
“The Prophet (saw) pledged a coat of armour of his in Madinah to a Jew and he took barley from him for his family.”
Ahadi hiyo inaruhusiwa wakati wa safari na pia wakati wa ukazi, kwa sababu maneno "na ikiwa mko safarini" yanaeleza hali halisi ya kawaida na si kizuizi, kwa mujibu wa dalili.
The pledge is permitted in travel and when resident because the words “and if you are travelling” is explaining a situational reality and is not a restriction by the evidence
Kwamba Mtume ﷺ alinunua chakula kutoka kwa Myahudi kwa muda uliocheleweshwa, na akamwekea rehani vazi lake la chuma la kivita.
“That the Prophet (saw) bought food from a Jew to a (deferred) period and pledged him an iron coat of armour”
Wakati Mtume ﷺ alikuwa Madinah na hakuwa safarini, rehani haikuruhusiwa isipokuwa ikitolewa wakati wa mkataba uleule, "rehani iliyokabidhiwa" (maqbudha). Maelezo ya kumiliki rehani ni kwamba mdaiwa huweka mkono wake juu yake, hivyo kitu kinachohamishika kinasafirishwa kwake. Kwa mali isiyohamishika kama nyumba na ardhi, mkono wake uko juu yake, yaani kumiliki kwake hutokea kwa mdaiwa kujiondoa kati yake na mpokeaji rehani bila kizuizi chochote mbele yake. Inaruhusiwa kumwakilisha mtu mwingine katika kuchukua umiliki wa rehani, hivyo kuchukua kwa mwakilishi kunasimama mahali pake katika kuchukua huko na kanuni nyingine zake. Rehani inaruhusiwa katika kila kitu kinachoruhusiwa kuuzwa. Kila kitu kinachoruhusiwa kuuzwa kinaruhusiwa kuwekwa rehani, kwa sababu lengo la rehani ni kuthibitisha deni ili lilipwe kutokana na bei ya rehani iwapo itakuwa haiwezekani kulipa kutokana na uwezo wa mdaiwa. Rehani hairuhusiwi katika kile ambacho hakiruhusiwi kuuzwa, kama vile pombe, sanamu, ardhi ya amana, kitu kilichowekwa rehani chenyewe na mambo mengine yanayofanana ambayo hayaruhusiwi kuuzwa.
While the Prophet was in Madinah and not travelling. The pledge is not permitted except when delivered during the same contract “a (maqbudha) pledge”. The description of the possession in the pledge is that he places his hand over it, so that which is moveable is transported to him. As for what is immovable like houses and land, his hand is upon it i.e. its possession is by its pledger withdrawing between it and the pledgee without any obstacle in front of him. It is permitted to delegate in taking possession of the pledge so the delegate’s taking possession stands in his place in his taking possession and the rest of its rules. The pledge is permitted in all that is allowed to sell. Everything permitted to sell is permitted to pledge because the objective of the pledge is to secure the debt to reach its payment from the pledge’s price if it becomes impossible to pay it from the capability of the pledger. The pledge is not permitted in that which is not permitted to sell like alcohol, idols, land on trust, the pledged thing and similar things which are not permitted to be sold.