As bandeiras (Alwiyah) e os estandartes (Rayaat) são atribuídos ao exército. O Khaleefah entrega a bandeira (Liwaa’) àquele que ele nomeia para comandar o exército; já os estandartes (Rayaat) são apresentados pelos chefes das Alwiyah (bandeiras).

Flags (Alwiyah) and banners (Rayaat) are assigned to the army. The Khaleefah gives the flag (Liwaa’) to the one whom He appoints over the army; but the banners (Rayaat) are presented by the chiefs of the Alwiyah (Flags).

A evidência para isto é a ação do Profeta (que a paz esteja com ele) ﷺ, pois ele designou bandeiras (Alwiyah) e estandartes (Rayaat) para o exército. Ibn Majah narrou, por intermédio de Ibn Abbas, que o estandarte do Profeta ﷺ era preto e que a sua bandeira era branca. At-Tirmidhi narrou de Al-Bara bin Azib que, quando lhe perguntaram sobre o Rayah do Mensageiro de Allah ﷺ, ele disse que o estandarte do Profeta ﷺ era preto, quadrado e feito de Namerah (um tecido de lã com listras brancas e pretas, ou uma peça de tecido de lã semelhante à que os beduínos usam), o que é explicado no dicionário Al-Muheet. Para o Profeta ﷺ havia um estandarte chamado Al-'Uqab, que era feito de lã preta. Ahmad e Ibn Majah narraram de Al-Harith bin Hassaan bin Al-Bakri, que disse: "Chegámos a Medina e vimos o Profeta ﷺ no púlpito, com Bilal de pé à sua frente, usando a sua espada, e havia estandartes pretos diante do Mensageiro ﷺ. Perguntei: 'O que são estes estandartes?' Disseram-me: 'É 'Amr bin Al-'Aas, que acaba de chegar de uma expedição.'" At-Tirmidhi narrou-o com a seguinte redação: "Cheguei a Medina, entrei na mesquita e encontrei-a cheia de gente, e havia estandartes pretos a ondular, e Bilal estava com uma espada diante do Profeta ﷺ. Perguntei: 'Qual é o assunto?' Disseram: 'Ele ﷺ quer enviar 'Amr bin Al-'Aas para uma certa região.'" Ibn Majah narrou de Jabir que o Profeta ﷺ entrou em Makkah no dia da sua conquista e a sua bandeira era branca. Também foi narrado por Anas, em An-Nasai, que Ibn Umm Maktum tinha consigo um estandarte preto em algumas das batalhas do Profeta ﷺ. Foi igualmente narrado por Anas que, quando o Profeta ﷺ nomeou Usamah bin Zayd como comandante do exército para atacar os Romanos, amarrou-lhe a bandeira na mão. O estandarte é diferente da bandeira. Abu Bakr Al-'Arabi disse: "a bandeira (liwa') é amarrada na ponta da lança e enrolada nela, enquanto o estandarte (rayah) é amarrado à lança mas deixado para que os ventos o movam." Al-Tirmithi também se inclinou a diferenciar entre eles; ao escrever sobre as bandeiras, trouxe o hadith de Jabir mencionado anteriormente, bem como comentou sobre o estandarte, e trouxe o hadith de Al-Bara'a que também foi mencionado anteriormente. O estandarte (rayah) era usado durante a guerra e pelo líder da batalha, como narrado no hadith da batalha de Mu'ta, quando Zayd foi morto e Ja'afar tomou o estandarte. Quanto à bandeira (liwa'), ela costumava ser colocada sobre o acampamento do exército como sinal deste, e era segurada para o Emir daquele exército, como consta no hadith do envio de Usamah a Ash-Sham: "...e que o Mensageiro de Allah ﷺ amarrou a bandeira de Usamah com sua própria mão", ou seja, quando o nomeou Emir sobre o exército. A diferença entre o estandarte e a bandeira é que a bandeira é amarrada à ponta da lança e era chamada de "'Alam", sendo maior que o estandarte, e é destinada ao local do líder do exército. Ela vai para onde ele vai, ao passo que o estandarte é amarrado à lança e deixado para que os ventos o movam. O líder da guerra cuida dele. O estandarte é chamado de "mãe da guerra", por isso, para cada exército, geralmente há um estandarte, mas para suas divisões, brigadas e batalhões há estandartes especiais.

The evidence for this is the action of the Prophet (pbuh) because He assigned flags (Alwiyah) and banners (Rayaat) to the army. Ibnu Maja narrated on the authority of Ibnu Abbas that the banner of the Prophet (pbuh) was black and that his flag was white. Tirmithi narrated from Bara bin ‘Azib, that when He was asked about the Rayah of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), He said that the banner of the Prophet (pbuh) was black, square and made of Namerah, (a woollen cloth which has white and black stripes or a woollen piece of cloth like the one that bedouins wear), which is explained in the dictionary of Al-Muheet. For the Prophet (pbuh) there was a banner called Al-’Uqab that was made of black wool. Ahmad and Ibnu Majah narrated from Al-Harith bin Hassaan bin Al-Bakri who said; “We came to Madinah and we saw the Prophet (pbuh) on the Minbar, with Bilal standing in front of Him wearing his sword, and there were black banners in front of the Messenger (pbuh); “I said ‘What are these banners?’ They said; ‘It is ‘Amr bin ‘Al- ’Aas who has just arrived from an expedition.’” Al-Tirmidhi narrated it with the following wording; “I came to Madinah, entered the Masjid and found it crowded with people and there were black banners swaying and Bilal was wearing a sword in front of the Prophet (pbuh), I said ‘what is the matter?’ They said; ‘He (pbuh) wants to send ‘Amr bin ‘Al-’Aas to a certain area.’” Ibn Majah narrated from Jabir that the Prophet (pbuh) entered Makkah on the day of its conquest and his flag was white. It was also narrated from Anas in An-Nasai that Ibnu Umm Maktoum had with Him a black banner in some of the battles of the Prophet (pbuh). It was also narrated from Anas that when the Prophet (pbuh) appointed Usamah bin Zayd as an Ameer of the army to attack the Romans He tied to Him his flag by his hand. The banner is different from the flag. Abu Bakr Al-’Arabi said; “the flag is tied at the end of the spear and is wrapped around it whilst the banner is tied to the spear but is left for the winds to blow.” Al-Tirmithi also inclined to differentiate between them and when He wrote about the flags He brought the Hadith of Jabir mentioned previously as well as commented on the banner, and brought the Hadith of Al-Bara’a that was also mentioned previously. The banner (Rayah) was used during the war and by the leader of the battle as narrated in the Hadith of the battle of Mu’ta, when Zayd was killed and Ja’afar took the banner. With regards to the flag, (Liwa’a) it used to be placed over the camp of the army as a sign for it, and it used to be held for the Ameer of that army as it came in the Hadith of sending Usamah to Ash-Sham “...and that the Messenger (pbuh) tied his (Usamah’s) flag with his hand”, i.e. when He appointed Him an Ameer over the army. The difference between the banner and flag is that the flag is tied to the end of the spear and it was called “‘Alam” which is bigger than the banner and it is assigned to the place of the leader of the army. It goes wherever He goes, whereas the banner is tied to the spear and left for the winds to blow. The leader of the war looks after it. The banner is called the ‘mother of the war’, so for each army there is usually one banner, but for its divisions, brigades and battalions there are special banners.

Está escrito na bandeira negra (rayah) "La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah" em branco, e escrito na bandeira branca (liwaa') "La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah" em preto.

It is written on the black banner (rayah) “La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah” in white, and written on the white banner (liwaa’) “La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah” in black.

A primeira bandeira que foi amarrada no Islã foi a bandeira de ‘Abdullah bin Jahsh. Uma bandeira negra que tinha um crescente branco foi amarrada para Sa’d ibn Malik Al-Azdi. Isto indica que devem existir bandeiras e estandartes para o exército, e o Khaleefah amarra a bandeira ou o estandarte àquele que nomeia para comandar o exército. Quanto à Rayah, é permitido ao Khaleefah atribuí-la, ou ela pode ser deixada aos comandantes das brigadas. No que diz respeito a ser permitido ao Khaleefah distribuir as bandeiras, isto se deve ao que Muslim e Al-Bukhari narraram de Salamah bin Akwa’a, que o Profeta ﷺ disse: “‘Entregarei a Rayah a um homem, ou aquele que levará a Rayah amanhã é um homem a quem Allah e Seu Mensageiro amam.’ Ou disse: ‘Ele ama Allah e Seu Mensageiro... Allah lhe abrirá (a vitória).’ De repente, Ali (raw) apareceu, onde não o esperávamos. Então disseram: ‘Este é Ali’, e o Mensageiro de Allah ﷺ entregou-lhe a Rayah, e assim Allah lhe concedeu a vitória.” Quanto ao líder da brigada distribuir as bandeiras, depreende-se do Hadith de Al-Harith bin Al-Haassan Al-Bakri, mencionado anteriormente em ambas as narrações, que afirma que havia bandeiras negras: “...de repente havia bandeiras negras”, o que significa que havia muitas Rayaat com o exército, embora o seu Ameer fosse uma só pessoa, que era ‘Amr ibnu Al-’Ass, quer ele estivesse regressando de uma Ghazwa quer saindo para uma Ghazwa. Isto indica que essas Rayaat estavam com os líderes dos batalhões, e não há evidência de que o Mensageiro ﷺ tenha sido quem as entregou. No entanto, é permitido ao Khaleefah autorizar o Ameer das brigadas a entregar as bandeiras aos comandantes dos batalhões, e isto é muito mais adequado para a organização, embora seja Mubah (permitido).

The first flag that was tied in Islam was the flag of ‘Abdullah bin Jahsh. A black banner that had a white crescent was tied to Sa’d ibn Malik Al- Azdi. This indicates that there must be flags and banners for the army and the Khaleefah ties the flag or the banner to whomsoever He appoints over the army. With regards to the Rayah it is allowed for the Khaleefah to allocate it or it can be left to the commanders of brigades. Regarding the fact that it is allowed for the Khaleefah to distribute the flags, it is due to what Muslim and Al-Bukhari narrated from Salamah bin Akwa’a that the Prophet (pbuh) said; “‘I will give the Rayah to a man, or the one who will take the Rayah tomorrow is a man whom Allah and His Messenger love.’ Or He said, ‘He loves Allah and His Messenger... Allah will open up to him.’ All of a sudden, Ali (raw) was there, where we did not expect him. So they said, ‘This is Ali, so the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) gave Him the Rayah and thus Allah opened up to him.’” As regards to the leader of the brigade distributing the flags, it is understood from the Hadith of Al-Harith bin Al-Haassan Al-Bakri which came before in both narrations, which stated that there were black banners; “...suddenly there were black banners”, which means that there were many Rayaat with the army, though its Ameer was one person, who was ‘Amr ibnu Al-’Ass, whether He was coming back from a Ghazwa or going out to a Ghazwa. This indicates that these Rayaat were with the leaders of the battalions and there was no evidence that the Messenger (pbuh) was the one who gave them these Rayaat. However, it is allowed for the Khaleefah to allow the Ameer of the brigades to give the banners to the battalion commanders, and this is much more proper for organisation, although it is Mubah (allowed).