5.4 Salário pelo Trabalho
5.4 Wage for Work
Exige-se que o bem pago em troca de um aluguer seja conhecido por tal testemunho e descrição, de modo a remover qualquer incerteza sobre ele. Porque o Profeta ﷺ disse: "Quem contratar uma pessoa deve informá-la sobre o seu salário." A recompensa pelo aluguer pode ser monetária, não monetária, um bem ou um benefício. Tudo o que pode ser um preço pode ser uma recompensa, quer seja uma mercadoria quer um benefício, desde que seja conhecido; mas se for desconhecido, será inválido. Assim, se uma pessoa for contratada para ceifar uma colheita por uma parte da colheita ceifada como salário, não é permitido, porque o salário é desconhecido. Já se for contratada por um Sa'a (uma medida de volume) ou dois, é permitido. O trabalhador pode também ser contratado com a sua alimentação e vestuário, ou pode receber um salário juntamente com a sua alimentação e vestuário, porque isto é permitido no caso da mulher que amamenta o bebé. Allah (SWT) disse:
It is stipulated that property paid in return for hiring should be known by such witness and description so as to remove any uncertainty about it. Because the Prophet (pbuh) (pbuh) said: “Whosoever hired a person He has to inform Him about his wage.” Recompense for hiring is allowed to be monetary, non-monetary, property or a benefit. Anything that is allowed to be a price is allowed to be a recompense, whether it was a commodity or a benefit, on condition that it is known; but if it was unknown it would be invalid. So if a person was hired to reap a harvest for a part of the reaped harvest as a wage it is not allowed because the wage is unknown. While if He is hired for one Sa’a (a cubic measure) or two, it is allowed. The worker is allowed to be hired also for his food and clothing, or can be given a wage together with his food and clothing, because this is allowed in the case of the woman who suckles the infant. Allah (swt) said:
"O dever de alimentar e vestir as mães lactantes de forma decorosa recai sobre o pai da criança" {Al-Baqarah: 233}. Assim, elas tinham direito ao seu sustento e vestuário como pagamento pela amamentação. Se isso é permitido no caso da mãe lactante, então também é permitido em outros casos, pois tais casos são todos considerados questões de contratação.
“The duty of feeding and clothing and nursing mothers in a seemly manner is upon the father of the child” [Al-Baqarah: 233] So they were entitled to their provision and clothing as a wage for suckling. If this was allowed in the case of the nursing mother then it is allowed in other cases because such cases are all considered as questions of hiring.
Em suma, o salário deve ser definido de maneira a eliminar qualquer ignorância a respeito dele, para que possa ser devidamente cumprido sem disputa, pois todos os contratos são originalmente estabelecidos para remover disputas entre as pessoas. Antes de começar o trabalho, o salário deve ser acordado, e é reprovável (Makruh) empregar um trabalhador antes de combinar com ele o seu salário. Se a contratação para um trabalho foi firmada, o trabalhador passa a ter direito ao salário em razão do contrato, mas não é obrigatório entregá-lo a ele até que o trabalho esteja concluído. Depois disso, deve ser pago imediatamente, em razão do dito do Profeta ﷺ: "Há três pessoas das quais serei adversário no Dia do Juízo: um homem que deu (a sua palavra) em meu nome e depois traiu; um homem que vendeu uma pessoa livre e devorou o seu preço; e um homem que contratou um trabalhador, recebeu dele o trabalho por completo e não lhe deu o seu salário", narrado por Bukhari a partir de Abu Hurairah. Mas, se houver uma condição para adiar o salário, então ele deve ser adiado até o seu prazo fixado. Se a condição estabelecer que o salário será pago em parcelas diárias, mensais, ou em intervalos menores ou maiores que esses, então o prazo fixado é aquele que as duas partes acordaram. Não é necessário que o empregador de fato receba o benefício por completo; basta que o trabalhador se coloque à disposição para ser utilizado, para que o salário se torne devido pelo empregador. Assim, se uma pessoa contratou um trabalhador particular para servi-la em sua casa, e o trabalhador foi até a casa dela e se colocou à sua disposição, então ele merece o salário ao final do período em que poderia ter sido utilizado pelo empregador. Ainda que o contrato seja para um serviço que o empregador pode não ter recebido por completo, permitindo-lhe recebê-lo mesmo que não o tenha feito, isso basta para que o trabalhador mereça o salário. Isso porque a falha está do lado do empregador, e não do empregado. However, for the common employee (ajîr mushtarak), if he was employed to work on a certain thing, then he would either do it while it is kept under his authority, like the painter who paints in his own shop and the tailor who works in his own shop. So his responsibility to do the work will not end until he has handed it back to the client, and he does not deserve his wage until he has handed it over after completion. This is because the thing contracted upon is under his authority, and he would not be cleared of responsibility until he hands it over to the client. Likewise, the work may be contracted to be done within the domain of the employer; for example, if the employer brought the tailor or the painter to his house to sew or paint for him, then the employee would be cleared of the responsibility of the work and deserve his wage once he had finished it, because he was under the authority of the employer, and thus the work was handed over immediately.
In short, the wage should be defined in a manner that removes any ignorance about it, so that it can be duly fulfilled without dispute, because all contracts are originally laid down to remove disputes among people. Before starting the work, the wage has to be agreed upon, and it is disliked (Makruh) to use a worker before agreeing with Him over his wage. If the hiring over a work was contracted, the worker is appropriated the wage by the force of the contract, but it is not obligatory to hand it over to Him until the work is finished. Thereafter, it should be immediately handed over to him, due to the saying of the Prophet (pbuh) (pbuh): “There are three persons of whom I am their opponent on the Day of Judgement: A man who gave (a word) in my name then He deceived, a man who sold a free person and devoured his price, and a man who hired a worker where He received (the work) from Him in full and did not give Him his wage”, narrated by Bukhari from Abu Hurairah. But if there was a condition to delay the wage, then it should be delayed to its fixed time. If the condition states that the wage is in instalments daily, monthly, or less, or more than that, then the fixed time is that which the two parties agreed upon. It is not necessary that the employer actually receives the benefit in full, rather it is enough that the worker makes himself available to be used, so that the wage becomes due from the employer. So, if a person hired a private worker to serve Him in his house, and the worker came to their house and put himself at his disposal, then He deserves the wage by the end of the time period in which He could have been used by the employer. Even though the contract is for a service which may not have been fully received by the employer, enabling the employer to receive it even if He did not, this is enough for the worker to deserve the wage. This is because the shortcoming is from the side of the employer rather than the employee. However, for the common employee, if He was employed to work on a certain thing, then He would either do it while it is kept under his authority, like the painter who paints in his own shop, and the tailor who works in his own shop. So his responsibility to do the work will not finish until He has handed it back to the client, and He does not deserve his wage until He has handed it over after completion. This is because the thing contracted upon is under his authority, and He would not be cleared of responsibility until He hands it over to the client. Likewise, the work may be contracted to be done within the domain of the employer, for example if the employer brought the tailor or the painter to his house to sew or paint for him, then the employee would be cleared of the responsibility of the work and deserve his wage once He had finished it, because He was under the authority of the employer, and thus the work was handed over immediately.