Islom iqtisodiy tizim doirasida uch turdagi mulkni belgilagan. Bular: shaxsiy mulk, jamoat mulki va davlat mulkidir.

Islam has defined three types of property within the Economic System. These are : Individual Property, Public Property and State Property.

Alloh (swt) insoniyatga kapitaldan foydalanishga ruxsat bergan, uni iste'mol qilish, ishlatish yoki almashtirish orqali. Islom mulkdorlikni shaxs uchun qonuniy huquq qilib belgilagan va bir kishi egalik qilishi mumkin bo'lgan boylik miqdoriga hech qanday chegara qo'ymagan. Shunga ko'ra, odamlar ko'chmas mulkka, masalan yer, uy yoki zavodga, yoki ko'chma mulkka, masalan chorva mollari, pul, mashina va kiyim-kechakka egalik qilishlari mumkin.

Allah (swt) has permitted human beings to utilise capital, whether by consuming, using or exchanging it. Islam has made ownership a legal right for the individual, and it does not impose a limit on the amount of wealth that one can own. Accordingly, people may own moveable property, such as livestock, money, cars and clothes, or immoveable property such as land, houses or factories.

Biroq, Shariat mulkiyat vositalarini shunday boshqaradiki, odamlar boylikka adolatli yo‘l bilan egalik huquqini oladilar, shuningdek, uni sarflash yo‘llarini ham tartibga soladi.

However, the Shari’ah controls the means of ownership such that people acquire the right to wealth in a just manner, and it also regulates the ways in which it is disposed of.

Mulkka ega bo‘lish turli yo‘llar bilan amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Ulardan biri — mehnat, u o‘zi uchun bo‘lsinmi yoki boshqalar uchun, ish haqi evaziga bo‘lsinmi. Bunga ruxsat etilgan har qanday mehnat turi kiradi, masalan, dehqonchilik, konchilik, savdo va boshqalar. Islom ruxsat bergan boshqa mulk egaligi yo‘llari esa: meros, davlat mulkining fuqarolarga berilishi, sovg‘alar, qon puli (diyat) yoki mahr.

There are a variety of ways in which ownership of wealth can be achieved. Work is one example of this, whether it be for ones self or for others in exchange for a wage. This includes any type of permitted work, such as farming, mining, trading etc. Other means of ownership which Islam has permitted include inheritance, grants of the States property to citizens, gifts, blood money or dowry.

Islom pulni topish yoki sarflash usullarini cheklaydi: qimor o'yinlari, aldov, o'g'rilik va poraxo'rlik kabi faoliyatlarni hamda sharob, cho'chqa go'shti, xochlar va boshqa taqiqlangan narsalar savdosini man etadi.

Islam restricts the means in which wealth can be earned or invested by forbidding persuits such as gambling, fraud, theft and bribery, or trading in wine, pigs, crosses and other forbidden items.

Bu shunday mol-mulklar hisoblanadiki, Islom ularni musulmonlarning umumiy mulki qilib belgilagan; shu sababli shaxslar ulardan foydalanishlari mumkin, lekin ularni o‘zlarining shaxsiy mulki sifatida egallashlari man etilgan.

This is defined as the commodities which Islam has made the property of Muslims as a whole, such that individuals are allowed to utilise them, but are forbidden from owning them as their own property.

Bu mahsulotlar uchta asosiy toifaga bo‘linadi:

These commodities come under three main categories :

a) Jamoatning kundalik hayoti to‘g‘ri kechishi uchun zarur bo‘lgan jamoat manfaatlari. Bu toifaga suv yoki neft zaxiralari kabi narsalar kiradi. Muhammad ﷺ shunday degan: “Odamlar uch narsada sherikdirlar: suvda, o‘tloqlarda va olovda.”

a) The utilities of the community without which the everyday life of the community cannot properly function. Under this category comes things like water or oil reserves. Muhammad (saw) said, “The people are partners in three things : water, pastures and fire.”.

Biroq, buyruq faqat bu uchta narsa bilan cheklanmaydi, balki butun jamoa uchun umumiy ehtiyoj bo‘lgan har qanday narsani ham o‘z ichiga oladi. Bunday maqsadlar uchun ishlatiladigan barcha mashinalar ham xuddi shunga o‘xshab jamoat mulki hisoblanadi, masalan, jamoat foydalanishi uchun suv tortadigan qurilmalar, suvni iste’molchilarga yetkazish uchun quvurlar yoki gidroelektr stansiyalari, ularning elektr ustunlari va taqsimlovchi kabellar va boshqalar.

However, the order is not restricted to these three things, but it includes everything that is a common need for the whole community. All machinery used for such purposes is similarly regarded as public property, like that required for drawing water for public use, the pipes for transporting water to consumers, or hydro-electric power stations and their pylons and distribution cables etc.

b) Tabiatiga ko'ra shaxsiy mulk bo'la olmaydigan narsalar, masalan, dengizlar, daryolar, jamoat bog'lari, masjidlar va jamoat yo'llari. Allohning Elchisi ﷺ dedilar: "Kim Minoga birinchi bo'lib yetib borsa, unga o'sha joy haqi bor."

b) Commodities that by their nature cannot be an individuals property like the seas, rivers, public parks, mosques and public highways. The Messenger of Allah (saw) said, “Whoever reaches Mina first has the right to it.”.

Ushbu toifaga poyezdlar va boshqa jamoat transporti turlari, yoki jamoat yo'llari bo'ylab o'tgan kanalizatsiya quvurlari kiradi; ular shaxsiy mulk bo'la olmaydi, chunki ular jamoatga tegishli.

Umumiy mulk barcha musulmonlarning mulki bo‘lganligi sababli, uning foydalanilishidan bahramand bo‘lish har bir shaxsning huquqidir. Agar bu mulkning mahsulotlari shunday bo‘lsaki, har bir inson ulardan bevosita foydalana olsa, masalan, suv, o‘tloq, elektr energiyasi, umumiy yo‘llar, daryolar va dengizlar, u holda unga o‘zi mustaqil ravishda foydalanishga ruxsat beriladi.

Since the Public Porperty is the property of all Muslims, it is accordingly the right of every individual to enjoy its utilisation. If the commodities of this property are such that every person can utilise them directly, like water, pasture, electricity, public roads, rivers and seas, then he is allowed to do so by himself.

Agar Umumiy mulk hisoblangan mollar, masalan neft va ma'danlar, har bir shaxs tomonidan bevosita foydalanish uchun oson bo'lmasa, u holda ularni qazib olish va daromadlarini Bayt al-Mol'ga yig'ish davlatning vazifasidir, halifa esa bundan barcha musulmonlar uchun foydali bo'lgan yo'llarda sarflaydi. U mahsulot va daromadlarni taqsimlashni turli yo'llar bilan amalga oshirishni o'z zimmasiga olishi mumkin:

However, if the commodities of Public Property are such that they are not easy for every individual to make use of directly, like oil and minerals, then it is for the State to mine them and collect their revenues in Bait al-Mal and for the Khaleefah to spend from it in ways that are useful to all Muslims. It is possible that he decides to undertake the distibution of the products and revenues in a variety of ways :

a) Uni davlat mulki bo‘lgan tovarlarni ishlatish va qazib olishga, shuningdek, jamoat binolari, xodimlar, maslahatchilar, mutaxassislar, mashina-uskunalar va zavodlarga sarflash mumkin.

a) It can be spent on the running and mining of Public Property commodities, as well as on public buildings, staff, advisors, experts, machinery and factories.

b) U musulmonlarga sarflanishi mumkin, chunki ular bu mollarning umumiy egalaridir. U ularga suv, gaz, moy yoki elektr kabi narsalarni bepul taqsimlashi mumkin yoki musulmonlarning ahvoliga qarab, ularning umumiy farovonligi uchun daromadlaridan pul berishi mumkin.

b) It can be spent upon the Muslims since they are the common owners of the commodities. He can distribute amongst them things like water, gas, oil or electricity without charge or he can grant them money from their revenues according to the situation of Muslims for their general betterment.

c) U bu mulkdan daromad olib, jihodga va jihod talab qiladigan narsalarga sarflashi mumkin, masalan, harbiy zavodlar tashkil etish, qo‘shinni barpo etish va Bayt al-mol (davlat xazinasi)ning davlat xalq uchun ta’minlashi vojib bo‘lgan boshqa xarajatlariga.

Bu ommaning hukmiga tegishli bo'lib, Ommaviy mulkka kirmaydigan har bir yer yoki bino mahsuloti hisoblanadi. Demak, Davlat mulki shaxsiy egalikka yaroqli bo'lgan narsalardan iborat: yer, binolar va ko'chma buyumlar. Bu toifaga davlat idoralari binolari yoki davlat puli kiradi. Ommaning bu narsalarga haqqi bor, shuning uchun ularni boshqarish va foydalanishni nazorat qilish Xalifaga (ya'ni Davlatga) berilgan, chunki u ommaviy haq bilan bog'liq hamma narsaga nisbatan o'z vakolatlarini amalga oshirish mas'uliyatiga ega: cho'llar, tog'lar, daryo qirg'oqlari, odamlarga tegishli bo'lmagan obodlanmagan yerlar, Davlat sotib olib, turar joy uchun yaroqli qilgan binolar va mulk, yoki urushda dushmanlardan qo'lga kiritilgan narsalar, masalan, davlat idoralari binolari, maktablar, shifoxonalar va shunga o'xshashlar.

This includes every commodity of land or building which is connected to the right of the public and is not included in the Public Property. So the State Property consists of things that are liable to individual possession such as land, buildings and moveable things. Included within this category are state office buildings, or state money. The public has a right to these and therefore their running and control over use is given to the Khaleefah (i.e. to the State) because he has the resposibility to exercise his powers regarding everything that is associated with the public right, like deserts, mountains, river banks, uncultivated lands not owned by people, buildings and property which the State has purchased and made suitable for dwelling, or has captured from enemies in war like state department buildings, schools, hospitals and the like.

Davlatning o'z mulkidan, masalan, yer va binolardan, shaxslarga berish huquqi bor, chunki xalifa ularni odamlarga mulkdorlik va foydalanish asosida, yoki faqat foydalanish asosida berishi mumkin, yoxud odamlarga o'lik yerni obod qilishga ruxsat berilishi mumkin va shu yo'l bilan ular uning mulkdorligiga ega bo'lishadi. Davlat mulkidan qanday foydalanilmasin, bu fuqarolarning manfaati uchun amalga oshiriladi.

The State has the right to give of its property to individuals, such as lands and buildings, because the Khaleefah can give them to the people on an ownership and utilisation basis, or on the basis of utilisation only, or people can be permitted to cultivate dead land and thereby acquire its ownership.Whichever way the State Property is used, it is for the good of the citizens.

Ushbu mulkchilik tamoyillari orqali Islom har bir insonga Yaratuvchisi tomonidan unga haqli ravishda tegishli bo'lgan narsaning berilishini ta'minlaydi. Masalan, faqat ishlab chiqarish jarayonida ishtirok etganlargina boylikka haqli bo'lishi mumkin deb hisoblaydigan kapitalistik tizimdan farqli o'laroq, u shu bilan birga, shaxslarga o'z mulklari miqdoriga chegara qo'ymasdan, iqtisodiyotda to'liq ishtirok etishlari uchun to'liq rag'batlar beradi. Shuningdek, u Alloh (SWT) ato etgan boylik ustidagi xalqning huquqlarini kafolatlaydi va ochko'z shaxslarning boshqalar hisobiga uni o'zlashtirishi hamda monopoliyaga olishiga yo'l qo'ymaydi.