安拉至高说:{我确已按照定量创造万物。}(古玛尔章:49)

Allah Most High says, {Verily, all things have We created in proportion and measure.} (AI-Qamar: 49)

在他的《Tafsir》中，伊本·al-Jawzi指出了关于此节经文降示背景的两种观点。

In his Tafsir, Ibn AI-Jawzi highlighted two views concerning the occasion of revelation of this verse.

第一种观点由穆斯林在圣门弟子艾布·胡莱赖（愿安拉喜悦他）的转述中记载。

The first view is reported by Muslim on the authority of Abu Hurairah (may Allah be pleased with him)

以下内容是说，麦加的多神教徒曾来与安拉的使者争论前定的问题，于是降示此节经文来驳斥他们的说法。阿布·乌玛ma却认为，这节经文是为所谓的宿命论而降示的。第二种观点是，纳只兰的主教来到安拉的使者ﷺ面前，说："穆罕默德啊！你声称罪过是安拉预定的，但这是一种错误的态度。"安拉的使者ﷺ回答说："你们是安拉的敌人。"随后降示了这样的经文：{罪犯确是迷误的，确是疯狂的。在他们被拖入火中，面朝下的那天，将对他们说："你们尝试火的烧灼吧！"我确已按定制造万物。}（古莱什章：47-49）

that the disbelievers of Mecca came to dispute with the Messenger of Allah concerning the Destiny, then the verse was revealed to refute their claims. Abu Umamah, however, is of the opinion that this verse was revealed concerning the so-called fatalism. The second view is that the bishop of Najran came to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and said, "O Muhammed! you claim that sins are predetermined by Allah, but this is a wrong attitude." The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) replied, "You are the enemies of Allah.” Then the following verses were revealed {Truly those in sin are the ones in error and madness. The Day they will be dragged through the Fire on their faces, (they will hear.) taste ye the touch of Hell!’ Verily, all things have We created in proportion and measure.} (AI-Qamar: 47-49)

“欧麦尔·本·哈塔ب说：‘安拉的使者ﷺ说：“在复活日，安拉将聚集最先的人和最后的人，然后命令一位召唤者大声呼喊：安拉的敌人在哪里？”宿命论者便会站起来，随后被命令入火狱。’”1

'Umar Ibn al-Khattab said, "The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said, "On the Day of Judgment, Allah will gather the first and the last of people and then order a caller to say with a clear voice, where are the enemies of Allah?" The fatalists would stand whereupon they would be ordered to go to Hell.”1

安拉说:{你们尝试火狱的烈焰吧!我确已按照定量创造万物。}

Allah says, {Taste ye the touch of Hell! Verily, all things have We created in proportion and measure.

} 这些人被称为真主的敌人，因为他们争论真主如何预定罪过，然后借此惩罚罪人。" 希沙姆·本·哈桑评论道："凭真主起誓，即使一个宿命论者持续斋戒，直到瘦得像线一样，或持续礼拜，直到虚弱得像绳子一样，真主也会命令将他脸朝下拖入火中，然后对他说{尝尝火的触碰吧！“我确已按照定度创造了万物。”}" 2

} Those men are called the enemies of Allah because they dispute how Allah predetermines sins and then punishes the sinners thereby." Hisham Ibn Hassan commented, "By Allah if a fatalist observes continuous fasting until he becomes as thin as thread, or observes continuous Prayer until he becomes as faint as string, Allah would order him to be dragged through the Fire on his face and then say to him {taste the touch of Hell! “Verily all things Have We created in proportion and measure.}” 2

伊本·欧麦尔(愿真主喜悦他们两人)传述:先知ﷺ说:“万事皆依真主的前定而行,甚至包括无能与聪慧。”3

Ibn 'Umar (may Allah be pleased with them both) the Prophet said, "Everything runs in accordance with Allah's Destiny even the inability and intelligence.” 3

伊本·阿拔斯说："我们创造万物都有定量和尺度，并且都记录在《受保护的明版》（Al-Lawh Al-Mahfuz）之中。"至高的安拉说：{而安拉创造了你们和你们所做的一切！}（《萨法特》：96）

Ibn 'Abbas said, "All things have We created in proportion and measure and they are recorded in AILawh AI-Mahfuz (The TabletPreserved)." Allah Most High says, {But Allah has created you and your hadiwork! } (Al-saffat: 96)

伊本·贾里尔在对这节经文的注释中说："这节经文有两层含义："

Ibn Jarir, in his commentary on this verse, said, "The verse is of two indications:

首先，这可能是指安拉创造了你们，也创造了你们所制作的东西，即偶像。安拉至高在《太阳章》中说：{并启示它的邪恶与正直。}（太阳章：8）

First, it may mean that Allah has created you and what you make, i.e., idols." In Surah Ash-Shams, Allah Most High says, {And its inspiration as to its wrong and its right.} (Ash-shams: 8)

赛义德·本·朱拜尔解释这节经文的含义说:{真主在它里面赋予善的品性和恶的品性。}有一段圣训称:"真主引导一些人走上正道,并将给予他们慈悯;而另一些人则依照真主的前定而迷失,因此他们将依照真主的公正被注定入火狱。"伊本·宰德说:"真主引导它走向正道,或任其在恶的道路上迷失。"穆阿兹·本·哲白勒(愿真主喜悦他)说,真主的使者ﷺ说:"真主派遣的每一位先知,在他的民众中都有Qadariyyah(宿命论者)。"

Sa'id Ibn Jubair explained the meaning of this verse saying, {Allah implants in it the traits of good and the traits of evil.} A hadith states, "Allah guides some people to the straight way and will grant them mercy. Whereas others go astray in accordance with Allah's Destiny and therefore they will be decreed to Hell-fire with Allah's Justice." Ibn Zaid stated, "Allah leads it to the way of righteousness or leaves it to go astray in the way of evil." Mu'adh Ibn Jabal (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said, "There was no prophet sent to people by Allah but amongst his people there were Qadariyyah (fatalists)

以及穆尔吉埃派(Murji'ah,延宕派)。诚然,安拉已借七十位先知之口诅咒了卡达里叶派和穆尔吉埃派。1

and Murji'ah (Postponers). Surely, Allah has cursed the Qadariyyah and Murji' ah on the tongues of seventy prophets.”1

阿伊莎(愿真主喜悦她)说:真主的使者(愿主赐他平安)说:"盖德日耶派(宿命论者)是这个乌玛的拜火教徒。"2

`Aishah (may Allah be pleased with her) said that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said, "The Qadiriyyah (fatalists j are the Magians of this Ummah.”2

伊本·欧麦尔（愿真主喜悦他）说：真主的使者ﷺ说："每个民族都有祆教徒，而这个民族的祆教徒，就是否认真主前定的人。"他又说："如果他们中有人以等同于欧侯德山的黄金施舍于真主之道，真主也绝不会接受他的施舍，直到他信仰天命，无论是其中的善还是恶。"随后，先知ﷺ提到了圣训，即吉卜利勒问及伊玛尼（信仰）时，先知ﷺ说："伊玛尼就是信仰真主、祂的天使、祂的经典、祂的使者、末日，并且信仰天命，无论是其中的善还是恶。"3

Ibn `Umar (may Allah be pleased with him) said that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said, "Each Ummah has Magians and the Magains of this Ummah are those who deny the Destiny of Allah." He added, "If one of them spent an amount of gold equal to Mount Uhud the way of Allah, Allah will never accept it from him until he believes in the divine Destiny, both the good and the evil thereof" Then he (pbuh) mentioned the hadith, when Jabril asked about Iman (Faith), "It is to believe in Allah, His angels, His books, His Messengers, and the Last Day, and to believe in the divine Destiny, both the good and the evil thereof .”3

"信仰真主"意味着承认祂,至圣至尊的祂,是存在的,并且配享一切完美的属性。祂是独一无二的,是永恒的,是随心所欲地创造万物的造物主。(SWT)

"The belief in Allah" means to admit that He, Glorified and Exalted be He, is Existent and deserves all attributes of perfection. He is the One and Only, the Eternal, the Creator Who does what He wills.

"信仰天使"意味着承认他们是安拉忠诚的仆人，正如尊贵的《古兰经》所阐明的："{他们只是受尊崇的仆人。他们不先于他发言，他们只遵照他的命令而行。他知道他们面前和身后的事，他们不为任何人说情，除非是他所喜悦的人；他们因畏惧他而战栗。}"（《先知书》21:26-28）

"Belief in the angels" means to admit that they are devoted servants of Allah as the Glorious Qur'an illustrates, {They are (but) servants raised to honor. They speak not before He speaks, and they act (in all things) by His command. He knows what is before them, and what is behind them, and they offer no intercession except for those with whom He is well-pleased and they stand in awe and reverence of His (glory).} (Al-Anbiya'" 26-28)

"信仰使者"是指承认他们是诚实的人，并且完整地传达了真主启示给他们的一切。至高的真主以奇迹支持他们，作为其诚实的证明。我们应当对他们一律尊崇，不在他们之间有所分别。

"Belief in the Messengers" means to admit that they were truthful men, and delivered what Allah revealed to them in totality. Allah Most High has supported them with miracles as proof of their truthfulness. We owe to them all reverence and make no distinction between them.

"相信末日"指的是相信审判日，相信死后的复活，相信集合（Hashr），相信天堂，相信火狱，等等。

"Belief in the last Day" means to believe in the Day of Judgment, in the resurrection after death, is the Hashr (Gathering), in Paradise, in Hell-fire,... etc.

"信仰天命"意味着相信上述原则和观念，例如经文中所提及的那些：

"Belief in the divine Destiny" means to believe in the aforementioned principles and ideas such as the reference in the verses:

{但真主创造了你们和你们所做的事。}（al-Saffat：96）

{But Allah created you and your handiwork.} (As-Saffat: 96)

{万物我都是按照定度创造的。}（古兰经 54:49）

{All things have We created in proportion and measure.} (AI-Qamar: 49)

信仰前定（天命）包含在伊本·阿拔斯的圣训中所说的那段话里："你要知道，即使整个民族聚集起来想要给你带来任何益处，他们也只能给你带来安拉早已为你注定的东西；如果他们聚集起来想要伤害你，他们也只能伤害到安拉早已为你注定的东西。笔已经提起，纸页也已经干了。"1

Belief in the divine Destiny comprises what was referred to in the Hadith of Ibn ' Abbas, "Know that if the Nation were to gather together to benefit you with any thing, it would benefit you only with something that Allah had already prescribed for you, and if they gather together to harm you with anything, they would harm you only with something Allah has already prescribed for you. The pens have been lifted and the pages have dried.”1

穆斯林学者，无论过去还是现在，都一致认为：谁对这些原则怀有坚定不移的信仰，谁就是真正的信徒。

Muslim scholars, in past and present, have agreed that whoever has unswerving faith in these principles, he will be a true believer.

七十位穆斯林学者一致认为，先知的逊奈（Sunnah）包括：相信天命前定，服从真主的命令，忍耐，遵守合法之事、远离非法之事，诚心，厌恶在宗教上争论，圣战，殡礼等。

Seventy Muslim scholars have agreed that the Sunnah of the Prophet (pbuh) includes: Belief in the divine Destiny, submission to the commands of Allah, patience, adherence to the lawful and abstaining from the unlawful, sincerity, the abhorrence of dispute in religion, Jihad, funeral Prayer, etc.