2.2 Sua Simplicidade e Humildade
2.2 His Simplicity and Humility
O estilo de vida simples e austero do Profeta ﷺ é uma indicação importante de que sua missão não poderia ter sido movida por interesse próprio, especialmente quando contrastado com os estilos de vida decadentes e extravagantes de tantos falsos profetas na história do mundo. Afinal, este foi um homem que controlou toda a Arábia ao final de sua vida. Mesmo antes disso, ele tinha milhares de seguidores em Madinah, seguidores que o idolatravam e que teriam feito qualquer coisa no mundo por ele. Ainda assim, não vemos nenhum sinal de luxo em nenhuma esfera de sua vida.
The simple, austere lifestyle of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم is a major indication that his mission could not have been self-serving, especially when contrasted with the decadent, extravagant lifestyles of so many false prophets in world history. After all, this was a man who controlled all of Arabia by the end of his life. Even before that, he had thousands of followers in Madinah, followers who obsessed over him and would have done anything in the world for him. Yet, we see no signs of luxury in any sphere of his life.

O seu alojamento era tão apertado que, quando ele ﷺ desejava rezar, batia de leve em ‘Āishah para que ela dobrasse as pernas e assim abrisse espaço para ele se prostrar. Para beber ou se banhar, ele alcançava o pequeno odre de couro que pendia em seu quarto. Durante meses seguidos, não se acendia fogo para cozinhar em sua casa, e sua família se contentava com tâmaras e água, a não ser que alguém lhes presenteasse com leite.58 ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb relata que certa vez entrou no quarto do Mensageiro de Allah ﷺ e o encontrou deitado, e notou que a aspereza da esteira de palha sob ele havia deixado marcas em seu lado. Ao perceber isso, e também a escassez de cevada e de folhas que tinha para comer, e o odre de couro pendurado no canto, seus olhos se encheram de lágrimas. O Profeta ﷺ disse: “O que te faz chorar, ó filho de al-Khaṭṭāb?” Ele respondeu: “Ó Profeta de Allah, como não haveria de chorar ao ver como a esteira deixou essas marcas em seu lado, e quão pouco você tem em sua despensa? César e Cosroes vivem cercados de frutas e fontes de água, enquanto você é o Mensageiro de Deus e Seu escolhido, e ainda assim esta é a sua condição.” O Profeta ﷺ disse: “Ó filho de al-Khaṭṭāb, não te agrada que essas [delícias] sejam para nós na Vida Futura e para eles neste mundo?” Eu disse: “Claro que sim.”59 Em outra narração, ele iniciou sua resposta com: “Você está em dúvida, ó filho de al-Khaṭṭāb? Esses são um povo cujos prazeres foram antecipados na vida deste mundo.”60
His living quarters were so tight that when he صلى الله عليه وسلم wished to pray, he would tap ‘Āishah to bend her legs to make room for him to prostrate. To drink or bathe, he would reach for the small leather water skin that hung in his room. For months on end, no fire would be kindled for cooking in his home, and his family was content with dates and water unless someone gifted them some milk.58 ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb reports that he once entered the room of the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم to find him lying down and noticed that the coarseness of the straw mat under him had left marks on his side. Upon noticing that, and the meager rations of barley and leaves, and the leather bag hanging in the corner, his eyes welled with tears. The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said, “What makes you weep, O son of al-Khaṭṭāb?” He said, “O Prophet of Allah, how can I not cry after seeing how the mat has left these marks on your side, and how little you have in your food cupboard? Caesar and Chosroes live surrounded by fruits and springs of water, while you are the Messenger of God and His chosen one, and yet this is your condition.” The Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم said, “O son of al-Khaṭṭāb, does it not please you that these [luxuries] are for us in the Hereafter and for them in this world?” I said, “Of course.”59 In another narration, he began his response with, “Are you in doubt, O son of al-Khaṭṭāb? These are a people whose pleasures have been expedited in the life of this world.”60
Edward Gibbon (m. 1794), historiador e membro do Parlamento inglês, escreveu: "O bom senso de Muhammad desprezava a pompa da realeza. O Apóstolo de Deus submetia-se às tarefas domésticas da família; acendia o fogo, varria o chão, ordenhava as ovelhas e consertava com as próprias mãos os seus sapatos e vestes. Desdenhando a penitência e o mérito de um eremita, observava, sem esforço nem vaidade, a dieta frugal de um árabe."61
Edward Gibbon (d. 1794), a historian and member of England’s Parliament, wrote, The good sense of Muhammad despised the pomp of royalty. The Apostle of God submitted to the menial offices of the family; he kindled the fire; swept the floor; milked the ewes; and mended with his own hands his shoes and garments. Disdaining the penance and merit of a hermit, he observed without effort or vanity the abstemious diet of an Arab.61
Em outras palavras, ele ﷺ não apenas suportou a aspereza de uma vida austera, como isso lhe era natural. Ele não estava tentando incentivar o monasticismo ou o estoicismo, nem fingia esse minimalismo para ganhar elogios. Gibbon prossegue: "Em ocasiões solenes, ele banqueteava seus companheiros com uma fartura rústica e hospitaleira. Mas, em sua vida doméstica, muitas semanas se passavam sem que um fogo fosse aceso na lareira do Profeta ﷺ."62
In other words, he صلى الله عليه وسلم not only endured the coarseness of an austere life, but it came naturally to him. He was not trying to encourage monkship or stoicism, nor was he faking this minimalism to earn praise. Gibbon continues, On solemn occasions, he feasted his companions with rustic and hospitable plenty. But, in his domestic life, many weeks would pass without a fire being kindled on the hearth of the Prophet.62
De acordo com Washington Irving (m. 1859), biógrafo e diplomata americano, ele era sóbrio e moderado em sua alimentação e um observador rigoroso dos jejuns. Não se entregava a nenhuma magnificência no vestuário, ostentação de uma mente mesquinha; nem sua simplicidade no trajar era afetada, mas resultado de um verdadeiro desprezo pela distinção vinda de uma fonte tão trivial…63
According to Washington Irving (d. 1859), an American biographer and diplomat, He was sober and abstemious in his diet and a rigorous observer of fasts. He indulged in no magnificence of apparel, the ostentation of a petty mind; neither was his simplicity in dress affected but a result of real disregard for distinction from so trivial a source…63
Suas vitórias militares não despertaram nele orgulho nem vaidade, como teriam feito se tivessem sido alcançadas por motivos egoístas. No auge do seu poder, manteve a mesma simplicidade de costumes e de aparência que tinha nos dias de adversidade. Longe de assumir um porte real, ele se desagradava se, ao entrar em um aposento, lhe fossem prestadas quaisquer demonstrações incomuns de respeito.64
And, His military triumphs awakened no pride nor vainglory, as they would have done had they been effected for selfish purposes. In the time of his greatest power, he maintained the same simplicity of manners and appearance as in the days of his adversity. So far from affecting a regal state, he was displeased if, on entering a room, any unusual testimonials of respect were shown to him.64
Quanto a estes "testemunhos incomuns de respeito", Anas ibn Mālik disse: "Ninguém era mais amado por eles (os Companheiros)
Regarding these “unusual testimonials of respect,” Anas ibn Mālik said, “Nobody was more beloved to them (the Companions)
than the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. Despite that, when they would see him, they would not stand for him, knowing how much he disliked that.”65 Bosworth Smith (d. 1908), a reverend and author, writes, Head of the State as well as the Church; he was Caesar and Pope in one; but he was Pope without the Pope’s pretensions, and Caesar without the legions of Caesar, without a standing army, without a bodyguard, without a police force, without a fixed revenue. If ever a man ruled by a right divine, it was Muhammad ﷺ, for he had all the powers without their supports. He cared not for the dressings of power. The simplicity of his private life was in keeping with his public life.66
than the Messenger of Allah صلى الله عليه وسلم. Despite that, when they would see him, they would not stand for him, knowing how much he disliked that.”65 Bosworth Smith (d. 1908), a reverend and author, writes, Head of the State as well as the Church; he was Caesar and Pope in one; but he was Pope without the Pope’s pretensions, and Caesar without the legions of Caesar, without a standing army, without a bodyguard, without a police force, without a fixed revenue. If ever a man ruled by a right divine, it was Muhammad, for he had all the powers without their supports. He cared not for the dressings of power. The simplicity of his private life was in keeping with his public life.66
Até hoje, os cânones da literatura sobre ética islâmica e os sermões semanais dos pregadores muçulmanos estão repletos de exemplos do Profeta ﷺ como o paradigma da humildade. Ele foi o educador que nunca teve vergonha de dizer "Não sei", 67
Until this very day, the canons of literature on Islamic ethics, and the weekly sermons of Muslim preachers, are replete with examples of the Prophet صلى الله عليه وسلم as the paragon of humility. He was the educator who was never ashamed to say “I don’t know,” 67
o general que permitia que outros compartilhassem seu animal de montaria,68
the general who would allow others to share his riding animal,68
o estadista mais ocupado que permitia aos membros mais fracos da sociedade tomá-lo pela mão para atender às suas necessidades,69 o ancião que competia com os jovens para carregar os tijolos da primeira mesquita,70 e o marido atencioso que percebia os sinais sutis de que sua esposa estava chateada com ele.71 Por fim, ele ﷺ foi o maior mensageiro de Deus, que repetia ao longo de toda a sua vida: "Minha semelhança em relação aos profetas que vieram antes de mim é a de alguém que construiu uma estrutura bela e brilhante, concluindo sua construção exceto por um único tijolo em um dos seus cantos.
the busiest statesman who would allow the weakest members of society to take him by the hand for their needs,69 the elder who would compete with the youth to carry the bricks of the first mosque,70 and the considerate husband who noticed subtle signs of his wife being upset with him.71 Finally, he صلى الله عليه وسلم was the greatest messenger of God who would reiterate throughout his life, “My similitude compared to the prophets before me is that of a person who built a beautiful, brilliant structure—completing its construction save for a single brick in one of its corners.
As pessoas começaram a dar voltas ao redor dele, admirando a sua construção, mas dizendo: "Se ao menos aquele último tijolo estivesse no lugar, seria perfeito." Eu sou esse tijolo, e sou o selo dos profetas."72 Em outro hadith, ele advertiu com humildade: "Não me exalteis como os cristãos exageraram ao louvar o filho de Maria. Sou apenas um servo, por isso chamai-me servo de Deus e Seu mensageiro."73
People began to walk around it, admiring its construction, but saying, ‘If only that final brick were set in place, it would have been perfect.’ I am that brick, and I am the seal of the prophets.”72 In another hadith, he humbly cautioned, “Do not aggrandize me as the Christians exaggerated in praising the son of Mary. I am but a slave, so call me the slave of God and His messenger.”73
al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 8:97 #6459.
58 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 8:97 #6459.
Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 2:1105 #1479.
59 Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 2:1105 #1479.
60 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 3:133 #2468.
60 al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, 3:133 #2468.
61 Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Volume the Fifth (London:
61 Edward Gibbon, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire: Volume the Fifth (London:
Electric Book Co, 2001), capítulo L, 252.
Electric Book Co, 2001), chapter L, 252.
62 Ibid., 251-252.
62 Ibid., 251-252.
63 Washington Irving e Bertram R. Davis, The Life of Mahomet (Londres: G.
63 Washington Irving and Bertram R. Davis, The Life of Mahomet (London: G.
Routledge & Co, 1850), 186-187.
Routledge & Co, 1850), 186-187.
64 Ibid., 203.
64 Ibid., 203.
65 al-Tirmidhī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 5:90 #2754; autenticado por al-Tirmidhī nos comentários.
65 al-Tirmidhī, Sunan al-Tirmidhī, 5:90 #2754; authenticated by al-Tirmidhī in the comments.
66 Bosworth Smith, Mohammed and Mohammedanism (London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 1874), 235.
66 Bosworth Smith, Mohammed and Mohammedanism (London: Smith, Elder, and Co., 1874), 235.
Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 1:1 #8.
67 Muslim, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, 1:1 #8.