12.3 Butiran pentadbiran - Sistem Pemerintahan dalam Islam | Quran Course

12.3 Butiran pentadbiran - Sistem Pemerintahan dalam Islam | Quran Course

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12.3 Butiran pentadbiran

12.3 The administraion details

by Abdul Qadeem Zalloom2 min readViewed 90 times

Setakat ini mengenai pentadbiran secara keseluruhan. Adapun butiran pentadbiran, ia diambil daripada sifat pentadbiran itu sendiri. Dengan meneliti sifatnya, kita dapati bahawa sebahagian tindakan dilaksanakan oleh Khalifah sendiri atau oleh pembantu-pembantunya, sama ada yang berkaitan dengan pemerintahan, seperti pelaksanaan Shara', atau urusan pentadbiran dan menunaikan kepentingan-kepentingan sampingan rakyat yang memerlukan gaya dan cara tertentu. Sebab itulah Khalifah memerlukan satu struktur khusus untuk menguruskan urusan-urusan yang membantunya menjalankan tugas-tugas Khilafah. Rakyat juga mempunyai kepentingan yang perlu diuruskan dan berkaitan dengan hal ehwal mereka. Kepentingan ini juga memerlukan gaya dan cara tertentu untuk melaksanakannya. Oleh itu, satu struktur khusus perlu dibentuk bagi menunaikan kepentingan rakyat.

This is as far as the administration as a whole is concerned. As for the details of the administration, they are taken from the nature of the administration itself. By examining its nature we find that some actions are performed by the Khaleefah himself or by his assistants, whether these were ruling, such as execution of the Shar’a, or the matters of administration or discharging the people’s subsidiary interests which require styles and means. This is why a special structure is needed by the Khaleefah to manage the affairs that help Him carry out the duties of Khilafah. The people also have interests that need to be addressed and which are related to the subjects. These interests also require styles and means in order to perform them. Therefore a special structure has to be set up in order to discharge the people’s interests.

ʿUmar Ibnu Al-Khattab adalah orang pertama dalam sejarah Islam yang memperkenalkan diwan. Sebabnya ialah bahawa beliau pernah menghantar satu ekspedisi tentera, dan Al-Harmazan, yang hadir ketika itu, berkata kepada ʿUmar: "Ini ialah ekspedisi yang mana tuan memerintahkan wang diagihkan kepada orang-orangnya, tetapi jika ada antara mereka yang tinggal di belakang, bagaimana sahabat-sahabat tuan akan mengetahuinya? Mengapa tuan tidak menyimpan rekod (daftar - diwan) untuk perkara ini?" Maka ʿUmar bertanya kepada Al-Harmazan tentang diwan dan beliau menjelaskannya kepadanya. Abid Ibnu Yahya meriwayatkan daripada Al-Harith Ibnu Nufayl bahawa ʿUmar berunding dengan kaum Muslimin tentang pencatatan Dawawin, dan Ali Ibnu Abi Talib mencadangkan: "Bahagikan semua wang yang tuan kutip setiap tahun dan jangan simpan sebahagian daripadanya." ʿUthman Ibnu ʿAffan berkata: "Saya melihat bahawa wang yang banyak itu cukup untuk semua orang, dan jika ia tidak dikira secara teratur untuk mengetahui siapa yang telah mengambil dan siapa yang belum, saya bimbang perkara ini boleh menjadi tidak terkawal." Setelah itu Al-Waleed Ibnu Hisham Ibnul-Mughira berkata: "Saya pernah berada di Ash-Sham dan saya perhatikan bahawa raja-rajanya telah memperkenalkan diwan dan merekrut tentera, maka mengapa tuan tidak melakukan perkara yang sama?" ʿUmar menerima nasihatnya, lalu memanggil ʿAqeel Ibnu Abi Talib, Makhrama Ibnu Nufayl dan Jubayr Ibnu Mat'am, yang merupakan ahli salasilah keturunan Quraisy, dan berkata: "Sediakanlah bancian dari rumah ke rumah." Apabila Islam sampai ke Iraq, diwan pembayaran dan kutipan wang berterusan seperti sebelumnya. Diwan Ash-Sham adalah dalam bahasa Latin kerana wilayah itu pernah menjadi sebahagian daripada Empayar Rom, dan diwan Iraq adalah dalam bahasa Parsi kerana ia pernah menjadi sebahagian daripada Empayar Parsi. Pada zaman ʿAbdul Malik Ibnu Marwan, diwan Ash-Sham dipindahkan ke bahasa Arab, iaitu pada tahun 81 H. Beberapa dawawin kemudiannya ditubuhkan mengikut keperluan dan bergantung kepada keperluan untuk menguruskan kepentingan rakyat. Dawawin untuk angkatan tentera diperkenalkan untuk tujuan pendaftaran dan pemberian, dan yang lain diperkenalkan untuk mencatat yuran dan tuntutan bagi semua transaksi. Satu diwan lain diperkenalkan untuk para ‘Aamileen dan Wulah bagi merekodkan setiap pelantikan dan setiap pemecatan, dan dawawin-dawawin lain digunakan di perbendaharaan (Bait ul-Mal) untuk merekodkan hasil dan perbelanjaan, dan seterusnya. Pengenalan sesebuah diwan adalah mengikut keperluannya, dan gayanya berbeza dari tahun ke tahun disebabkan perbezaan gaya dan cara.

‘Umar Ibnu Al-Khattab was the first in the history of Islam to introduce the diwan. The cause for this was that He once dispatched an army expedition and Al-Harmazan, who was present at the time, said to ‘Umar; “This is an expedition in which you ordered funds to be distributed amongst its people, but if anyone of them stayed behind, how would your companions know about him? Why don’t you keep a record (register - diwan) for this?” So ‘Umar asked Al-Harmazan about the diwan and He explained it to him. Abid Ibnu Yahya reported on the authority of Al-Harith Ibnu Nufayl that ‘Umar consulted the Muslims about the recording of the Dawawin, and Ali Ibnu Abi Talib suggested; “Divide all the funds you collect each year and do not keep any of them.” ‘Uthman Ibnu ‘Affan said; “I see that there are a lot of funds enough for all the people, and if they are not counted in order to know who has taken and who has not, I fear that the matter could get out of hand.” Upon this Al-Waleed Ibnu Hisham Ibnul-Mughira said; “I was in Ash- Sham and I noticed that its kings had introduced a diwan and recruited soldiers, so why don’t you do the same?’ “‘Umar took his advice and summoned ‘Aqeel Ibnu Abi Talib and Makhrama Ibnu Nufayl and Jubayr Ibnu Mat’am who were the genealogists of Qur’aysh and said; “Prepare a house to house census.” When Islam reached Iraq, the diwan of payments and funds collection continued as before. The diwan of Ash-Sham was in Latin for it had been part of the Roman Empire, and the diwan of Iraq was in Persian for it had been part of the Persian Empire. In the time of ‘Abdul Malik Ibnu Marwan the diwan of Ash-Sham was transferred to Arabic, ie. in the year 81 AH. Several dawawin were then set up according to necessity and depending on the need for them in running the people’s interests. dawawin for the armed forces were introduced for registration and grant purposes, and others were introduced to record the fees and claims of all transactions. Another diwan was introduced for the ‘Aamileen and Wulah to record each appointment and each removal and other dawawin were used in the treasury (Bait ul-Mal) to record revenues and expenses and so on. The introduction of a diwan was according to the need for it, and its style varied over the years due to the difference in styles and means.