Panji-panji (Alwiyah) dan bendera-bendera (Rayaat) diberikan kepada tentera. Khalifah memberikan panji (Liwaa') kepada orang yang dilantiknya memimpin tentera; tetapi bendera-bendera (Rayaat) diserahkan oleh ketua-ketua Alwiyah (panji-panji).

Flags (Alwiyah) and banners (Rayaat) are assigned to the army. The Khaleefah gives the flag (Liwaa’) to the one whom He appoints over the army; but the banners (Rayaat) are presented by the chiefs of the Alwiyah (Flags).

Dalilnya ialah perbuatan Nabi ﷺ kerana Baginda menetapkan panji-panji (Alwiyah) dan bendera-bendera (Rayaat) untuk tentera. Ibnu Majah meriwayatkan daripada Ibnu Abbas bahawa bendera (Rayah) Nabi ﷺ berwarna hitam dan panjinya berwarna putih. At-Tirmidzi meriwayatkan daripada Bara' bin 'Azib bahawa apabila dia ditanya tentang Rayah Rasulullah ﷺ, dia berkata bahawa bendera Nabi ﷺ berwarna hitam, berbentuk segi empat dan diperbuat daripada Namerah (kain bulu yang bergaris putih dan hitam, atau sehelai kain bulu seperti yang dipakai oleh orang Badwi), sebagaimana dijelaskan dalam kamus Al-Muheet. Bagi Nabi ﷺ terdapat sebuah bendera yang dinamakan Al-'Uqab yang diperbuat daripada bulu hitam. Ahmad dan Ibnu Majah meriwayatkan daripada Al-Harith bin Hassaan bin Al-Bakri yang berkata: "Kami datang ke Madinah dan kami melihat Nabi ﷺ berada di atas mimbar, dengan Bilal berdiri di hadapan Baginda sambil memakai pedangnya, dan terdapat bendera-bendera hitam di hadapan Rasulullah ﷺ. Aku bertanya: 'Apakah bendera-bendera ini?' Mereka menjawab: 'Itu ialah 'Amr bin Al-'Aas yang baru pulang dari satu ekspedisi.'" At-Tirmidzi meriwayatkannya dengan lafaz berikut: "Aku datang ke Madinah, masuk ke masjid dan mendapati ia penuh sesak dengan orang ramai, dan terdapat bendera-bendera hitam yang berkibar, dan Bilal memakai pedang di hadapan Nabi ﷺ. Aku bertanya: 'Ada apa?' Mereka menjawab: 'Baginda ﷺ hendak menghantar 'Amr bin Al-'Aas ke sesuatu kawasan.'" Ibnu Majah meriwayatkan daripada Jabir bahawa Nabi ﷺ memasuki Makkah pada hari penaklukannya dan benderanya berwarna putih. Juga diriwayatkan daripada Anas dalam An-Nasai' bahawa Ibnu Umm Maktum membawa bersamanya bendera hitam dalam sebahagian peperangan Nabi ﷺ. Diriwayatkan juga daripada Anas bahawa apabila Nabi ﷺ melantik Usamah bin Zayd sebagai amir tentera untuk menyerang Rom, Baginda ﷺ mengikatkan benderanya dengan tangannya sendiri. Panji (Liwa') itu berbeza daripada bendera (Rayah). Abu Bakr Al-'Arabi berkata; "bendera (liwa') diikat di hujung tombak dan dibalutkan padanya, manakala panji (rayah) diikat pada tombak tetapi dibiarkan untuk ditiup angin." Al-Tirmithi juga cenderung membezakan antara keduanya. Apabila beliau menulis tentang bendera, beliau membawakan Hadith Jabir yang telah disebutkan sebelum ini, serta memberikan ulasan tentang panji, dan membawakan Hadith Al-Bara'a yang juga telah disebutkan sebelum ini. Panji (Rayah) digunakan semasa peperangan dan dibawa oleh ketua pertempuran, sebagaimana diriwayatkan dalam Hadith peperangan Mu'tah, ketika Zayd terbunuh dan Ja'afar mengambil panji itu. Adapun bendera (Liwa'a), ia dahulunya diletakkan di atas kem tentera sebagai tanda baginya, dan ia dipegang untuk Amir tentera tersebut, sebagaimana terdapat dalam Hadith pengutusan Usamah ke Ash-Sham, "...dan bahawa Rasulullah ﷺ mengikatkan bendera Usamah dengan tangan baginda", iaitu ketika baginda melantiknya sebagai Amir ke atas tentera. Perbezaan antara panji dan bendera ialah bendera diikat pada hujung tombak dan dinamakan "'Alam", yang lebih besar daripada panji, dan ia ditetapkan di tempat ketua tentera. Ia pergi ke mana sahaja ketua itu pergi, manakala panji diikat pada tombak dan dibiarkan untuk ditiup angin. Ketua peperangan menjaganya. Panji dinamakan "ibu peperangan", maka bagi setiap tentera biasanya terdapat satu panji, tetapi bagi bahagian-bahagiannya, briged dan batalionnya terdapat panji-panji khusus.

The evidence for this is the action of the Prophet (pbuh) because He assigned flags (Alwiyah) and banners (Rayaat) to the army. Ibnu Maja narrated on the authority of Ibnu Abbas that the banner of the Prophet (pbuh) was black and that his flag was white. Tirmithi narrated from Bara bin ‘Azib, that when He was asked about the Rayah of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh), He said that the banner of the Prophet (pbuh) was black, square and made of Namerah, (a woollen cloth which has white and black stripes or a woollen piece of cloth like the one that bedouins wear), which is explained in the dictionary of Al-Muheet. For the Prophet (pbuh) there was a banner called Al-’Uqab that was made of black wool. Ahmad and Ibnu Majah narrated from Al-Harith bin Hassaan bin Al-Bakri who said; “We came to Madinah and we saw the Prophet (pbuh) on the Minbar, with Bilal standing in front of Him wearing his sword, and there were black banners in front of the Messenger (pbuh); “I said ‘What are these banners?’ They said; ‘It is ‘Amr bin ‘Al- ’Aas who has just arrived from an expedition.’” Al-Tirmidhi narrated it with the following wording; “I came to Madinah, entered the Masjid and found it crowded with people and there were black banners swaying and Bilal was wearing a sword in front of the Prophet (pbuh), I said ‘what is the matter?’ They said; ‘He (pbuh) wants to send ‘Amr bin ‘Al-’Aas to a certain area.’” Ibn Majah narrated from Jabir that the Prophet (pbuh) entered Makkah on the day of its conquest and his flag was white. It was also narrated from Anas in An-Nasai that Ibnu Umm Maktoum had with Him a black banner in some of the battles of the Prophet (pbuh). It was also narrated from Anas that when the Prophet (pbuh) appointed Usamah bin Zayd as an Ameer of the army to attack the Romans He tied to Him his flag by his hand. The banner is different from the flag. Abu Bakr Al-’Arabi said; “the flag is tied at the end of the spear and is wrapped around it whilst the banner is tied to the spear but is left for the winds to blow.” Al-Tirmithi also inclined to differentiate between them and when He wrote about the flags He brought the Hadith of Jabir mentioned previously as well as commented on the banner, and brought the Hadith of Al-Bara’a that was also mentioned previously. The banner (Rayah) was used during the war and by the leader of the battle as narrated in the Hadith of the battle of Mu’ta, when Zayd was killed and Ja’afar took the banner. With regards to the flag, (Liwa’a) it used to be placed over the camp of the army as a sign for it, and it used to be held for the Ameer of that army as it came in the Hadith of sending Usamah to Ash-Sham “...and that the Messenger (pbuh) tied his (Usamah’s) flag with his hand”, i.e. when He appointed Him an Ameer over the army. The difference between the banner and flag is that the flag is tied to the end of the spear and it was called “‘Alam” which is bigger than the banner and it is assigned to the place of the leader of the army. It goes wherever He goes, whereas the banner is tied to the spear and left for the winds to blow. The leader of the war looks after it. The banner is called the ‘mother of the war’, so for each army there is usually one banner, but for its divisions, brigades and battalions there are special banners.

Tertulis pada panji hitam (rayah) “La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah” dengan warna putih, dan tertulis pada panji putih (liwaa’) “La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah” dengan warna hitam.

It is written on the black banner (rayah) “La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah” in white, and written on the white banner (liwaa’) “La ilaha illa Allah, Mohammad Ar-Rasool ul-Allah” in black.

Bendera pertama yang diikat dalam Islam ialah bendera ‘Abdullah bin Jahsh. Sebuah panji hitam yang mempunyai bulan sabit putih diikat untuk Sa’d ibn Malik Al-Azdi. Ini menunjukkan bahawa mesti ada bendera dan panji bagi tentera, dan Khalifah mengikat bendera atau panji itu kepada sesiapa yang dilantiknya memimpin tentera. Berkenaan dengan ar-Rayah, Khalifah dibenarkan untuk memperuntukkannya, atau ia boleh diserahkan kepada komander-komander briged. Mengenai hakikat bahawa Khalifah dibenarkan mengagihkan bendera, ia berdasarkan apa yang diriwayatkan oleh Muslim dan Al-Bukhari daripada Salamah bin Akwa’a bahawa Nabi ﷺ bersabda: “‘Aku akan memberikan ar-Rayah kepada seorang lelaki, atau orang yang akan membawa ar-Rayah esok ialah seorang lelaki yang Allah dan Rasul-Nya kasihi.’ Atau baginda bersabda, ‘Dia mengasihi Allah dan Rasul-Nya... Allah akan membuka kemenangan untuknya.’ Tiba-tiba Ali (raw) hadir, di tempat yang tidak kami sangka. Maka mereka berkata, ‘Ini Ali,’ lalu Rasulullah ﷺ memberikan ar-Rayah kepadanya, dan Allah pun membuka kemenangan untuknya.” Berkenaan dengan ketua briged yang mengagihkan bendera, difahami daripada hadith al-Harith bin al-Haassan al-Bakri yang telah disebutkan terdahulu dalam kedua-dua riwayat, yang menyatakan bahawa terdapat panji-panji hitam: “...tiba-tiba terdapat panji-panji hitam”, yang bermaksud bahawa terdapat banyak Rayaat bersama tentera, sedangkan amirnya hanya seorang, iaitu ‘Amr ibnu al-‘Ass, sama ada ketika beliau kembali dari suatu Ghazwa atau ketika keluar menuju suatu Ghazwa. Ini menunjukkan bahawa Rayaat tersebut berada bersama ketua-ketua batalion, dan tiada bukti bahawa Rasulullah ﷺ yang memberikan Rayaat tersebut. Namun, Khalifah dibenarkan membenarkan amir-amir briged memberikan panji-panji itu kepada komander-komander batalion, dan ini lebih sesuai bagi tujuan pengurusan, walaupun ia adalah Mubah (harus).

The first flag that was tied in Islam was the flag of ‘Abdullah bin Jahsh. A black banner that had a white crescent was tied to Sa’d ibn Malik Al- Azdi. This indicates that there must be flags and banners for the army and the Khaleefah ties the flag or the banner to whomsoever He appoints over the army. With regards to the Rayah it is allowed for the Khaleefah to allocate it or it can be left to the commanders of brigades. Regarding the fact that it is allowed for the Khaleefah to distribute the flags, it is due to what Muslim and Al-Bukhari narrated from Salamah bin Akwa’a that the Prophet (pbuh) said; “‘I will give the Rayah to a man, or the one who will take the Rayah tomorrow is a man whom Allah and His Messenger love.’ Or He said, ‘He loves Allah and His Messenger... Allah will open up to him.’ All of a sudden, Ali (raw) was there, where we did not expect him. So they said, ‘This is Ali, so the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) gave Him the Rayah and thus Allah opened up to him.’” As regards to the leader of the brigade distributing the flags, it is understood from the Hadith of Al-Harith bin Al-Haassan Al-Bakri which came before in both narrations, which stated that there were black banners; “...suddenly there were black banners”, which means that there were many Rayaat with the army, though its Ameer was one person, who was ‘Amr ibnu Al-’Ass, whether He was coming back from a Ghazwa or going out to a Ghazwa. This indicates that these Rayaat were with the leaders of the battalions and there was no evidence that the Messenger (pbuh) was the one who gave them these Rayaat. However, it is allowed for the Khaleefah to allow the Ameer of the brigades to give the banners to the battalion commanders, and this is much more proper for organisation, although it is Mubah (allowed).