1.1 Escolas de Tafsir
1.1 Schools Of Tafseer
Os centros mais notáveis da tafsir que se desenvolveram durante este período foram os de Makkah, Madeenah e ‘Iraaq. Em Makkah, a escola de tafsir de Ibn ‘Abbaas tornou-se a mais proeminente. ‘Abdullaah ibn ‘Abbaas era considerado o maior estudioso da tafsir entre os sahaabah. Ele relatou que certa vez o Profeta ﷺ o abraçou e orou por ele da seguinte forma:
The most notable centers of tafseer which evolved during this period were those of Makkah, Madeenah, and ‘Iraaq. In Makkah, the tafseer school of Ibn ‘Abbaas became the most prominent. ‘Abdullaah ibn ‘Abbaas was considered to be the greatest tafseer scholar among the sahaabah. He reported that once the Prophet ( ﷺ) hugged him and prayed for him as follows,
“Ó Allaah, concede-lhe uma compreensão profunda da religião e torna-o hábil na interpretação.” 29
“O Allaah, give him a deep understanding of the religion and make him skilled in interpretation.” 29
‘Abdullaah ibn Mas‘ood, o grande erudito entre os companheiros do Profeta ﷺ, recebeu, segundo consta, o título de "Tarjumaan al-Qur’aan", 30 "Tradutor do Alcorão". Os alunos mais famosos de Ibn ‘Abbaas foram Mujaahid ibn Jabr, ‘Ikrimah (o escravo liberto de Ibn ‘Abbaas), Sa‘eed ibn Jubayr, Taawoos ibn Keesaan al-Yamaanee e ‘Ataa ibn Abee Rabaah.31
‘Abdullaah ibn Mas‘ood, the great scholar among the sahaabah, was reported to have conferred on him the title, “Tarjumaan al-Qur’aan,” 30 “Translator of the Qur’aan.” The most famous students of Ibn ‘Abbaas were Mujaahid ibn Jabr, ‘Ikrimah (the freed slave of Ibn ‘Abbaas), Sa‘eed ibn Jubayr, Taawoos ibn Keesaan al-Yamaanee, and ‘Ataa ibn Abee Rabaah.31
Em Medina, a escola de tafsir mais conhecida era a de Ubayy ibn Ka‘b, que era considerado pela maioria de seus contemporâneos o melhor recitador do Alcorão. Ubayy foi também a primeira pessoa escolhida pelo Profeta ﷺ para registrar a revelação do Alcorão.32 Foi relatado que o Profeta ﷺ lhe disse:
In Madeenah, the most noted school of tafseer was that of Ubayy ibn Ka‘b, who was considered by most of his contemporaries as the top reciter of the Qur’aan. Ubayy was also the first person chosen by the Prophet (r) to record the revelation of the Qur’aan.32 The Prophet (r) was reported to have said to him,
Em verdade, Allāh, o Altíssimo e Glorioso, ordenou-me que recitasse para vós: “Lam yakunillatheena kafaroo.” (Sūrat al-Bayyinah).
“Verily, Allaah, the Most Great and Glorious, has commanded me to recite to you, ‘Lam yakunillatheena kafaroo.’ (Soorah al-Bayyinah).”
perguntou se Allah o havia mencionado pelo nome, e o Profeta ﷺ respondeu que sim, e Ubayy chorou.33 Os alunos mais notáveis de Ubayy foram Zayd ibn Aslam, Abu al-‘Aaliyah e Muhammad ibn Ka‘b al-Qurathee.34
asked if Allaah had mentioned him by name, the Prophet (r) told him yes, and Ubayy cried.33 Ubayy’s most notable students were Zayd ibn Aslam, Aboo al ‘Aaliyah, and Muhammad ibn Ka‘b al-Qurathee.34
No Iraque, Ibn Mas'ood chefiava a escola de tafsir mais proeminente. ‘Abdullaah ibn Mas'ood, a sexta pessoa a entrar no Islã,35 estava entre os melhores recitadores do Alcorão. O Profeta ﷺ elogiou pessoalmente a sua recitação, dizendo:
In ‘Iraaq, Ibn Mas‘ood headed the most prominent school of tafseer. ‘Abdullaah ibn Mas‘ood, the sixth person to enter Islaam,35 was among the top reciters of the Qur’aan. The Prophet (r) himself praised his recitation saying,
“Quem desejar recitar o Alcorão da maneira delicada em que foi revelado deve recitá-lo como Ibn Umm ‘Abd (Ibn Mas‘ud) o faz.” 36 Quanto ao seu conhecimento de tafsir, Ibn Mas‘ud disse: “Por Aquele além do Qual não há outro deus, eu sei onde e por que cada versículo do Livro de Allah foi revelado.” 37
“Whoever wishes to recite the Qur’aan in the tender manner in which it was revealed should recite it as Ibn Umm ‘Abd (Ibn Mas‘ood) does.” 36 As for his knowledge of tafseer, Ibn Mas‘ood said, “By the One besides Whom there is no other god, I know where and why every verse of Allaah’s book was revealed.” 37
Entre os muitos alunos de Ibn Mas‘ood que mais tarde se tornaram eruditos por direito próprio estavam al-Hasan al-Basree, ‘Alqamah ibn Qays, Masrooq, al-Aswad ibn Yazeed e ‘Aamir ash-Sha‘bee.38
Among the many students of Ibn Mas‘ood who later became scholars in their own right were al-Hasan al-Basree, ‘Alqamah ibn Qays, Masrooq, al-Aswad ibn Yazeed, and ‘Aamir ash-Sha‘bee.38
Coletado por Ahmad (al-Musnad, nº 2274). Uma versão que menciona apenas a primeira metade da súplica do Profeta em seu favor é relatada em Sahih Al-Bukhari, vol. 1, p. 106, nº 145, e Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, pp. 1320-1, nº 6055.
29 Collected by Ahmad (al-Musnad, no. 2274). A version mentioning only the first half of the Prophet’s supplication on his behalf is reported in Sahih Al-Bukhari, vol. 1, p. 106, no. 145, and Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, pp. 1320-1, no. 6055.
30 Coletado por al-Haakim e por Ibn Sa‘d em at-Tabaqaat. Ver Siyar al-A‘laam an-Nubalaa’, vol. 3, p. 347.
30 Collected by al-Haakim and by Ibn Sa‘d in at-Tabaqaat. See Siyar al-A‘laam an-Nubalaa’, vol.3, p. 347.
31 Al-Itqaan fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, vol. 2, p. 242. É interessante notar que todos esses grandes eruditos foram ex-escravos.
31 Al-Itqaan fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, vol. 2, p. 242. It is interesting to note that all of these great scholars were former slaves.
32 Segundo al-Waaqidee. Citado em Al-Isaabah fee Tamyeez as-Sahaabah. Talvez ele quisesse dizer em Madeenah.
32 According to al-Waaqidee. Quoted in Al-Isaabah fee Tamyeez as-Sahaabah. Perhaps he meant in Madeenah.
33 Narrado por al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Al-Bukhari, vol. 5, p. 97, nº 154) e Muslim (Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, p. 1313, nº 6031).
33 Collected by al-Bukhaaree (Sahih Al-Bukhari, vol. 5, p. 97, no. 154) and Muslim (Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, p.1313, no. 6031).
34 Mabaahith fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, p.339.
34 Mabaahith fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, p.339.
35 Sifah as-Safwah, vol.1, p. 395.
35 Sifah as-Safwah, vol.1, p. 395.
36 Relatado por ‘Umar, Ibn Mas‘ood e outros companheiros, e registrado por Ahmad, Ibn Maajah (vol. 1, p. 77, nº 138), al-Haakim e outros. Autenticado por al-Albaanee em Saheeh al-Jaami‘ as-Sagheer, vol. 2, p. 1034.
36 Reported by ‘Umar, Ibn Mas‘ood and other sahaabah and collected by Ahmad, Ibn Maajah (vol. 1, p. 77, no. 138), al-Haakim and others. Authenticated by al-Albaanee in Saheeh al-Jaami‘ as-Sagheer, vol. 2, p. 1034.
Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, p. 1312, nº 6023.
37 Sahih Muslim, vol. 4, p. 1312, no. 6023.
38 Mabaahith fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, p. 339.
38 Mabaahith fee ‘Uloom al-Qur’aan, p. 339.