10.1 Hebraisasi: Latar Belakang Toponimi Zionis
10.1 Hebrewisation: Antecedents To Zionist Toponymy
Penulisan semula kedua-dua masa silam Yahudi dan kenegaraan Yahudi moden dalam historiografi Zionis, serta penciptaan kesedaran nasionalis Hibrani moden, telah pun menerima perhatian ilmiah (Myers 1995; Ram 1995: 91–124; Piterberg 2001; Raz-Krakotzkin 1993, 1994). Projek penamaan semula tempat (toponimi) dan pemetaan semula juga digunakan secara meluas dan merosakkan oleh kuasa-kuasa penjajah Eropah serta gerakan penjajah-peneroka Eropah. Di Palestin, projek-projek penamaan semula dalam bahasa Hibrani oleh Zionis adalah penting bagi proses pengetnikan Yahudi Eropah dan penasionalan Kitab Ibrani.
The reinvention of both the Jewish past and modern Jewish nationhood in Zionist historiography and the creation of a modern Hebrew nationalist consciousness have received some scholarly attention (Myers 1995; Ram 1995: 91–124; Piterberg 2001; Raz-Krakotzkin 1993, 1994). Toponymic and remapping projects were also deployed extensively and destructively by the European colonial powers and European settler-colonial movements. In Palestine, the Zionist Hebrew renaming projects were critical to the ethnocisation of the European Jews and nationalisation of the Hebrew Bible.
Projek-projek ini diilhamkan oleh dan mengikuti secara rapat ekspedisi "penerokaan" arkeologi dan geografi British, Perancis dan Amerika pada separuh kedua abad ke-19 dan separuh pertama abad ke-20. Selari dengan penciptaan semula nasionalisme etno-romantik Eropah, arkeologi dan geografi ideologi Zionis mendakwa "memiliki" warisan "kebangsaan" yang eksklusif di Palestin; "tanah Israel" direka dan diperlakukan sebagai hak milik eksklusif. Proses etno-nasionalisasi dan penciptaan semula masa silam ini semakin memuncak selepas penubuhan negara Israel pada 1948, sebagai sebahagian daripada usaha umum untuk mengetnonasionalisasikan kedua-dua orang Yahudi dan Kitab Taurat Ibrani (Rabkin 2010: 130).
These projects were inspired by and followed closely British, French and American archaeological and geographical ‘exploration’ expeditions of the second half of the 19th and first half of the 20th centuries. In line with the reinventions of European ethno-romantic nationalisms, Zionist ideological archaeology and geography claimed to ‘own’ an exclusive ‘national’ inheritance in Palestine; the ‘land of Israel’ was invented and treated as a matter of exclusive ownership. This process of ethno-nationalisation and reinvention of the past intensified after the establishment of the Israeli state in 1948 as part of the general attempt to ethno-nationalise both Jews and the Hebrew Bible (Rabkin 2010: 130).
Sejak kebangkitan gerakan peneroka Zionis pada akhir abad ke-19, dan terutamanya sejak penubuhan Israel pada tahun 1948, perjuangan ke atas memori toponimi dan penamaan semula tapak telah berkembang sebagai sebahagian yang tidak terpisahkan daripada konflik politik di Palestin. Rakyat Palestin peribumi telah bertegas mempertahankan set nama tempat Arab mereka sendiri yang menyeluruh, yang melaluinya mereka melihat ingatan sosial dan keakaran mendalam mereka di tanah Palestin. Sebaliknya, sejak pembersihan etnik Nakba 1948 dan penubuhan negara Israel, sejumlah besar nama tempat Arab Palestin telah dijudaikan dan dihebrewkan. Malah, sejak 1948 pihak berkuasa Israel
Since the rise of the Zionist settler movement in the late 19th century, and especially since the establishment of Israel in 1948, the struggle over toponymic memory and the renaming of sites has developed as an integral part of the political conflict in Palestine. The indigenous Palestinians have insisted on their own comprehensive set of Arabic place names through which they see their own social memory and deep-rootedness in the land of Palestine. On the other hand, since the ethnic cleansing of the 1948 Nakba and the creation of the Israeli state, a large number of Palestinian Arabic place names have been Judaised, Hebraicised. Indeed, since 1948 the Israeli PALESTINE: A FOUR THOUSAND YEAR HISTORY 320
Tentera dan negara Israel secara sistematik berusaha menggantikan nama-nama tempat Arab Palestin, dengan mendakwa keutamaan dari segi kronologi serta menggunakan arkeologi moden, pembuatan peta dan nama-nama tempat sebagai bukti akar Yahudi mereka di "tanah Israel". Di Israel, kepentingan nama-nama tempat terletak pada potensinya untuk mengesahkan "tuntutan sejarah" yang dikemukakan oleh gerakan peneroka-kolonial Zionis.
army and Israeli state have sought systematically to replace Palestinian Arabic place names, claiming priority in chronology and using modern archaeology, map-making and place names as their proofs of Jewish roots in ‘the land of Israel’. In Israel, the significance of place names lies in their potential to legitimise ‘historical claims’ asserted by the Zionist settler-colonial movement.
Dalam bukunya Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine (1982), Barbara Tuchman menunjukkan bagaimana dua magnet, Bible dan pedang, telah menarik ramai sekali jemaah Britain, tentera Salib, mubaligh, ahli arkeologi Bible dan penakluk Palestin, dan akhirnya membawa kepada penaklukan Palestin oleh British pada tahun 1918. Inti pati buku ini ialah dakwaan bahawa naratif penaklukan tanah dalam Bible merupakan teks utama yang menghalalkan penjajahan peneroka Eropah ke atas Palestin. Di luar Timur Tengah, Bible juga telah menghalalkan empayar Eropah dan penjajahan peneroka Eropah, penaklukan bumi, malah imperialisme Amerika masa kini. Sebagai satu kuasa, autoriti naratif Bible juga menjadi teras kepada agama terancang dan ingatan kolektif. Sebagai ingatan yang tersusun, autoriti Bible menjadi kritikal kepada teologi politik tentera Salib Latin zaman pertengahan, penakluk Sepanyol, dalam perebutan kuasa penjajah di Amerika Latin dari 1492 hingga abad ke-20, serta pelbagai projek peneroka penjajah. Malah, pada zaman moden, pelbagai perusahaan penjajah peneroka Barat telah menggunakan politik kuasa teks Bible dan naratif penaklukan tanahnya yang "terkenal" dengan sangat berkesan dan membawa akibat yang dahsyat kepada penduduk peribumi. Naratif Exodus telah digunakan secara meluas sebagai kerangka naratif bagi penjajahan peneroka Eropah dan mission civilisatrice Eropah, manakala teks-teks Bible yang lain telah dirampas dan digunakan untuk memberikan autoriti moral bagi "penerokaan" Eropah di, dan penaklukan penjajah peneroka ke atas, Afrika, Asia, Australia dan Amerika (Prior 1997, 1999).
In her book Bible and Sword: How the British came to Palestine (1982), Barbara Tuchman shows how the two magnets, the Bible and the sword, have drawn countless British pilgrims, crusaders, missionaries, biblical archaeologists and conquerors of Palestine and ultimately led to the British conquest of Palestine in 1918. Central to this book is the assertion that the land conquest narrative of the Bible has been the key text that redeems the European settler-colonisation of Palestine. Outside the Middle East the Bible has redeemed European empires and European settler-colonialism, the conquest of the earth and even current American imperialism. As a fact of power, the authority of the biblical narrative has also been central to organised religion and collective memory. As organised memory, the authority of the Bible became critical to the political theologies of the Medieval Latin crusaders, Spanish conquistadors, in the struggle for colonial power in Latin America from 1492 until the 20th century, and a whole variety of settler-colonist projects. In fact, in modern times a range of Western settler-colonial enterprises have deployed the power politics of the biblical text and its ‘famous’ land conquest narrative very effectively and with devastating consequences for indigenous peoples. The narrative of Exodus has been widely deployed as a framing narrative for European settler-colonialism and the European mission civilisatrice, while other biblical texts have been appropriated and used to provide moral authority for European ‘exploration’ in, and settler-colonial conquests of, Africa, Asia, Australia and the Americas (Prior 1997, 1999).