Penempatan Zionis (moshava) Kfar Tavor didirikan di Galilea bawah pada tahun 1909 oleh Persatuan Penjajahan Yahudi untuk sekumpulan peneroka Ashkenazi dari Eropah Timur. Asal-usul nama Ibrani itu ialah Gunung Tabor yang berdekatan (nama yang diambil daripada Mazmur 89:12).

The Zionist settlement (moshava) of Kfar Tavor was founded in lower Galilee in 1909 by the Jewish Colonisation Association for a group of Ashkenazi settlers from Eastern Europe. The origin of the Hebrew name is neighbouring Mount Tabor (the name taken from Psalm 89:12).

Sepanjang tempoh Mandat, penempatan ini lebih dikenali oleh pimpinan Zionis di Yishuv sebagai Mescha, iaitu sebutan Ashkenazi bagi nama tempat Arab Palestin, Masha. Penempatan Zionis yang berdekatan, Sejera (kemudian dinamakan semula sebagai Ilaniya), telah didirikan sedekad lebih awal, pada 1900‒1902, oleh Persatuan Penjajahan Zionis. Nama ini juga merupakan sebutan Ashkenazi bagi nama Arab Palestin Sajara (dialek Palestin untuk ‘pokok’), bagi salah satu penempatan Zionis yang terawal dan terpenting di Palestin.

Throughout the Mandatory period this settlement was better known to the Zionist leadership of the Yishuv as Mescha, which was the Ashekenazi rendering of the Palestinian Arabic toponym, Masha. The nearby Zionist settlement Sejera (later renamed Ilaniya) was established a decade earlier, in 1900‒1902, by the Zionist Colonisation Association. This too was an Ashkenazi rendering of the Palestinian Arabic name Sajara (Palestinian dialect for ‘tree’) for one of the earliest and most important Zionist settlements in Palestine.

Isu menghebraikan toponim Arab seperti Masha tidak selalu menjadi keutamaan sebahagian pemimpin peneroka Zionis sekular yang tegas di Palestin. Penubuhan Technikum di Haifa – kini Technion – oleh sebuah organisasi Zionis Jerman sekular pada awal abad ke-20, serta kontroversi mengenai bahasa pengajaran (Jerman atau Hebrew), menandai 'Perang Bahasa' (Margalit, S.

The issue of Hebraicising Arabic toponyms such as Masha was not always a top priority of some of the fiercely secular early Zionist settler leaders in Palestine. The establishment of the Technikum in Haifa – now the Technion – by a secular German Zionist organisation at the beginning of the 20th century and the controversy about the language of instruction (German or Hebrew) marked the ‘War of the Languages’ (Margalit, S.

1994) dalam penempatan Zionis (Yishuv) di Palestin. Sebahagian pemimpin gerakan Zionis sekular berhaluan kiri Po'ale Tzion, seperti Ya'akov Zerubavel (lahir sebagai Ya'akov Vitkin di Ukraine, berhijrah ke Palestin pada 1910), seorang penulis Zionis, penerbit dan editor sebuah akhbar Yiddish, merupakan penyokong kuat bahasa Yiddish – dialek Jerman yang dituturkan oleh komuniti Yahudi di Eropah Tengah dan Timur – berkongsi pandangan ramai Zionis sekular berhaluan kiri bahawa bahasa Ibrani hanyalah bahasa segelintir intelektual Yahudi dan oleh itu tidak sesuai bagi matlamat parti untuk mencapai golongan massa yang kebanyakannya bertutur bahasa Yiddish di Eropah Timur (Chaver 2004: 97). Yiddish ialah bahasa ibunda (mame-loshn) bagi orang Yahudi Ashkenazi dari segi sejarah dan secara harfiahnya, yang membezakannya daripada 'bahasa suci' (loshn koydesh), iaitu bahasa Ibrani dan Aramaic. Yiddish mengambil sebahagian besar sintaksis dan kosa katanya daripada bahasa Jerman tetapi mempunyai pinjaman daripada bahasa Slavik serta bahasa Ibrani dan Aramaic. Namun, bagi kebanyakan pemimpin peneroka Zionis awal, Yiddish dikaitkan rapat dengan agama Yahudi Ashkenazi diaspora yang dipandang hina dan difeminin, manakala bahasa Ibrani moden mewakili 'Lelaki Ibrani' peneroka yang baharu dan maskulin. Malah Ya'akov Vitkin menukar nama keluarganya kepada Ya'akov Zerubavel. Maka 'Perang Bahasa' dalam Yishuv awal berakhir dengan kemenangan 'Ibrani baharu', yang kebangkitannya menjadi pusat kepada perumusan 'mitos sosio-politik' Zionisme (Azaryahu 1995), Zionisme politik dan pembinaan identiti Yahudi Zionis 'kebangsaan' yang militan dalam koloni Yishuv.

1994) in the Zionist colony (Yishuv) in Palestine. Some leaders of the leftwing secular Po’ale Tzion Zionist movement, such as Ya’akov Zerubavel (born Ya’akov Vitkin in the Ukraine, immigrated to Palestine in 1910), who was a Zionist writer, publisher and editor of a Yiddish newspaper, were strong proponents of Yiddish – a German dialect spoken by the Jewish communities of Central and Eastern Europe – shared the view of many left-wing secular Zionists that Hebrew was the language of only a few Jewish intellectuals and therefore not suitable for the party’s goal of reaching the primarily Yiddish-speaking masses in Eastern Europe (Chaver 2004: 97). Yiddish is the historical and literally the ‘mother language’ (mame-loshn) of the Ashkenazi Jews, distinguishing it from the ‘holy tongue’ (loshn koydesh), meaning Hebrew and Aramaic. Yiddish takes most of its syntax and vocabulary from German but has loans from Slavic languages and Hebrew and Aramaic. However, for most early Zionist settler leaders Yiddish was closely associated with the despised and feminised diaspora Ashkenazi Judaism, while modern Hebrew represented the new masculinised settler-colonising Hebrew Man. Even Ya’akov Vitkin changed his family name to Ya’akov Zerubavel. Thus the ‘War of the Languages’ in the early Yishuv ended in victory for the ‘new Hebrew’, whose ascendancy was central to the formulation of the ‘politico- social myths’ of Zionism (Azaryahu 1995), of political Zionism and the construction of the militant Zionist Jewish ‘national’ identity of the Yishuv colony.

Di antara pekerja Zionis awal di Sejara ialah David Grün, yang berhijrah ke Palestin dari bahagian Poland dalam empayar Rusia pada tahun 1906 dan kemudiannya dikenali sebagai David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), bapa pengasas Israel dan Perdana Menteri pertamanya. Peneroka, pekerja dan pemimpin Zionis awal di Sejara dan Mescha, kebanyakannya warganegara Rusia atau Eropah Timur, mewujudkan sebuah organisasi pertahanan Yahudi di Palestin: Hashmor (bahasa Ibrani bermakna ‘Pengawal’), yang dianjurkan pada tahun 1909 oleh golongan Zionis sosialis.

Among the early Zionist workers in Sejara was David Grün, who immigrated to Palestine from the Polish part of the Russian empire in 1906 and who later became known as David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), the founding father of Israel and its first Prime Minister. The early Zionist settlers, workers and leaders of Sejara and Mescha, mostly Russian or East European nationals, created a Jewish defence organisation in Palestine: Hashmor (Hebrew for ‘the Guard’), which was organised in 1909 by socialist Zionists.

Ini dibubarkan semasa tempoh Mandat selepas penubuhan Haganah (perkataan Ibrani bermaksud ‘pertahanan’) pada 1920, yang daripadanya tentera Israel muncul pada pertengahan 1948. Strategi pribumisasi dan penduduk asli yang diamalkan oleh peneroka awal dan pemimpin Hashomer termasuk berpakaian seperti orang Arab Palestin tempatan dan memupuk imej Sabra, ‘Yahudi baharu’ atau Lelaki Ibrani Baharu, yang dijenamakan semula sebagai Yahudi ‘peribumi’, berdikari dan bersenjata yang ‘berakar umbi’ di tanah Palestin.

This was disbanded during the Mandatory period after the founding of the Haganah (Hebrew for ‘defence’) in 1920 from which the Israeli army emerged in mid-1948. The indigenising and nativising strategies of early settlers and leaders of Hashomer included dressing up like local Palestinian Arabs and cultivating an image of the Sabra, the ‘new Jew’ or the New Hebrew Man, rebranded as a ‘native’, self-reliant and armed Jew ‘rooted’ in the land of Palestine.

Sepanjang tempoh Mandat British, Sejara, seperti Mescha, terus lebih dikenali oleh para peneroka dan seluruh kepimpinan Zionis di Yishuv dengan toponim Arabnya (bukan toponim Ibrani barunya, Ilaniya), iaitu nama tempat yang berasaskan dialek Arab kampung Palestin bersebelahan, al-Sharaja ('pokok' dalam bahasa Arab). Kampung Palestin al-Sharaja kemudiannya dimusnahkan oleh pasukan Haganah pada tahun 1948, dan koloni Zionis Sejara kini dikenali di Israel sebagai Ilaniya, yang juga merupakan padanan Ibrani bagi toponim Arab untuk 'pokok'.

Throughout the British Mandatory period Sejara, like Mescha, remained better known to the settlers and the entire Zionist leadership of the Yishuv by its Arabic toponym (not its new Hebrew toponym Ilaniya), a place name which was based on the Arabic dialect of the adjacent Palestinian Arab village al-Sharaja (‘tree’ in Arabic). The Palestinian village al-Sharaja was subsequently destroyed by Haganah forces in 1948 and the Zionist colony of Sejara is known in Israel today as Ilaniya, which is also the Hebrew rendering of the Arabic toponym for ‘tree’.