Peralihan daripada nama keluarga berasal Yiddish, seperti Perelman, kepada nama keluarga berasal Ibrani, seperti Ben-Yehuda, memberikan banyak peneroka Zionis di Palestin satu prototaip untuk ditiru dalam proses mencipta identiti diri dan menjadikan diri sebagai orang peribumi. Proses ini juga memberi inspirasi kepada Perdana Menteri dan Menteri Pertahanan David Ben-Gurion, yang selepas 1948 menggunakan tentera Israel untuk memaksakan pengHebraikan secara menyeluruh serta prosedur penulenan nama keluarga dan nama peribadi. Ben-Gurion sendiri dilahirkan sebagai David Grün di Rusia; ibunya bernama Scheindel, dan isterinya yang dilahirkan di Rusia bernama Pauline Munweis ketika dia bertemu dan berkahwin dengan Ben-Gurion di New York (kemudian dia menukar namanya kepada Paula); selepas berhijrah ke Palestin, David Grün menjadi David Green; dan kemudian dia menukar nama keluarganya kepada nama yang berbunyi alkitabiah, dan secara harfiah bersifat seperti singa serta pemangsa, iaitu David Ben-Gurion (secara harfiah bermaksud ‘anak anak singa’). Dia juga memilih nama yang berbunyi alkitabiah untuk anak perempuannya Geula (‘penebusan’) dan anak lelakinya Amos, bersempena nama seorang nabi kecil dalam Kitab Injil Ibrani.

The change from a Yiddish family name such as Perelman, to a Hebrew family name such as Ben-Yehuda, provided many Zionist settlers in Palestine with a prototype for emulation in a process of self-invention and self-indigenisation. This process also inspired Prime Minister and Defence Minister David Ben-Gurion who used the Israeli army after 1948 to impose general Hebraicisation and purification procedures of family and personal names. Ben-Gurion himself was born David Grün in Russia; his mother was called Scheindel and his Russian-born wife was called Pauline Munweis when she met and married Ben-Gurion in New York (she later changed her name to Paula); after immigrating to Palestine David Grün became David Green; and he subsequently changed his family name to the biblical- sounding, and literally lionised and predatory, name David Ben-Gurion (literally ‘son of the lion cub’). He also chose a biblical-sounding name for his daughter Geula (‘redemption’) and his son Amos, after a minor prophet in the Hebrew Bible.

Bagi Ben-Gurion, penciptaan tradisi Ibrani dan penyatuan sebuah bangsa bermakna bahawa Kitab Suci Ibrani tidak lagi menjadi dokumen agama atau himpunan dakwaan teologi; ia dicipta semula sebagai teks suci yang dinasionalkan dan dikaum-bangsakan, yang menjadi pusat kepada mitos asas Zionisme sekular moden. Sebagai ideologi primordialis nasionalisme sekular, yang menegaskan keunggulan purba nasionalisme Yahudi (Smith, A. 1986, 1989: 340‒367), dan diilhamkan oleh ideologi völkisch dan kaum yang berpusat Eropah, Zionisme Ben-Gurion memandang Bible secara sepenuhnya berfungsi: bahasa, naratif dan nama tempat dalam Bible berfungsi sebagai mitos penggerak dan sebagai ‘catatan sejarah’ bagi ‘hak milik ke atas tanah’ orang Yahudi – satu dakwaan yang tidak semestinya disokong oleh penemuan arkeologi terkini. Bagi Ben-Gurion, tidak penting sama ada naratif dan nama tempat dalam Bible itu merupakan rakaman objektif dan benar tentang peristiwa sejarah dan masa lalu yang sebenar. Tidak jelas sepenuhnya sama ada Ben-Gurion menganggap bahawa peristiwa purba yang diulang oleh negara Israel itu benar-benar berlaku. Tetapi, sebagaimana beliau jelaskan, ‘Tidak penting sama ada [kisah dalam Bible] itu merupakan rakaman benar tentang sesuatu peristiwa atau tidak. Yang penting ialah inilah yang dipercayai orang Yahudi sejak zaman Kuil Pertama’ (Pearlman 1965: 227; juga Rose 2004: 9).

For Ben-Gurion, the invention of a Hebrew tradition and the synthesising of a nation meant that the Hebrew Bible became not a religious document or a repository of theological assertions; it was reinvented as a nationalised and racialised sacred text central to the modern foundational myths of secular Zionism. As a primordialist ideaology of secular nationalism, asserting the antiquity of Jewish nationalism (Smith, A. 1986, 1989: 340‒367), and inspired by Eurocentric völkisch and racial ideologies, Ben-Gurion’s Zionism viewed the Bible in an entirely functional way: the biblical language, narrative and place names functioned as a mobilising myth and as an ‘historical account’ of Jews’ ‘title to the land’ – a claim not necessarily borne out by recent archaeological findings. For Ben-Gurion, it was not important whether the biblical narrative and place names were an objective and true record of actual historical events and the past. It is not entirely clear whether Ben-Gurion assumed that the ancient events the Israeli state was re-enacting had actually occurred. But, as he explains, ‘It is not important whether the [biblical] story is a true record of an event or not. What is of importance is that this is what the Jews believed as far back as the period of the First Temple’ (Pearlman 1965: 227; also Rose 2004: 9).

Seperti Ben-Gurion, ramai Zionis buruh sekular sejak awal lagi menunjukkan sikap yang amat berbelah bahagi terhadap agama. Walaupun nama gerakan itu berasal daripada perkataan 'Zion', yang asalnya ialah nama sebuah kubu di Baitulmaqdis, Zionisme mencipta semula Yahudisme dan menterjemahkan tema-tema Yahudi kepada tindakan politik. Tambahan pula, Zionisme bercita-cita untuk mewujudkan masyarakat Ibrani baharu yang berbeza daripada kehidupan Yahudi di perantauan, dan tidak melihat Baitulmaqdis yang berbilang agama dan majmuk sebagai tempat yang sesuai untuk mengasaskan masyarakat baharu sedemikian. Bukan sahaja kota itu dipenuhi orang asing (penduduk Arab Palestin asli), malah ia juga didiami oleh 'Yishuv Yahudi lama' yang aman, yang ahlinya merupakan sebahagian daripada komuniti ultra-Ortodoks yang menentang Zionisme. Oleh itu, tidaklah menghairankan bahawa kaum Zionis lebih memilih untuk membina bandar Yahudi yang baharu (dan suci) iaitu Tel Aviv di pantai Mediterranean, betul-betul di luar bandar Palestin Jaffa. Tel Aviv diasaskan pada tahun 1910 di sebuah kawasan yang, menurut Bible, diperintah oleh orang Filistin (bukan orang Israel).

Like Ben-Gurion, many secular labour Zionists displayed from the outset a deeply ambivalent attitude towards religion. Although the movement’s name is derived from the word ‘Zion’, which was originally the name of a fortress in Jerusalem, Zionism reinvented Judaism and translated Jewish themes into political action. Furthermore, Zionism had ambitions to create a new Hebrew society that would be different from Jewish life in the diaspora and did not see multi-religious and pluralistic Jerusalem as the appropriate place for the founding of such a new society. Not only was it full of aliens (native Palestinian Arabs), but it was also inhabited by the peaceful ‘old Jewish Yishuv’, whose members were part of the anti-Zionist ultra-Orthodox community. It is no wonder, therefore, that the Zionists preferred to build the new (and pure) Jewish city of Tel Aviv on the Mediterranean coast, just outside the Palestinian city of Jaffa. Tel Aviv was founded in 1910 in a region which, according to the Bible, was ruled by the Philistines (not the Israelites)

dari abad ke-12 SM dan seterusnya. Nama tempat ini diambil sempena sebuah bandar Babylon yang disebut dalam Yehezkiel (3:15). Namun, "kesucian" etno-agama koloni Yahudi Eropah, Yishuv Baharu, paling jelas digambarkan oleh hakikat bahawa semasa tempoh Mandat, para pemimpin Zionisnya lebih memilih untuk tinggal di Tel Aviv yang eksklusif dari segi demografi, berbanding Baitulmaqdis atau Jaffa yang berbilang agama.

from the 12th century BC onwards. It was named after a Babylonian city mentioned in Ezekiel (3:15). But the ethno-religious ‘purity’ of the European Hebrew colony, the New Yishuv, was best illustrated by the fact that during the Mandatory period its Zionist leaders preferred to live in the demographically exclusive Tel Aviv rather than in multi-religious Jerusalem or Jaffa.

Imigran Zionis yang memilih untuk tinggal di Baitul Maqdis menetap di luar kota bersejarah dan membina kejiranan Yahudi yang baharu serta universiti Yahudi yang pertama: Universiti Hebrew Baitul Maqdis. Tel Aviv kekal sebagai pusat Histadrut (Hebrew) dan semua akhbar harian Hebrew, dan walaupun para pemimpin Zionis Yishuv Baharu terus bersumpah dengan nama Baitul Maqdis, mereka tidak tinggal di sana. Kebanyakan imigran Yahudi ke Palestin, kira-kira 80 peratus, menetap di sepanjang pantai Mediterranean, sebuah wilayah yang (menurut Avishai Margalit, dari Universiti Hebrew) tidak pernah menjadi tanah air bersejarah bangsa Yahudi.25

Those Zionist immigrants who chose to live in Jerusalem settled outside the historic city and built new Jewish neighbourhoods and the first Jewish university: the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Tel Aviv remained home to the (Hebrew) Histadrut and all the Hebrew daily papers, and while Zionist leaders of the New Yishuv continued to swear by the name of Jerusalem, they did not live there and most of the Jewish immigrants to Palestine, about 80 per cent, settled along the Mediterranean coast, a region that (according to Avishai Margalit, of the Hebrew University) had never been the historic homeland of the Jewish people.25

Penciptaan kenangan kolektif maskulin yang baharu itu berasaskan kuasa negara hegemonik: bahasa ‘Ibrani Baharu’, ‘Lelaki Ibrani Baharu’, sebuah masyarakat baharu yang berunsur ketenteraan, sebuah ‘Bandar Ibrani’ yang eksklusif Yahudi (Tel Aviv), sebuah koloni peneroka ‘Yishuv Baharu’, serta pekerja Ibrani baharu yang bersenjata dari Histadrut, Persekutuan Am Pekerja Ibrani di Tanah Israel. Ditubuhkan pada tahun 1920, Histadrut yang berunsur ketenteraan dan perkhidmatan tentera menjadi teras kepada projek penaklukan Zionis. Kedua-duanya mewakili identiti kebangsaan yang berotot dan militan yang baharu dibina itu. Histadrut yang berunsur ketenteraan, khususnya, menguasai infrastruktur ekonomi dan keselamatan-ketenteraan Yishuv Zionis dan memainkan peranan utama dalam imigresen, penempatan tanah dan penjajahan, aktiviti ekonomi, pekerjaan buruh dan organisasi serta pertahanan ketenteraan (Haganah), dengan kegiatan kesatuan sekerja hanya sebahagian daripada aktivitinya.26 Rakyat Palestin Israel tidak diterima sebagai ahli sehingga tahun 1959. Histadrut menjadi pusat kepada dorongan ini yang direka untuk mewujudkan ‘Penempatan Baharu’ berdasarkan darah dan keturunan bersama serta menebus ‘tanah alkitabiah’ melalui penaklukan. Pada tahun 1920-an, kepimpinan Buruh Zionis juga mula membangunkan strategi boikot di Palestin. Maka, pada tahun 1929, Ben-Gurion menulis tentang keperluan untuk ‘Dinding Besi penempatan pekerja [Zionis] yang mengelilingi setiap bandar dan pekan Ibrani, tanah dan jambatan manusia yang menghubungkan titik-titik terpencil’ yang mampu menguatkuasakan doktrin ‘buruh Ibrani’ (‘avoda ‘ivrit) yang eksklusif dan ‘tanah Ibrani’ (adama ‘ivrit) (Masalha 1992: 24‒25).

The invention of a new masculine collective memory was based on hegemonic state power: the ‘New Hebrew’ language, the ‘New Hebrew Man’, a new and militarised society and an exclusively Jewish ‘Hebrew City’ (Tel Aviv), a ‘New Yishuv’ settler colony, and the new and armed Hebrew workers of the Histadrut, the General Federation of Hebrew Workers in the Land of Israel. Established in 1920, the militarised Histadrut and military service were central to the Zionist project of conquest. They represented that newly constructed muscular and militant national identity. The militarised Histadrut, in particular, dominated both the economic and military- security infrastructure of the Zionist Yishuv and played a major role in immigration, land settlement and colonisation, economic activities, labour employment and military organisation and defence (the Haganah), with trade union activity as only one part of its activities.26 Palestinian citizens of Israel were not admitted as members until 1959. The Histadrut became central to this drive designed to create a ‘New Settlement’ of blood and common descent and redeem the ‘biblical soil’ by conquest. In the 1920s the Zionist Labour leadership also began to develop a boycott strategy in Palestine. Thus, in 1929, Ben-Gurion wrote of the need for an ‘Iron Wall of [Zionist] workers’ settlements surrounding every Hebrew city and town, land and human bridge that would link isolated points’ and which would be capable of enforcing the doctrine of exclusive ‘Hebrew labour’ (‘avoda ‘ivrit) and ‘Hebrew soil’ (adama ‘ivrit) (Masalha 1992: 24‒25).

Walaupun sangat sekular, Zionisme Ben-Gurion secara instrumental menekankan agama Yahudi dan "etnisiti" Yahudi, mempromosikan pemujaan dan mitos Israel purba serta pertempuran dalam Bible, mempromosikan kebangkitan semula bahasa Hebrew yang kelihatannya sudah mati, membina apa yang menjadi sebuah tentera yang berkuasa, mengelilingi koloni Yishuv yang "etnik"nya eksklusif dan "tulen" dengan "Tembok Besi" (Shlaim 2000; Masalha 2000), dan melancarkan perjuangan yang sengit untuk kemerdekaan politik dan pengembangan wilayah di seluruh tanah Palestin. Dalam sebuah artikel bertajuk: '(Re)naming the Landscape: The Formation of the Hebrew Map of Israel 1949–1960', ahli geografi politik Israel Maoz Azaryahu dan Arnon Golan menulis:

Although deeply secular, Ben-Gurion’s Zionism instrumentally emphasised Jewish religion and Jewish ‘ethnicity’, promoted the cult and mythologies of ancient Israel and biblical battles, promoted the revival of a seemingly dead language, Hebrew, built up what became a powerful army, surrounded its ‘ethnically’ exclusive, ‘pure’ colony, the Yishuv, with an ‘Iron Wall’ (Shlaim 2000; Masalha 2000) and waged a bitter struggle for political independence and territorial expansion throughout the land of Palestine. In an article entitled: ‘(Re)naming the Landscape: The Formation of the Hebrew Map of Israel 1949–1960’, Israeli political geographers Maoz Azaryahu and Arnon Golan write:

Kepentingan yang diberikan kepada bahasa Ibrani sebagai bahasa dan budaya kebangkitan nasional juga jelas terlihat dalam penekanan terhadap kemurnian bahasa Ibrani serta prosedur Hebraisasi. Hebraisasi termasuk pengenalan istilah-istilah Ibrani dalam pelbagai bidang ilmu pengetahuan saintifik, contohnya botani atau zoologi. Yang mempunyai implikasi politik tertentu dan membawa akibat peribadi yang meluas ialah Hebraisasi nama keluarga kaum imigran Yahudi. Langkah ini termasuk dalam usaha membina identiti Ibrani yang baharu. Pada tahun-tahun awal kemerdekaan Israel, Ben-Gurion, bapa pengasas Israel moden, menggunakan kuasanya untuk menggalakkan nama keluarga Ibrani. Dalam kapasitinya sebagai Menteri Pertahanan, beliau menjadikan Hebraisasi nama keluarga wajib bagi pegawai Israel yang memegang jawatan perwakilan, contohnya pegawai tentera berpangkat tinggi dan diplomat. (Azaryahu dan Golan 2001: 182)

The importance assigned to Hebrew as the language and culture of national revival was also manifest in the emphasis upon Hebrew purity and Hebraicization procedures. Hebraicization included the introduction of Hebrew nomenclatures in various fields of scientific knowledge e.g. botany or zoology. Of special political bearing and with far reaching personal consequences was the Hebraicization of family names of Jewish immigrants. This measure belonged to the construction of a new Hebrew identity. In the first years of Israeli independence, Ben-Gurion, the founding father of modern Israel, used his authority to promote Hebrew family names. In his capacity as a Defence Minister, he made the Hebraicization of family names obligatory for Israeli officials serving in representative positions e.g. high ranking army officers and diplomats. (Azaryahu and Golan 2001: 182)

Antroponomastik (atau antroponimi) ialah kajian tentang nama-nama peribadi.

Anthroponomastics (or anthroponymy) is the study of personal names.

Projek-projek toponimik dan antroponimik Zionis merupakan teras strategi penjajahan-peneroka Zionis di Palestin, dan ia meliputi bukan sahaja Hebraisasi, Bibliikasi dan Yahudisasi negara itu, tetapi juga pribumisasi-diri (self-indigenisation) dan pengunoan-diri (self-antiquation). Nama-nama peribadi seperti Allon (oak; Arab:

Zionist toponymic and anthroponymic projects were central to Zionist settler-colonisation strategies in Palestine and these included not only Hebrewisation, biblicisation and Judaisation of the country, but also self-indigenisation, self-antiquation. Personal names such Allon (oak; Arabic:

ballut) dan Aloni (pokok oak saya) menjadi sangat popular dalam strategi penduduk peneroka Zionis untuk menjadikan diri mereka seolah-olah peribumi. "Oak Palestin" (بلوط فلسطين, Quercus Calliprinos) dan Pistacia Palaestina ialah pokok asli yang terkenal di peringkat antarabangsa dan lazim di Palestin, rantau timur Mediterranean serta Levant (terutamanya Palestin, Syria dan Lubnan). Pistacia Palaestina menambah warna merah yang cerah kepada landskap Galilee. Daripada tiga spesies oak yang terdapat di Palestin moden, oak hijau berduri (Quercus Coccifera) paling banyak. Ia menutupi bukit-bukit berbatu di Palestin dengan semak-semak pokok yang rapat. Selama berabad-abad, bajak tradisional Palestin, yang digunakan untuk menyediakan tanah sebelum menabur benih atau untuk menggembur dan membalikkan tanah, dibuat daripada kayu oak. Seperti pokok zaitun Palestin, "Oak Palestin" ialah satu lagi simbol utama Palestin dan kehidupan rakyat Palestin.

ballut) and Aloni (my oak) became very popular in Zionist settlers’ indigenising strategies. ‘Palestine Oak’ ( بلوط فلسطين , Quercus Calliprinos) and Pistacia Palaestina are internationally famous, indigenous trees common to Palestine, the eastern Mediterranean region and the Levant (especially Palestine, Syria and Lebanon). ‘Pistacia Palaestina’ adds brilliant red to the Galilee landscape. Of the three species of oak found in modern Palestine, the ‘prickly evergreen oak’ (Quercus Coccifera) is the most abundant. It covers the rocky hills of Palestine with dense brushwood of trees. And for many centuries the traditional Palestinian plough, used in preparation for sowing seeds or to loosen or turn the soil, was made of oak wood. Like the Palestinian olive tree, ‘Oak Palestine’ is another key symbol of Palestine and Palestinian life.

Pokok ek Palestin memainkan peranan besar dalam cerita-cerita kanak-kanak Palestin dan secara umumnya dalam ingatan budaya dan cerita rakyat Palestin.

The oak tree of Palestine played a major part in Palestinian stories for children and generally in Palestinian cultural memory and folklore.

Within the Zionist strategies, there is a long list of Zionist leaders who formally changed their names from Russian and East European to Hebrew-sounding names. Many changed their names following Ben-Gurion's military directives after the establishment of Israel in 1948. While only a small minority of East European Jews who had migrated to the US or Britain chose voluntarily to anglicise their names, members of almost the entire Zionist elite of Israel were pressurised after May 1948 to change their European names to 'authentic'-sounding biblical ones. In fact this intense pressure was applied almost immediately after the establishment of Israel in May 1948. It was applied top down by Prime Minister and Defence Minister David Ben-Gurion, who effectively ordered all senior officers of the Israeli army to change their European surnames. Yigael Sukenik, chief of operations and acting chief of staff of the army in 1948, was the first to comply: 'On June 28, 1948, Ben-Gurion swore in the members of the IDF high command, insisting that each one adopted a Hebrew last name. Since most chose their Haganah code names, Yigael Sukenik became Yigael Yadin' (Pasachoff 1997: 220). Terjemahan: Dalam strategi Zionis, terdapat senarai panjang pemimpin Zionis yang secara rasmi menukar nama mereka daripada nama Rusia dan Eropah Timur kepada nama yang berbunyi Hibrew. Ramai yang menukar nama mereka susulan arahan ketenteraan Ben-Gurion selepas penubuhan Israel pada 1948. Walaupun hanya segelintir kecil Yahudi Eropah Timur yang berhijrah ke Amerika Syarikat atau Britain memilih secara sukarela untuk menjadikan nama mereka berbunyi Inggeris, hampir keseluruhan elit Zionis Israel ditekan selepas Mei 1948 untuk menukar nama Eropah mereka kepada nama bersumberkan Bible yang berbunyi 'tulen'. Malah tekanan yang kuat ini dikenakan hampir serta-merta selepas penubuhan Israel pada Mei 1948. Ia dikenakan secara dari atas ke bawah oleh Perdana Menteri dan Menteri Pertahanan David Ben-Gurion, yang secara berkesan mengarahkan semua pegawai kanan tentera Israel supaya menukar nama keluarga Eropah mereka. Yigael Sukenik, ketua operasi dan pemangku ketua staf tentera pada 1948, adalah yang pertama mematuhi: 'Pada 28 Jun 1948, Ben-Gurion mengangkat sumpah ahli-ahli pasukan pimpinan IDF, dengan menegaskan bahawa setiap seorang mengambil nama keluarga Hibrew. Oleh kerana kebanyakan mereka memilih nama kod Haganah mereka, Yigael Sukenik menjadi Yigael Yadin' (Pasachoff 1997: 220).

Within the Zionist strategies, there is a long list of Zionist leaders who formally changed their names from Russian and East European to Hebrew-sounding names. Many changed their names following Ben- Gurion’s military directives after the establishment of Israel in 1948. While only a small minority of East European Jews who had migrated to the US or Britain chose voluntarily to anglicise their names, members of almost the entire Zionist elite of Israel were pressurised after May 1948 to change their European names to ‘authentic’-sounding biblical ones. In fact this intense pressure was applied almost immediately after the establishment of Israel in May 1948. It was applied top down by Prime Minister and Defence Minister David Ben-Gurion, who effectively ordered all senior officers of the Israeli army to change their European surnames. Yigael Sukenik, chief of operations and acting chief of staff of the army in 1948, was the first to comply: ‘On June 28, 1948, Ben-Gurion swore in the members of the IDF high command, insisting that each one adopted a Hebrew last name. Since most chose their Haganah code names, Yigael Sukenik became Yigael Yadin’ (Pasachoff 1997: 220).

Senarai pembiblikan berikut merangkumi hampir keseluruhan elit politik, tentera dan intelektual Israel, kiri, kanan dan tengah:

The following biblicisation list includes almost the entire political, military and intellectual Israeli elite, left, right and centre:

• David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), Perdana Menteri dan Menteri Pertahanan Israel, menggunakan tentera Israel selepas 1948 untuk memaksakan Hebraisasi umum dan penulenan nama keluarga serta nama peribadi. Beliau dilahirkan sebagai David Grün di Rusia; ibunya bernama Scheindel, dan isterinya yang dilahirkan di Rusia bernama Pauline Munweis ketika beliau bertemu dan berkahwin dengannya di New York (kemudian beliau menukar namanya kepada Paula).

• David Ben-Gurion (1886–1973), Israeli Prime Minister and Defence Minister, used the Israeli army after 1948 to impose general Hebraicisation and purification of family and personal names. He was born David Grün in Russia; his mother was called Scheindel and his Russian-born wife was called Pauline Munweis when she met and married him in New York (she later changed her name to Paula).

Moshe Sharett dilahirkan sebagai Moshe Shertok di Rusia pada tahun 1894; beliau menjadi Menteri Luar Negeri Israel pada tahun 1948; beliau memilih untuk menghebraikan nama belakangnya pada tahun 1949, selepas penubuhan Negara Israel.

• Moshe Sharett was born Moshe Shertok in Russia in 1894; he became Israel’s Foreign Minister in 1948; he chose to Hebraicise his last name in 1949, following the creation of the State of Israel.

Golda Meir dilahirkan sebagai Golda Mabovitch di Kiev pada tahun 1898; kemudiannya dikenali sebagai Golda Meyerson. Menariknya, beliau hanya menghebraikan nama keluarganya selepas beliau dilantik sebagai Menteri Luar pada tahun 1956; beliau menjadi Perdana Menteri dari 1969 hingga 1974.

• Golda Meir was born Golda Mabovitch in Kiev in 1898; later called Golda Meyerson. Interestingly, she Hebraicised her last name only after she became Foreign Minister in 1956; she was Prime Minister 1969–1974.

• Yitzhak Shamir27 dilahirkan sebagai Icchak Jeziernicky di Poland Timur pada tahun 1915; beliau menjadi Menteri Luar Negeri pada tahun 1981–1982 dan Perdana Menteri pada tahun 1983–1984 dan 1988–1992.

• Yitzhak Shamir27 was born Icchak Jeziernicky in Eastern Poland in 1915; he was Foreign Minister 1981–1982 and Prime Minister 1983–1984 and 1988–1992.

• Ariel Sharon dilahirkan sebagai Ariel Scheinermann di Palestin zaman penjajahan pada tahun 1928

• Ariel Sharon was born Ariel Scheinermann in colonial Palestine in 1928

(kepada Shmuel dan Vera, yang kemudian dihebraikan menjadi Dvora, pendatang ke Palestin dari Rusia); beliau ialah Perdana Menteri dari tahun 2001 hingga 2006.

(to Shmuel and Vera, later Hebraicised to Dvora, immigrants to Palestine from Russia); he was Prime Minister 2001–2006.

• Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi dilahirkan pada tahun 1884 di Ukraine dengan nama Yitzhak Shimshelevich, anak kepada Tzvi Shimshelevich, yang kemudiannya menggunakan nama Tzvi Shimshi; beliau ialah Presiden kedua Israel.

• Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi was born in 1884 in the Ukraine as Yitzhak Shimshelevich, the son of Tzvi Shimshelevich, who later took the name Tzvi Shimshi; he was the second President of Israel.

• Yigal Allon, Komandan Palmah pada 1948 dan kemudian Perdana Menteri Israel ad interim, dilahirkan sebagai Yigal Peikowitz di penempatan Masha (Kfar Tavor). Bapanya berhijrah ke Palestin dari Eropah Timur pada 1890.

• Yigal Allon, Commander of the Palmah in 1948 and later acting Prime Minister of Israel, was born Yigal Peikowitz in the settlement of Masha (Kfar Tavor). His father immigrated to Palestine from Eastern Europe in 1890.

• Menahem Begin, pengasas parti pemerintah Likud dan Perdana Menteri Israel yang keenam, dilahirkan di Brest-Litovsk, ketika itu sebahagian daripada Empayar Rusia, dengan nama Mieczysław Biegun.

• Menahem Begin, the founder of the current ruling Likud party and the sixth Prime Minister of Israel, was born in Brest-Liovsk, then part of the Russian Empire, as Mieczysław Biegun.

Isteri Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi, Rahel Yanait, dilahirkan di Ukraine dengan nama Golda Lishansky dan berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1908. Beliau ialah seorang pemimpin Zionis buruh dan salah seorang pengasas Gerakan Tanah Israel Raya pada tahun 1967.

• Yitzhak Ben-Tzvi’s wife, Rahel Yanait, born in the Ukraine as Golda Lishansky and immigrated to Palestine in 1908. She was a labour Zionist leader and a co-founder of the Greater Land of Israel Movement in 1967.

Menurut laporan, beliau menghebraikan namanya kepada Rahel Yanait sebagai peringatan terhadap Raja Hasmonean Alexander Jannaeus (nama Hellenis bagi Alexander Yannai) (126–76 SM), seorang pengembang wilayah yang, sepanjang pemerintahan selama dua puluh tujuh tahun, hampir sentiasa terlibat dalam konflik ketenteraan dan yang memperluas Kerajaan Hasmonean. Kedua-dua anak lelakinya, yang dilahirkan semasa zaman Mandat British, diberi nama-nama Alkitab: Amram, dinamakan sempena bapa Musa dan Harun, dan Eli, dinamakan sempena Imam Besar Eli.

Apparently she Hebraicised her name to Rahel Yanait in memory of the Hasmonean King Alexander Jannaeus (Hellenised name of Alexander Yannai) (126–76 BC), a territorial expansionist, who during a twenty-seven- year reign was almost constantly involved in military conflict and who enlarged the Hasmonean Kingdom. Her two sons, born during the British Mandatory period, were given biblical names: Amram, named after the father of Moses and Aaron, and Eli, named after the High Priest Eli.

Levi Eshkol dilahirkan di Ukraine pada tahun 1895 dengan nama Levi Skolnik; beliau ialah Perdana Menteri ketiga Israel, dari tahun 1963 hingga 1999.

• Levi Eshkol was born in the Ukraine in 1895 as Levi Skolnik; he was Israel’s third Prime Minister, 1963–1999.

Pinhas Lavon (1904–1976) dilahirkan dengan nama Pinhas Lubianiker di wilayah yang kini ialah Ukraine dan berpindah ke Palestin pada tahun 1929; beliau pernah menjadi Menteri Pertahanan pada tahun 1954 dan seorang pemimpin buruh.

• Pinhas Lavon (1904–1976) was born Pinhas Lubianiker in what is now Ukraine and moved to Palestine in 1929; he was Defence Minister in 1954 and labour leader.

• Yitzhak Ben-Aharon (1906–2006) ialah seorang ahli politik Israel yang pernah menjadi setiausaha agung Histadrut dan memegang jawatan dalam kabinet. Beliau dilahirkan dengan nama Yitzhak Nussenbaum di tempat yang kini ialah Romania, dan berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1928.

• Yitzhak Ben-Aharon (1906–2006) was an Israeli politician who became a general secretary of the Histadrut and held a cabinet post. He was born Yitzhak Nussenbaum in what is today Romania and immigrated to Palestine in 1928.

• Dov Yosef (1899‒1980, seorang ahli politik Buruh Israel yang memegang jawatan menteri dalam sembilan kerajaan Israel, dilahirkan sebagai Bernard Joseph di Montreal, Kanada.

• Dov Yosef (1899‒1980, an Israeli Labour politician who held ministerial positions in nine Israeli governments, was born Bernard Joseph in Montreal, Canada.

David Remez dilahirkan sebagai David Drabkin di Belarus pada tahun 1886; beliau ialah Menteri Pengangkutan pertama Israel.

• David Remez was born David Drabkin in Belarus in 1886; he was Israel’s first Minister of Transportation.

• Zalman Shazar, Presiden ketiga Israel (dari 1963 hingga 1973), yang berhijrah ke Palestin pada 1921, dilahirkan di Empayar Rusia dengan nama Shneur Zalman Rubashov.

• Zalman Shazar, the third President of Israel (from 1963 to 1973), who immigrated to Palestine in 1921, was born in the Russian empire as Shneur Zalman Rubashov.

• Pinhas Rutenberg (1879–1942), seorang pemimpin Zionis terkemuka dan pengasas Palestine Electric Company, yang kemudian menjadi Israel Electric Corporation, dilahirkan di Ukraine dengan nama Pyotr Moiseyevich Rutenberg.

• Pinhas Rutenberg (1879–1942), a prominent Zionist leader and the founder of the Palestine Electric Company, which became the Israel Electric Corporation, was born in the Ukraine as Pyotr Moiseyevich Rutenberg.

• Avraham Granot (1890–1962), Ketua Pengarah Dana Negara Yahudi dan kemudiannya pengerusi lembaganya, dilahirkan di Moldova masa kini dengan nama Abraham Granovsky; dia menukar namanya selepas 1948.

• Avraham Granot (1890–1962), Director-General of the Jewish National Fund and later chairman of its board, was born in today’s Moldova as Abraham Granovsky; he changed his name after 1948.

Fayge Ilanit (1909‒2002) ialah seorang ahli politik Mapam dari Israel yang dilahirkan di Empayar Rusia dengan nama Fayge Hindes, anak kepada Sharaga Hindes dan Hannah Shkop. Beliau berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1929.

• Fayge Ilanit (1909‒2002) was an Israeli Mapam politician born in the Russian Empire as Fayge Hindes, to Sharaga Hindes and Hannah Shkop. She immigrated to Palestine in 1929.

Shimon Peres dilahirkan di Poland pada tahun 1923 dengan nama Szymon Perski; beliau ialah Perdana Menteri Israel yang kelapan dan pada tahun 2007 telah dipilih sebagai Presiden Israel yang kesembilan.

• Shimon Peres was born in Poland in 1923 as Szymon Perski; he was Israel’s eighth Prime Minister and in 2007 was elected as its ninth President.

• Pemimpin Zionis Rusia sayap kanan Zeev Jabotinsky (1880–1940), pengasas Zionisme Revisionis, menukar namanya daripada Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky semasa tempoh Mandat, dengan memilih nama yang bersifat pemangsa: Zeev ('serigala').

• Right-wing Russian Zionist leader Zeev Jabotinsky (1880–1940), the founder of Revisionist Zionism, changed his name from Vladimir Yevgenyevich Zhabotinsky during the Mandatory period, choosing a predatory name: Zeev (‘wolf ’).

Pemimpin Buruh terkemuka Haim Arlozoroff (1899–1933) dilahirkan sebagai Vitaly Arlozoroff.

• Prominent Labour leader Haim Arlozoroff (1899–1933) was born Vitaly Arlozoroff.

• Jeneral Yigael Yadin (1917–1984), ketua staf tentera yang kedua dan salah seorang pengasas arkeologi Alkitab Israel, dilahirkan dengan nama Yigal Sukenik; beliau diarahkan oleh Ben-Gurion supaya menukar nama keluarganya selepas Mei 1948.

• General Yigael Yadin (1917–1984), the army’s second chief of staff and a founding father of Israeli biblical archaeology, was born Yigal Sukenik; he was ordered to change his surname by Ben-Gurion after May 1948.

• Eliahu Elat (1903–1990), seorang diplomat dan orientalis Israel serta duta besar Israel pertama ke Amerika Syarikat, dilahirkan sebagai Eliahu Epstein di Rusia dan berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1924.

• Eliahu Elat (1903–1990), an Israeli diplomat and Orientalist and the first Israeli ambassador to the United States, was born Eliahu Epstein in Russia and immigrated to Palestine in 1924.

Yisrael Galili (1911‒1986) ialah seorang menteri kerajaan Israel. Sebelum 1948 beliau pernah berkhidmat sebagai ketua turus Haganah. Beliau dilahirkan dengan nama Yisrael Berchenko di Ukraine hari ini.

• Yisrael Galili (1911‒1986) was an Israeli government minister. Before 1948 he had served as chief of staff of the Haganah. He was born Yisrael Berchenko in today’s Ukraine.

• Meir Amit (1921–2009) ialah seorang ahli politik dan menteri kabinet Israel serta ketua Mossad dari 1963 hingga 1968. Beliau dilahirkan di Palestin Mandat dengan nama Meir Slutsky, daripada ibu bapa peneroka dari Rusia.

• Meir Amit (1921–2009) was an Israeli politician and cabinet minister and head of the Mossad from 1963 to 1968. He was born in Mandatory Palestine as Meir Slutsky to settler parents from Russia.

• Meir Argov (1905–1963), ahli politik Israel dan salah seorang penandatangan Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan Israel, dilahirkan sebagai Meyer Grabovsky di Moldova (ketika itu dalam Empayar Rusia) dan menukar namanya selepas tahun 1948.

• Meir Argov (1905–1963), Israeli politician and a signatory of the Israeli Declaration of Independence, was born Meyer Grabovsky born in Moldova (then Russian empire) and changed his name after 1948.

• Pinhas Rosen (1887‒1978), Menteri Kehakiman Israel yang pertama dan salah seorang penandatangan Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Israel, dilahirkan di Jerman dengan nama Felix Rosenbluth dan menukar namanya selepas tahun 1948.

• Pinhas Rosen (1887‒1978), the first Israeli Minister of Justice and a signatory to the Israeli Declaration of Independence, was born in German as Felix Rosenbluth and changed his name after 1948.

• Abba Hushi (1898–1969), seorang ahli politik Israel dan datuk bandar Haifa selama lapan belas tahun, dilahirkan sebagai Abba Schneller (juga Aba Khoushy) di Poland dan berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1920.

• Abba Hushi (1898–1969), an Israeli politician and mayor of Haifa for eighteen years, was born Abba Schneller (also Aba Khoushy) in Poland and immigrated to Palestine in 1920.

Mordechai Bentov (1900‒1985) ialah seorang ahli politik dan menteri kabinet.

• Mordechai Bentov (1900‒1985) was a politician and cabinet minister.

Beliau dilahirkan di Empayar Rusia dengan nama Mordechai Gutgeld dan berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1920.

He was born in the Russian Empire as Mordechai Gutgeld and immigrated to Palestine in 1920.

• Peretz Bernstein (1890‒1971) ialah seorang pemimpin Zionis, ahli politik Israel dan salah seorang penandatangan Pengisytiharan Kemerdekaan Israel pada tahun 1948. Beliau dilahirkan di Jerman sebagai Fritz Bernstein, berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1936 dan menukar namanya selepas penubuhan Israel.

• Peretz Bernstein (1890‒1971) was a Zionist leader, Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. He was born in Germany as Fritz Bernstein, immigrated to Palestine in 1936 and changed his name after the establishment of Israel.

• Avraham Granot (1890–1962), ahli politik Israel, pengerusi Lembaga Pengarah JNF dan salah seorang penandatangan Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan Israel, dilahirkan di (kini) Moldova sebagai Abraham Granovsky; beliau berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1924, dan menukar namanya selepas 1948.

• Avraham Granot (1890–1962), Israeli politician, chairman of the JNF Board of Directors and a signatory of the Israeli Declaration of Independence, was born in (today) Moldova as Abraham Granovsky; he immigrated to Palestine in 1924, and changed his name after 1948.

• Mordechai Bentov (1900‒1985), wartawan dan ahli politik Israel, dilahirkan sebagai Mordechai Gutgeld di Poland dan berhijrah ke Palestin pada zaman Mandat.

• Mordechai Bentov (1900‒1985), Israeli journalist and politician, was born Mordechai Gutgeld in Poland and immigrated to Palestine in the Mandatory period.

• Herzl Vardi (1903–1991), ahli politik Israel, penandatangan Pengisytiharan Kemerdekaan Israel dan editor akhbar harian Israel Yediot Aharonot, dilahirkan sebagai Herzl Rosenblum di Lithuania dan menukar namanya selepas 1948.

• Herzl Vardi (1903–1991), Israeli politician, a signatory of the Israeli Declaration of Independence and editor of the Israeli daily Yediot Aharonot, was born Herzl Rosenblum in Lithuania and changed his name after 1948.

• Profesor Benyamin Mazar, pengasas bersama arkeologi Alkitab Israel, dilahirkan sebagai Benyamin Maisler di Poland dan mendapat pendidikan di Jerman; beliau berhijrah ke Palestin jajahan pada tahun 1929 dan menghebraikan namanya.

• Professor Benyamin Mazar, co-founder of Israeli biblical archaeology, was born Benyamin Maisler in Poland and was educated in Germany; he immigrated to colonial Palestine in 1929 and Hebraicised his name.

• Yitzhak Sadeh (1890–1952), komandan pasukan serangan Haganah, Palmah, dan salah seorang komandan tentera utama pada tahun 1948, dilahirkan di Rusia dengan nama Isaac Landsberg.

• Yitzhak Sadeh (1890–1952), commander of the Haganah’s strike force, the Palmah, and one of the key army commanders in 1948, was born in Russia as Isaac Landsberg.

Jeneral Yitzhak Rabin, Perdana Menteri Israel pertama yang dilahirkan di negara itu, memegang jawatan dari 1974 hingga 1977 dan dari 1992 hingga 1995, dilahirkan dengan nama Nehemiah Rubitzov di Baitulmaqdis, daripada seorang peneroka Zionis dari Ukraine.

• General Yitzhak Rabin, the first native-born Israeli Prime Minister, 1974–1977 and 1992–1995, was born Nehemiah Rubitzov in Jerusalem to a Zionist settler from the Ukraine.

• Jeneral Yigal Allon (1918–1980), komander Palmah pada tahun 1948, menteri kerajaan dan Perdana Menteri Israel sementara, yang paling terkenal sebagai arkitek Pelan Allon, dilahirkan di Palestin dengan nama Yigal Paicovitch.

• General Yigal Allon (1918–1980), commander of the Palmah in 1948, government minister and acting Prime Minister of Israel, best known as the architect of the Allon Plan, was born in Palestine as Yigal Paicovitch.

Datuknya adalah salah seorang peneroka awal dari Eropah Timur yang berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1880-an. Selepas Israel diisytiharkan pada tahun 1948, dia menukar namanya kepada nama Ibrani Allon ("pokok oak").

His grandfather was one of the early East European settlers who immigrated to Palestine in the 1880s. After Israel was proclaimed in 1948 he changed his name to the Hebrew Allon (‘oak’ tree).

• Ephraim Katzir (1916–2009), Presiden keempat Israel dari 1973 hingga 1978, dilahirkan dengan nama Efraim Katchalski, anak kepada Yehuda dan Tzila Katchalski, di Kiev, dan berhijrah ke Palestin Mandat pada 1925.

• Ephraim Katzir (1916–2009), the fourth President of Israel from 1973 to 1978, was born Efraim Katchalski, son of Yehuda and Tzila Katchalski, in Kiev and immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1925.

• Abba Eban (1915‒2002), Menteri Luar Negeri dan Timbalan Perdana Menteri Israel, dilahirkan sebagai Aubrey Solomon Meir Eban di Cape Town, Afrika Selatan, kepada ibu bapa Yahudi Lithuania; pada tahun 1947, selepas berhijrah ke Palestin Mandat, beliau menukar nama pertamanya kepada Abba (Ibrani:

• Abba Eban (1915‒2002), Israeli Foreign Minister and Deputy Prime Minister, was born Aubrey Solomon Meir Eban in Cape Town, South Africa, to Lithuanian Jewish parents; in 1947, after immigrating to Mandatory Palestine, he changed his first name to Abba (Hebrew:

bapa) Solomon Meir Eban.

father) Solomon Meir Eban.

Jeneral Tzvi Tzur (1923–2004), ketua staf ke-enam tentera Israel, dilahirkan di Zaslav, Kesatuan Soviet, dengan nama Czera Czertenko.

• General Tzvi Tzur (1923–2004), the Israeli army’s sixth chief of staff, was born in the Zaslav in the Soviet Union as Czera Czertenko.

Jeneral Haim Bar-Lev, ketua staf tentera dari 1968 hingga 1971 dan kemudiannya menteri kerajaan, dilahirkan sebagai Haim Brotzlewsky di Vienna pada tahun 1924.

• General Haim Bar-Lev, army chief of staff in 1968–1971 and later a government minister, was born Haim Brotzlewsky in Vienna in 1924.

• Ben-Tzion Dinur (1884–1973), Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Israel pada tahun 1950-an, dilahirkan dengan nama Ben-Tzion Dinaburg di Ukraine dan berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1921.

• Ben-Tzion Dinur (1884–1973), Israel’s Minister of Education and Culture in the 1950s, was born Ben-Tzion Dinaburg in the Ukraine and immigrated to Palestine in 1921.

Jeneral Moshe Ya’alon, bekas ketua staf tentera, dilahirkan di Israel pada tahun 1950 dengan nama Moshe Smilansky.

• General Moshe Ya’alon, former army chief of staff, was born in Israel in 1950 as Moshe Smilansky.

• Penulis dan wartawan Israel yang terkenal, Amos Elon (1926–2009), dilahirkan di Vienna dengan nama Amos Sternbach.

• Prominent Israeli author and journalist Amos Elon (1926–2009) was born in Vienna as Amos Sternbach.

Yisrael Bar-Yehuda (1895–1965) ialah seorang ahli politik buruh Israel yang memegang beberapa jawatan menteri; beliau dilahirkan sebagai Yisrael Idelson di Ukraine masa kini dan berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1926.

• Yisrael Bar-Yehuda (1895–1965) was an Israeli labour politician who held a number of ministerial posts; he was born Yisrael Idelson in present-day Ukraine and immigrated to Palestine in 1926.

• Novelis terkemuka Israel, Amoz Oz, dilahirkan di Palestin Mandat pada tahun 1939 dengan nama Amos Klausner. Ibu bapanya, Yehuda Klausner dan Fania Mussman, adalah pendatang Zionis ke Palestin Mandat dari Eropah Timur.

• Israel’s leading novelist Amoz Oz was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1939 as Amos Klausner. His parents, Yehuda Klausner and Fania Mussman, were Zionist immigrants to Mandatory Palestine from Eastern Europe.

• Gershom Scholem, seorang ahli falsafah dan sejarawan Yahudi kelahiran Jerman serta pengasas kajian akademik moden tentang Kabbalah (mistisisme Yahudi), dilahirkan sebagai Gerhard Scholem; beliau menukar namanya kepada Gershom Scholem selepas berhijrah ke Palestin Mandat pada tahun 1923.

• Gershom Scholem, a German-born Jewish philosopher and historian and the founder of the modern academic study of Kabbalah (Jewish mysticism), was born Gerhard Scholem; he changed his name to Gershom Scholem after he emigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1923.

• Moshe Kol (1911‒1989), ahli politik Israel dan salah seorang penandatangan Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan Israel, dilahirkan sebagai Moshe Kolodny di Pinsk (Empayar Rusia) dan menukar namanya selepas tahun 1948.

• Moshe Kol (1911‒1989), Israeli politician and a signatory of the Israeli Declaration of Independence, was born Moshe Kolodny in Pinsk (Russian Empire) and changed his name after 1948.

• Avraham Nissan ialah tokoh politik Zionis di Palestin Mandat dan salah seorang penandatangan Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Israel pada tahun 1948: Beliau dilahirkan dengan nama Avraham Katznelson pada tahun 1888 di kawasan yang kini ialah Belarus, dan menukar namanya selepas tahun 1948.

• Avraham Nissan was a Zionist political figure in Mandatory Palestine and a signatory to the Israeli Independence Declaration in 1948: He was born Avraham Katznelson in 1888 in what is now Belarus and changed his name after 1948.

• Tzvi Shiloah (1911‒2000), seorang ahli politik Israel dari parti Buruh (Mapai), yang merupakan salah seorang pengasas Gerakan Seluruh Tanah Israel selepas 1967 dan berkhidmat sebagai ahli Knesset bagi parti Tehiya pada tahun 1980-an, dilahirkan sebagai Tzvi Langsam di Ukraine dan berhijrah ke Palestin Mandat pada tahun 1932.

• Tzvi Shiloah (1911‒2000), an Israeli Labour (Mapai) politician, who was one of the founders of the Whole Land of Israel Movement after 1967 and served as a member of the Knesset for Tehiya in the 1980s, was born Tzvi Langsam in the Ukraine and immigrated to Mandatory Palestine in 1932.

• Ben-Tzion Sternberg (1894–1962), seorang aktivis Zionis dan penandatangan Pengisytiharan Kemerdekaan Israel, dilahirkan dengan nama Benno Sternberg di dalam empayar Austro-Hungary.

• Ben-Tzion Sternberg (1894–1962), a Zionist activist and a signatory to the Israeli Declaration of Independence, was born Benno Sternberg in the Austro-Hungarian empire.

• Yigal Tumarkin, seorang artis Israel kelahiran Jerman yang terkenal dengan arca peringatannya tentang Holocaust di Tel Aviv, dilahirkan di Dresden pada tahun 1993 dengan nama Peter Martin Gregor Heinrich Hellberg.

• Yigal Tumarkin, a German-born Israeli artist known for his memorial sculpture of the Holocaust in Tel Aviv, was born in Dresden in 1993 as Peter Martin Gregor Heinrich Hellberg.

• Penyair terbesar Israel, Yehuda Amichai (1924–2000) (bahasa Ibrani untuk 'Pujilah bangsaku yang hidup'), dilahirkan di Jerman dengan nama Ludwig Pfeuffer. Beliau berhijrah ke Palestin yang dijajah pada tahun 1935 dan kemudian menyertai Palmah serta Haganah. Pada tahun 1947 beliau masih dikenali sebagai Yehuda Pfeuffer.

• Israel’s greatest poet, Yehuda Amichai (1924–2000) (Hebrew for ‘Praise my people alive’), was born in Germany as Ludwig Pfeuffer. He immigrated to colonial Palestine in 1935 and subsequently joined the Palmah and the Haganah. In 1947 he was still known as Yehuda Pfeuffer.

Amos Kenan (1927–2009), seorang kolumnis dan novelis Israel, dilahirkan sebagai Amos Levine di Tel Aviv pada tahun 1927 dan menukar nama keluarganya selepas tahun 1948.

• Amos Kenan (1927–2009), an Israeli columnist and novelist, was born Amos Levine in Tel Aviv in 1927 and changed his family name after 1948.

• Peretz Bernstein (1890–1971), ahli politik Israel dan salah seorang penandatangan Perisytiharan Kemerdekaan Israel pada Mei 1948, dilahirkan di Jerman sebagai Fritz Bernstein dan menukar namanya selepas 1948.

• Peretz Bernstein (1890–1971), Israeli politician and one of the signatories of the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948, was born in Germany as Fritz Bernstein and changed his name after 1948.

Pemimpin komunis Yahudi Israel, Meir Vilner (1918–2003), yang memulakan kehidupan politiknya sebagai salah seorang pemimpin kumpulan kiri Zionis Hashmer Hatzair dan menjadi salah seorang penandatangan Deklarasi Kemerdekaan Israel pada Mei 1948 dengan nama Meir Vilner‑Kovner, dilahirkan dengan nama Ber Kovner di Lithuania dan berhijrah ke Palestin pada akhir 1930-an.

• Israeli Jewish communist leader, Meir Vilner (1918–2003), who began his political life as one of the leaders of the Zionist left‑wing group Hashmer Hatzair and became a signatory to the Israeli Declaration of Independence in May 1948 under the name Meir Vilner‑Kovner, was born Ber Kovner in Lithuania and immigrated to Palestine in the late 1930s.

• Abba Kovner, sepupu Meir Vilner‑Kovner, ialah seorang penyair Zionis Israel yang terkenal, dilahirkan di bandar Sevastopol di Crimea. Ibu Abba Kovner, Rosa Taubman, menukar namanya kepada Rachel Kovner selepas berhijrah ke Palestin.

• Abba Kovner, Meir Vilner‑Kovner’s cousin, was a well‑known Israeli Zionist poet born in the Crimean city of Sevastopol. Abba Kovner’s mother, Rosa Taubman changed her name to Rachel Kovner after immigrating to Palestine.

Ya’akov Zerubavel, penulis Zionis, penerbit dan salah seorang pemimpin gerakan Poale Tzion, dilahirkan dengan nama Ya’akov Vitkin di Ukraine.

• Ya’akov Zerubavel, Zionist writer, publisher and one of the leaders of the Poale Tzion movement, was born Ya’akov Vitkin in the Ukraine.

• Ahli sejarah Ben-Tzion Netanyahu, seorang imigran Poland ke Amerika Syarikat dan bapa kepada Perdana Menteri Israel semasa, Benyamin (Miliekowsky) Netanyahu, dilahirkan di Poland sebagai Ben-Tzion (‘anak Zion’) Mileikowsky pada tahun 1910.

• Historian Ben-Tzion Netanyahu, a Polish immigrant to the United States and the father of the current Israeli Prime Minister, Benyamin (Miliekowsky) Netanyahu, was born in Poland as Ben-Tzion (‘son of Zion’) Mileikowsky in 1910.

• Reuven Aloni (1919–1988), pengasas Pentadbiran Tanah Israel, sebuah pihak berkuasa kerajaan Israel yang bertanggungjawab menguruskan tanah di Israel dan menguruskan 93% tanah di Israel, dilahirkan dengan nama Reuven Rolanitzki.

• Reuven Aloni (1919–1988), founder of the Israel Land Administration, an Israeli government authority responsible for managing land in Israel which manages 93% of the land in Israel, was born Reuven Rolanitzki.

Dia juga suami kepada Shulamit Aloni, yang dilahirkan sebagai Shulamit Adler.

He was also the husband of Shulamit Aloni, born Shulamit Adler.

• Shulamit Aloni (1928–2014), yang dilahirkan sebagai Shulamit Adler, ialah seorang ahli politik Israel dan pemimpin parti Meretz, serta pernah berkhidmat sebagai Menteri Pendidikan dari 1992 hingga 1993. Bapa Adler berasal dari keturunan keluarga Poland.

• Shulamit Aloni (1928–2014), born Shulamit Adler, was an Israeli politician and leader of the Meretz party and served as Education Minister from 1992 to 1993. Adler’s father descended from a Polish family.

• Yosef Aharon Almogi (1910–1991), seorang ahli politik Buruh yang berkhidmat sebagai ahli Knesset antara 1955 dan 1977 serta memegang beberapa jawatan menteri, dilahirkan sebagai Josef Karlenboim di Empayar Rusia (kini di Poland), dan berhijrah ke Palestin pada 1930.

• Yosef Aharon Almogi (1910–1991), a Labour politician who served as a member of the Knesset between 1955 and 1977 and held several ministerial posts, was born Josef Karlenboim in the Russian Empire (today in Poland), and immigrated to Palestine in 1930.

David Magen (lahir David Monsonego pada 1945) ialah bekas ahli politik Israel yang memegang beberapa jawatan menteri pada tahun 1990-an; beliau berhijrah dari Maghribi pada tahun 1949.

• David Magen (born David Monsonego in 1945) is a former Israeli politician who held a number of ministerial posts in 1990s; he arrived from Morocco in 1949.

• Zalman Aran (1899–1970) ialah seorang ahli politik Israel. Beliau dilahirkan sebagai Zalman Aharonowitz di Ukraine dan tiba di Palestin pada tahun 1926.

• Zalman Aran (1899–1970) was an Israeli politician. He was born Zalman Aharonowitz in the Ukraine and arrived in Palestine in 1926.

• Aharon Barak, Presiden Mahkamah Agung Israel dari tahun 1995 hingga 2006

• Aharon Barak, President of the Israeli Supreme Court from 1995 to 2006

dan Peguam Negara Israel (1975–1978), dilahirkan sebagai Aharon Brick di Lithuania pada tahun 1936. Bapanya, Tzvi Brick, tiba di Palestin pada tahun 1947.

and the Attorney General of Israel (1975–1978), was born Aharon Brick in Lithuania in 1936. His father, Tzvi Brick, arrived in Palestine in 1947.

Yitzhak Moda’i (1926–1998) ialah seorang ahli politik dan anggota Knesset; beliau dilahirkan dengan nama Yitzhak Madzovitch di Palestin Mandat.

• Yitzhak Moda’i (1926–1998) was an politician and Knesset member; he was born Yitzhak Madzovitch in Mandatory Palestine.

• Yehuda Amital (1924–2010) ialah seorang Rabbi Zionis, menteri kabinet dan ketua Yeshivat Har Etzion di Tebing Barat, yang ditubuhkan pada tahun 1968. Beliau dilahirkan sebagai Yehuda Klein di Romania dan tiba di Palestin pada tahun 1944.

• Yehuda Amital (1924–2010) was a Zionist Rabbi, cabinet minister and head of Yeshivat Har Etzion in the West Bank, established in 1968. He born Yehuda Klein in Romania and arrived in Palestine in 1944.

Ehud Barak (lahir pada tahun 1942) ialah seorang ahli politik Israel yang berkhidmat sebagai Perdana Menteri dari tahun 1999 hingga 2001 dan sebelum itu sebagai ketua turus tentera.

• Ehud Barak (born in 1942) is an Israeli politician who served as Prime Minister from 1999 to 2001 and earlier as chief of staff of the army.

Beliau ialah anak kepada Yisrael Mendel Brog (1910–2002), yang dilahirkan dalam sebuah keluarga yang berhijrah dari Empayar Rusia. Ehud Brog menukar nama keluarganya daripada Brog kepada Barak dalam bahasa Ibrani pada tahun 1972.

He was the son of Yisrael Mendel Brog (1910–2002), born to a family which immigrated from the Russian Empire. Ehud Brog Hebrewised his family name from Brog to Barak in 1972.

• Yosef (Joseph) ‘Tommy’ Lapid (1931–2008) dilahirkan sebagai Tomislav Lampel (Томислав Лампел) di Serbia. Beliau ialah seorang wartawan, ahli politik dan menteri kerajaan Israel.

• Yosef (Joseph) ‘Tommy’ Lapid (1931–2008) was born Tomislav Lampel (Томислав Лампел) in Serbia. He was an Israeli journalist, politician and government minister.

Naomi Chazan (lahir Naomi Harman di Palestin Mandat pada tahun 1946)

• Naomi Chazan (born Naomi Harman in Mandatory Palestine in 1946)

Beliau ialah seorang ahli akademik dan ahli politik Israel. Beliau ialah anak perempuan kepada Avraham Harman, duta Israel ke Amerika Syarikat. Harman dilahirkan di London dan berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1938.

is an Israeli academic and politician. She is the daughter of Avraham Harman, an Israeli ambassador to the US. Harman was born in London and immigrated to Palestine in 1938.

Rachel Cohen-Kagan (1888–1982) ialah seorang ahli politik Israel, dan salah seorang daripada hanya dua wanita yang menandatangani Pengisytiharan Kemerdekaan Israel pada tahun 1948. Beliau dilahirkan sebagai Rachel Lubersky di Ukraine masa kini dan berhijrah ke Palestin pada tahun 1919.

• Rachel Cohen-Kagan (1888–1982) was an Israeli politician, and one of only two women to sign the Israeli Declaration of Independence in 1948. She was born Rachel Lubersky in today’s Ukraine and immigrated to Palestine in 1919.

• Yehuda Karmon (1912‒1995), Profesor Geografi di Universiti Ibrani, dilahirkan sebagai Leopold Kaufman di Poland dan berpindah ke Palestin pada tahun 1938.

• Yehuda Karmon (1912‒1995), Professor of Geography at the Hebrew University, was born Leopold Kaufman in Poland and moved to Palestine in 1938.

• Hanoch Bartov (meninggal dunia pada 2016), seorang pengarang dan wartawan Israel yang terkenal serta pernah menjadi penasihat kebudayaan di kedutaan Israel di London, dilahirkan sebagai Hanoch Helfgott di Palestin pada 1926, setahun selepas ibu bapanya berhijrah dari Poland.

• Hanoch Bartov (died in 2016), a prominent Israeli author and journalist who also served as a cultural advisor in the Israeli embassy in London, was born Hanoch Helfgott in Palestine in 1926, a year after his parents immigrated from Poland.

Nampaknya banyak perubahan nama ini berlaku sekitar atau sejurus selepas 1948. Semasa zaman Mandat, individu masih mendapat kelebihan jika mereka mengekalkan nama asal Eropah mereka.

Evidently many of these name changes took place around or shortly after 1948. During the Mandatory period, it was still advantageous for individuals to have their original European names.

Senarai di atas juga menunjukkan pegawai kanan dan ketua staf tentera (Ibrani:

The above list also shows senior officers and army chiefs of staffs (Hebrew:

rav aluf) menyesuaikan diri dengan mengambil nama-nama yang berbunyi Ibrani setelah tahun 1948. Ironisnya, walaupun dalam Alkitab Ibrani orang Filistin digambarkan sebagai Yang Lain dan musuh utama bangsa Israel, sejak 1948 istilah Filistin seperti seren (seorang tuan) telah digunakan oleh tentera Israel sebagai pangkat yang setara dengan kapten. Begitu juga, istilah aluf dan rav aluf (masing-masing setara dengan mejar jeneral dan leftenan jeneral), yang digunakan untuk dua pangkat tertinggi dalam tentera, didakwa berasal dari Perjanjian Baru. Dalam Perjanjian Baru, aluf ('ketua', orang yang memerintah atas 'seribu orang') ialah pangkat bangsawan di kalangan orang Idumea, yang sebahagian sarjana kenal pasti berasal dari keturunan Arab Nabataea, dan sering digambarkan sebagai musuh tegar orang Israel yang dicela keras oleh nabi-nabi Ibrani.

rav alufs) adopting Hebrew-sounding names in the post-1948 period. Ironically, although in the Hebrew Bible the Philistines are constructed as the Other and arch enemy of the Israelites, since 1948 a Philistine term such as seren (a lord) has been used by the Israeli army as a rank equivalent to captain. Also, the terms aluf and rav aluf (major general and lieutenant general, respectively), which have been used for the two highest ranks in the army, are apparently from the New Testament. In the New Testament aluf (‘chief ’, the one who commands a ‘thousand people’) was a rank of nobility among the Idumites, identified by some scholars to be of Nabataean Arab origins, and often depicted as the Israelites’ inveterate enemies whom the Hebrew prophets denounced violently.

Sejak 1948, negara Israel telah menggalakkan konsep identiti etnosentrik yang berasaskan tradisi tanah dan penaklukan dalam Kitab Injil Ibrani, terutamanya Kitab Yosua, serta bahagian-bahagian yang membincangkan asal-usul bangsa Israel zaman Bible, yang menuntut penundukan dan pemusnahan bangsa-bangsa lain. Maka tidaklah menghairankan bahawa Kitab Yosua menjadi bacaan wajib di sekolah-sekolah Israel. Sebenarnya, Kitab Yosua adalah sebuah karya fiksyen, dan "penaklukan" Israelite bukanlah "Blitzkrieg" sebagaimana yang digambarkan dalam Kitab Yosua. Namun kitab ini memegang kedudukan penting dalam kurikulum sekolah Israel dan program akademik Israel, sebahagiannya kerana para bapa pengasas Zionisme memandang naratif penaklukan Yosua sebagai duluan bagi penubuhan Israel sebagai sebuah negara (Burge 2003: 82).

Since 1948 the Israeli state has encouraged a conception of an ethnocentric identity on the basis of the traditions of land and conquest of the Hebrew Bible, especially the Book of Joshua, and those dealing with the biblical Israelites’ origins that demanded the subjugation and destruction of other peoples. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that the Book of Joshua is required reading in Israeli schools. In fact, the Book of Joshua is a work of fiction and the Israelite‘conquest’ was not the‘Blitzkrieg’it is made out to be in the Book of Joshua. But this book holds an important place in the Israeli school curricula and Israeli academic programmes partly because the founding fathers of Zionism viewed Joshua’s narrative of conquest as a precedent for the establishment of Israel as a nation (Burge 2003: 82).

Walaupun kisah perhambaan kaum Israel di Mesir purba seperti yang diceritakan dalam Kitab Keluaran secara umumnya diiktiraf sebagai mitos, di sekolah dan universiti di Israel ia dianggap sebagai sejarah sebenar.

Although the account of the Israelites’ enslavement in ancient Egypt as described in the Book of Exodus is generally recognised as a myth, in Israeli schools and universities this is treated as actual history.

Selain itu, sejak tahun 1948 institusi akademik Israel terus meneruskan tradisi penjajahan yang sama dalam pengumpulan risikan dan data.

Furthermore, since 1948 Israeli academic institutions have continued the same colonialist tradition of intelligence gathering and data collection.

Tentera Israel dan akademi Alkitab Israel, khususnya, sentiasa mempunyai hubungan yang sangat rapat dan menjadi rakan kongsi yang erat dalam pembinaan negara.

The Israeli army and Israeli biblical academy, in particular, have always been intimately connected to and close partners in nation-building.

Keterlibatan dalam mobilisasi nasionalis, dengan menggunakan Alkitab dan pembuatan mitos melalui aktivitas ilmiah yang tidak sahih, melibatkan sejumlah besar akademisi dan ilmuwan sosial Israel, khususnya arkeolog, ahli geografi politik, dan Orientalis. Keterlibatan institusi akademik Israel dengan Komite Nama Kerajaan (di bawah), yang telah beroperasi sejak awal 1950-an dan masih terus beroperasi, dari Kantor Perdana Menteri Israel, mungkin merupakan contoh terbaik dari keterlibatan akademik dalam produksi pengetahuan melalui pembuatan mitos.

Engagement in nationalist mobilisation, using the Bible and myth-making through spurious scholarly activity involves a large number of Israeli academics and social scientists, in particular archaeologists, political geographers and Orientalists. The involvement of Israeli academic institutions with the Governmental Names Committee (below), which has operated since the early 1950s, and continues to do so, from the Israeli Prime Minister’s Office, is perhaps the best example of academic complicity in the production of knowledge through myth-making.