14 Hazina: Bayt al-Mal

Bayt Al-Mal (Hazina ya Serikali ya Kiislamu) ni idara inayosimamia mapato na matumizi kulingana na kanuni za Shari'ah, kuanzia ukusanyaji wake, uhifadhi wake hadi matumizi yake. Mkuu wa ofisi kuu ya hazina anaitwa Khazin Bayt Al-Mal (Mweka Hazina Mkuu wa Bayt Al-Mal). Ofisi za mikoani ziko chini yake, na mkuu wa kila ofisi hiyo anaitwa Sahib Bayt Al-Mal (Msimamizi wa Bayt Al-Mal wa Mkoa).

The treasury (Bayt Al-Mal) is the administration responsible for the revenues and expenditure in accordance with the Shari’ah rules in terms of their collection, storage and spending. The head of the office of the treasury is called the Treasurer of the Treasury (Khazin Bayt Al-Mal). The offices in the provinces fall under it and the head of each office is called the Trustee of the Treasury (Sahib Bayt Al-Mal).

Bayt al-Mal ni nomino inayotokana na muundo wa umilikaji (genitive). Hutumiwa kumaanisha mahali ambapo mapato ya serikali huhifadhiwa hadi yatakapotumika. Inaweza pia kumaanisha mamlaka yenye jukumu la kupokea na kutumia fedha zinazostahili kwa Waislamu.

Bayt Al-Mal is a noun made from a genitive construction. It is used to mean the place where the state’s revenues are kept until they are spent. It could mean the authority responsible for receiving and spending the funds entitled for Muslims.

Tumepitisha, kama tulivyoeleza hapo awali, kwamba gavana anapewa mamlaka maalum yanayotenga jeshi, mahakama na fedha. Hivyo, jeshi lote litakuwa idara kuu (inayoongozwa na Amiri wa Jihad). Mahakama itakuwa idara kuu (inayojulikana kama mahakama), na fedha zote zitaunda idara kuu (inayojulikana kama hazina ya serikali), ambayo imetengana na taasisi nyingine yoyote katika Dola, na iko chini ya Khalifah kama zilivyo taasisi nyingine.

We have adopted – as we explained earlier - that the governor is given a special authority that excludes the army, judiciary and funds. Thus, the whole army will be a central department (presided over by the Amir of Jihad). The judiciary will be a central department (known as judiciary) and the entire funds form a central department (known as the treasury), which is separate from any other organisation in the State, and is subordinate to the Khalifah as are the other organisations.

Zaidi ya hayo, kuna ushahidi mwingi kwamba hazina ilikuwa chini ya mamlaka ya moja kwa moja ya Mtume (rehema na amani zimshukie) au Khalifa, au yeyote aliyemteua kusimamia hazina hiyo. Mtume wa Allah (rehema na amani zimshukie) wakati mwingine alishughulikia mali moja kwa moja, na alikuwa na mahali pa kuhifadhi mali (salama). Alikuwa akizipokea fedha, kuzigawa, na kuzitumia mahali pake stahiki. Nyakati nyingine alimteua mtu wa kulisimamia jambo hilo. Hivi ndivyo Makhalifa waongofu waliofuata baada yake walivyokuwa wakifanya; walikuwa wakiisimamia hazina wenyewe, au wakiwakabidhi wengine kufanya hivyo kwa niaba yao.

This is in addition to the fact that there are abundant evidences that the treasury was under the direct authority of the Messenger (pbuh) or the Khalifah, or whoever he appointed to preside over it. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would sometimes deal directly with the funds and he had a safe. He used to receive the funds, distribute them, and spend them in their due place. On other occasions he used to appoint somebody to take care of that. This is what the righteous Khulafaa’ used to do after him , where they either took charge of the treasury by themselves, or they delegated others to do that on their behalf.

Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alikuwa akiweka mali ndani ya msikiti, kama alivyosimulia Al-Bukhari kutoka kwa Anas, alisema:

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) used to place the funds in the mosque, as Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas, he said:

. » يبَِالٍ يمنَ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن فَ قَالَ: انْ ثُ رُوهُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ أُيتَِ النَّيبُِّ « .

"Mali fulani zililetwa kwa Mtume ﷺ kutoka Bahrain. Akasema: ‘Itandazeni msikitini.’"

“Some funds were brought to the Prophet (phuh) from Bahrain. He said: ‘Spread it out in the mosque.’”.

Wakati mwingine alikuwa akiliweka katika moja ya vyumba vya wake zake, kama ilivyosimuliwa na Al-Bukhari kutoka kwa Uqbah, ambaye alisema:

He would sometimes put it in one of the rooms of his wives, as it was narrated by Al-Bukhari from Uqbah, he said:

. بيالْمَ ي دينَية الْعَصْرَ، فَسَلَّمَ ثُمَّ قَامَ مُسْيرعًا، فَ تَخَطَّى يرقَابَ صَلَّيْتُ وَرَاءَ النَّيبِِّ « النَّا ي س إيلَى ب عَْ ي ض حُجَير نيسَائييه، فَ فَيزعَ النَّاسُ يمنْ سُرْعَتييه، فَخَرَجَ عَلَيْيهمْ، فَ رَأَى أَن هَُّمْ عَ ي جبُوا يمنْ » سُرْعَتييه، فَ قَالَ: ذكََرْتُ شَ يْئًا مِنْ تِ بْرٍ عِنْدَنَا، فَكَرِهْتُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَنِي، فَأَمَرْتُ بِقِسْمَتِهِ .

Nilisali sala ya `Asr nyuma ya Mtume ﷺ huko Madina. Alipomaliza sala kwa kutoa salamu, alisimama kwa haraka na kutoka kwa kupita katikati ya safu za watu hadi moja ya nyumba za wake zake. Watu waliogopa kwa kasi yake. Mtume ﷺ alirudi na kuwakuta watu wameshangazwa na haraka yake, akawaambia, "Nilikumbuka kipande cha dhahabu kilichokuwa kimebaki nyumbani kwangu, nikaona si vizuri kiniondoshe kutoka ibada ya Allah, kwa hiyo nimeamuru kigawanywe (kwa sadaka)."

“I offered the `Asr prayer behind the Prophet (phuh) at Medina. When he finished the prayer with Taslim, he got up hurriedly and went out by crossing the rows of the people to one of the dwellings of his wives. The people got scared at his speed . The Prophet (phuh) came back and found the people surprised at his haste and said to them, "I remembered a piece of gold lying in my house and I did not like it to divert my attention from Allah's worship, so I have ordered it to be distributed (in charity)”.

Kuhusu kuiweka salama - Muslim amesimulia kutoka kwa Umar (ra) kwamba alisema:

With respect to keeping it in a safe - Muslim narrated from Umar (ra) that he said:

. قَالَتْ: هُوَ يفي ي خزَانَتييه يفي الْمَشْرُبَية ... ؟ فَ قُلْتُ لهَاَ: أَيْنَ رَسُولُ اللهي ...« فَيإذَا أَنَا بيقَبْضَةٍ يمنْ شَعييرٍ نََْيو الصَّاي ع، وَيمثْليهَا قَ رَظًا فَ نَظَرْتُ بيبَصَيري يفي ي خزَانَية رَسُويل اللهي يفي نَا ي حيَية الْغُرْفَية وَإيذَا أَفييقٌ مُعَلَّقٌ. قَالَ: فَابْ تَدَرَتْ عَيْ نَايَ قَالَ: مَا ي بُْكِيكَ يَا ابْنَ الْخَطَّابِ ؟ قُ لْتُ: يَا نَيبَِّ اللهي، وَمَا يلَ لاَ أَبْ ي كي وَهَذَا الَْْ ي صيرُ قَدْ أَث رََّ يفي جَنْبيكَ، وَهَ ي ذهي ي خزَان تَُكَ لا أَرَى »... ؟ فييهَا إيلاَّ مَا أَرَى .

“..Nikamwambia, ‘Mtume wa Allah ﷺ yuko wapi?’ Akasema, ‘Yuko kwenye chumba chake cha kuhifadhia mali, katika dirisha la mbao.’ Nikatazama ndani ya chumba cha kuhifadhia mali cha Mtume wa Allah ﷺ, nikaona ghafla kiasi cha shayiri cha takriban sa’ moja (kipimo kidogo cha ujazo), na kiasi sawa cha matunda ya miti yanayotumika kutengenezea juisi upande mmoja wa chumba. Pia niliona ngozi ambayo haijatiwa tanini ikining’inia chumbani. Macho yangu yakalia. Nabii ﷺ akasema, ‘Ni nini kinakufanya ulie, mwana wa Al-Khattab?’ Nikasema, ‘Ee Nabii ﷺ wa Allah! Kwa nini nisilie wakati mkeka huu umeacha alama upande wako, na hiki ndicho chumba chako cha kuhifadhia mali ambacho sioni ndani yake zaidi ya kile ninachokiona…’.”

“..So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an un-tanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet (phuh) said ‘What makes you weep, son of Al- Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet (phuh) of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see…’.”.

Wakati wa Khulafaa' Waongofu, mahali ambapo fedha zilihifadhiwa kilijulikana kama Bayt Al-Mal. Ibn Sa‘d alitaja katika Al-Tabaqat, kutoka kwa Sahl Ibn Abu Hathmah na wengine: "Abu Bakr alikuwa na nyumba huko Al-Sanh isiyolindwa na mtu yeyote. Kwa hiyo akaambiwa, 'Kwa nini humwweki mtu wa kuilinda?' Akasema, 'Ina kufuli.' Alikuwa akitoa kilichokuwamo ndani yake hadi likawa tupu. Alipohamia Madinah, alilihamisha na kuliweka nyumbani kwake." Hinad alisimulia katika Al-Zuhd kwa mnyororo mzuri wa wapokezi kutoka kwa Anas, akasema: "Mtu mmoja alimwendea Umar akasema, 'Ee Kiongozi wa Waumini! Nisaidie kwa kuwa nataka kwenda Jihadi.' Umar akajibu, 'Mshike mkono umpeleke Bayt Al-Mal ili achukue fedha anazotaka.'" Katika Al-Sunan Al-Kubra ya Al-Bayhaqi, ambayo Ibn Hajar aliithibitisha, kutoka kwa 'Abd Allah b. Wadi‘ah, alisema: "Salim, mtumwa wa Abu Hudhayfah, alikuwa mtumishi wa mwanamke mmoja kutoka kwetu aliyeitwa Salma bint Ye'ar; alimwacha huru katika siku zake za Jahiliyyah. Alipouawa huko Al-Yamamah, urithi wake ulipelekwa kwa Umar Ibn Al-Khattab. Akamwita Wadi‘ah Ibn Khidham na kusema, 'Huu ni urithi wa mtumwa wako, na wewe unastahili zaidi.' Akasema, 'Ee Kiongozi wa Waumini! Allah ametufanya tusiwe na haja naye. Mwanamke wetu alimwacha huru bila masharti; kwa hiyo hatutaki kujiletea aibu (au hasara) kutokana na jambo lake.' Hivyo, Umar aliweka mali ya urithi wake katika Bayt Al-Mal." Al-Bayhaqi na Al-Darimi walisimulia, na Ibn Hazm aliithibitisha: "Sufyan b. 'Abd Allah b. Rabi'ah Al-Thaqafi aliona mfuko wa ngozi akauleta kwa Umar b. Al-Khattab. Akasema, 'Tangaza kwa mwaka mmoja; ikiwa kuna mtu aliyeutambua, mpe, la sivyo ni wako.' Hakuna aliyeutambua, kwa hiyo alikutana naye mwaka uliofuata na kumtajia. Umar akasema, 'Ni wako, kwa sababu Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alituamuru tufanye hivyo.' Akasema, 'Sitaki.' Umar aliuchukua na kuuweka katika Bayt Al-Mal." Al-Darimi na Ibn Abi Shaybah walipokea hadithi kutoka kwa ‘Abd Allah bin Amr aliyesema: “Mtumwa mmoja alifariki wakati wa Uthman bila kuwa na jamaa yoyote. Basi, akaamuru mali yake iwekwe katika Bayt Al-Mal.” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr alisimulia katika Al-Istidhkar kutoka kwa Anas bin Sirin: “Ali alikuwa akigawanya fedha hadi Bayt Al-Mal ikawa tupu, kisha angeitakasa na kukaa ndani yake.”

At the time of the righteous Khulafaa’, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as Bayt Al-Mal. Ibn Sa‘d mentioned in Al-Tabaqat from Sahl Ibn Abu Hathmah and others: “Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it until it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house.” Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd with a good chain from Anas, he said: “A person came to Umar and said, ‘O Leader of the Believers! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to Bayt Al- Mal so he can take the funds he wants.” In Al-Sunan Al-Kubra by Al-Bayhaqi, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abd Allah b. Wadi‘ah, said: “Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah, was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Ye’ar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to Umar Ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadi‘ah Ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Leader of the Believers. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, Umar put his inheritance wealth in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazm authenticated it: “Sufyan b. ‘Abd Allah b. Rabi’ah Al-Thaqafi found a leather bag and brought it to Umar b. Al-Khattab. He said, ‘Announce it for one year; and if it was recognised (by someone) then give it (to them), otherwise it is yours.’ No body recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ordered us to do that.’ He said, ‘I do not want it.’ Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Darimi and Ibn Abi Shaybah narrated from ‘Abd Allah b. Amr who said: “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al- Mal.” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr narrated in Al-Istidhkar from Anas Ibn Sirin “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside.”.

Hii inahusu maana ya kwanza ya Bayt Al-Mal, ambayo ni mahali. Kuhusu maana ya pili, ambayo ni mamlaka inayohusika, hili linalazimishwa na ukweli kwamba mali wakati mwingine haihifadhiwi mahali, kama vile ardhi, visima vya mafuta, visima vya gesi, migodi, na fedha za sadaka zinazochukuliwa kutoka kwenye mali na kulipwa kwa watu wanaostahiki bila kuhifadhiwa mahali. Bayt Al-Mal wakati mwingine hutumika kumaanisha mamlaka inayohusika, kama ilivyosimuliwa na Al-Bayhaqi katika Sunan, Ahmad katika Al-Musnad, na ‘Abd Al-Razzaq katika Musannaf yake, kutoka kwa Lahiq Ibn Hameed: “Ibn Mas’ood alitumwa kusimamia mahakama na Bayt Al-Mal.” Haimaanishi kwamba ‘Umar (ra) alimtuma kama mlinzi wa mlango wa Bayt Al-Mal, bali alimaanisha kwamba alikuwa na jukumu la kukusanya na kutumia mali hizo. Hii ni maana ile ile iliyosimuliwa na Ibn Al-Mubarak katika Al-Zuhd kutoka kwa Al-Hasan, pale viongozi wa Basra walipokuja pamoja na Abu Musa Al-Ash‘ari wakimwomba awapangie chakula. Alisema, akihitimisha maneno yake kwao: “Enyi viongozi! Nimewapangia kondoo wawili na vipande viwili vya ardhi inayolimika kutoka Bayt Al-Mal”; hivyo inaweza kumaanisha mamlaka inayohusika.

This is in regards to the first meaning of Bayt Al-Mal, which is the place. With regards to the second meaning, which is the responsible authority, this is necessitated by the fact that the funds are sometimes not kept in a place, such as the lands, oil wells, gas wells, mines, and the charity funds that are taken from the wealth and paid to its deserving people without being kept in a place. The Bayt Al-Mal is sometimes used to mean the responsible authority as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi in Sunan, Ahmad in Al- Musnad, and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in His Musannaf, from Lahiq Ibn Hameed “Ibn Mas’ood was sent to preside over the judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal.” It would not mean that Umar (ra) sent him as a doorman to the Bayt Al-Mal, but rather he meant that he was responsible to collect and spend the funds. This is the same meaning as narrated by Ibn Al-Mubarak in Al-Zuhd from Al- Hasan, when the leaders of Basra came with Abu Musa Al- Ash‘ari and requested him to assign food for them. He said, in concluding his words to them: ‘O Leaders! I have assigned two sheep and two patches of arable land to you from the Bayt Al- Mal’; thus it can mean the responsible authority.

Yule anayesimamia mapato na kushughulikia matumizi ya Bayt al-Mal ni Khalifah.

The one that disposes of the revenues and deals with the expenses of Bayt Al-Mal is the Khalifah.

Mtume wa Allah (ﷺ) ndiye aliyepokea michango ya ‘Uthman (ra) kwa ajili ya jeshi la shida (‘Usrah) akiwa amemweka mapajani mwake (ﷺ). Ahmad alisimulia, na Al-Tirmidhi aliripoti simulizi moja - aliliona kuwa Hasan Gharib, na Al-Hakim aliithibitisha na Al-Dhahabi akakubaliana naye - kutoka kwa ‘Abd al Rahman b. Samrah kwamba alisema:

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was the one that received the donations of ‘Uthman (ra) to the army of hardship (‘Usrah) in his lap. Ahmad narrated and Al-Tirmidhi reported a narration - they considered it to be Hasan Gharib, and Al-Hakim authenticated it and Al-Dhahabi agreed with him - from ‘Abd al Rahman b. Samrah that he said:

. بيأَلْ ي ف يدينَارٍ يفي ث وَْبييه ي حينَ جَهَّزَ النَّيبُِّ )جَاءَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ إيلَى النَّيبِِّ مَا « : ي قَُلِّ بُ هَا بييَ ي دهي وَي قَُولُ فَجَعَلَ النَّيبُِّ جَيْشَ الْعُسْرَةي قَالَ فَصَ بَّ هَا يفي ي حجْير النَّيبِِّ ي رَُدِّدُهَا يمرَارًا( » ضَرَّ ابْنَ عَفَّانَ مَا عَمِلَ بَ عْدَ الْيَ وْمِ “ .

‘Uthman alimwendea Mtume ﷺ na dinari elfu moja alipojiandaa kwa Jeshi la Dhiki (Tabuk), akazimimina kwenye mapaja ya Mtume ﷺ. Akasema: Mtume ﷺ alianza kuzigeuza na kusema: “‘Uthman hatadhurika kwa tendo lolote atakalolifanya baada ya leo”, na alirudia hivyo mara nyingi. Wakati mwingine alikuwa akizigawanya mwenyewe. Al-Bukhari alisimulia kutoka kwa Anas:

‘Uthman came to the Prophet (phuh) with one thousand dinars when he prepared the Army of the Hardship (Tabuk) and he emptied it in the lap of the Prophet (phuh) . He said the Prophet (phuh) started to turn them around and say: ‘Uthman will not be harmed by any work he does after today, and he repeated it many times”. He used sometimes to divide them by himself. Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas:

. يبَِالٍ يمنَ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن فَ قَالَ: انْ ثُ رُوهُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ ... فَ لَمَّا قَضَى أُيتَِ النَّيبُِّ « وَثَمَّ الصَّلاةَ جَاءَ فَجَلَسَ إيلَيْيه، فَمَا كَانَ ي رََى أَحَدًا إيلاَّ أَعْطَاهُ ... فَمَا قَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّيه » يمنْ هَا يدرْهَمٌ.

Fedha kutoka Bahrain zililetwa kwa Mtume ﷺ. Akasema: "Zitandazeni msikitini." Alipomaliza swala, aliketi karibu nazo, wala hakumwacha yeyote aliyemwona bila kumpa... Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alipoinuka, hakubaki hata dirham moja pale.

“Funds from Bahrain were brought to the Prophet (phuh) . He said ‘spread them out in the mosque’. When he finished the prayer, he sat down close to them and left nobody he saw without giving him… when the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) stood up, there was not a single dirham left with them”.

Abu Bakr (ra) alichukua jukumu la kugawa mwenyewe mali zilizotoka Bahrain. Al-Bukhari alipokea hadithi kutoka kwa Jabir aliyesema:

Abu Bakr (ra) took responsibility of dividing by himself the funds coming from Bahrain. Al-Bukhari narrated from Jabir who said:

. لَوْ قَدْ جَاءَنِي مَ الُ الْبَحْرَيْنِ، لَقَدْ أَعْطَي تُكَ هَكَذَا « : )قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّيه فَ لَمَّا جَاءَ مَالُ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن أَمَرَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ، فَ لَمْ يَ يَئْ حَ تََّّ قُبيضَ النَّيبُِّ ،» وَهَكَذَا وَهَكَذَا دَيْنٌ أَوْ ي عدَةٌ فَ لْيَ أْتينَا، فَأَتَ يْ تُهُ فَ قُلْتُ: إينَّ مُنَايديًا فَ نَادَى: مَنْ كَانَ لَهُ ي عنْدَ رَسُويل اللَّيه قَالَ: يلَ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَحَثَا يلَ ثَلاَثاً ...( رَسُولَ اللَّيه “ .

Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alisema: "Ikiwa mali itakuja kutoka Bahrain, nitakupa hivi na hivi na hivi." Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alipofariki na mali ikafika kutoka Bahrain, Abu Bakr alimwamuru mtu aite: "Yeyote aliye na deni au kitu chochote kwa Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ, na aje kwetu." Nilimwendea na kusema: Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alisema: "Kwangu ni hivi na hivi." Basi akanipa (fedha) mara tatu...

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: ‘If funds come from Bahrain, I will give you thus and thus and thus. When the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) died and the funds came from Bahrain, Abu Bakr ordered somebody to call: Whoever has some debt or something with the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) let him come to us. I went to him and said: the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: ‘for me is thus and thus, so he gave me (of money) three times...’”.

Katika simulizi iliyotajwa hapo juu ya Sufyan Al-Thaqafi kuhusu mfuko wa ngozi aliouona na kumtangazia Umar (ra): "Umar aliuchukua na kuuweka katika Bayt Al-Mal". Al-Shafi‘i ameripoti katika Al-Umm: "Wasomi zaidi ya mmoja walituambia kwamba mali ya nchi ya Iraq ilipofika kwa Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, mlezi wa Bayt Al-Mal alimwambia, 'niache niviweke katika Bayt Al-Mal'. Alisema: 'La! Kwa Mola wa Al-Ka'bah, havitahifadhiwa katika nyumba yoyote mpaka nimevigawa.' Basi aliamuru viwekwe msikitini, juu yake zikawekwa mikeka ya ngozi, na wanaume kutoka Muhajirina na Al-Ansar wakavilinda. Asubuhi, Al-‘Abbas b. ‘Abd Al-Muttalib na ‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf walitoka pamoja naye, akiwa ameshika mkono wa mmoja wao, au mmoja wao alikuwa ameshika mkono wake. Walipoviona, waliondoa mikeka ya ngozi kutoka kwenye mali. Hivyo akaona jambo ambalo hakuwahi kuliona kabla. Aliona dhahabu, yakuti, fuwele na lulu zikimeremeta, akalia. Mmoja wao alimwambia, 'Kwa Allah! Hii si siku ya kulia, bali ni siku ya kusifu na furaha.' Akasema, 'Kwa Allah! Sikufikiri kama ninyi mnavyofikiri. Bali mali kama hizi haziwezi kuongezeka kwa watu wowote isipokuwa madhara yake yanaenea miongoni mwao.' Kisha akageuka kuelekea Qiblah, akainua mikono yake na kusema, 'Ee Mola wangu! Ninatafuta kinga kwako dhidi ya kuvutwa na hayo, kwani nakusikia (swt) ukisema:

In the narration mentioned above of Sufyan Al-Thaqafi regarding the leather bag which he found and announced to Umar (ra): “Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal”. Al-Shafi‘i reported in Al-Umm “More than one of the scholars told us that when the spoils of Iraq reached Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, the trustee of the Bayt Al-Mal told him, ‘let me put them in the Bayt Al-Mal’. He said: ‘No! By the Lord of the Ka’bah, it will not be kept in any house until I have divided it.’ So he ordered it should be put in the mosque, and leather mats were put on top of it and men from the Muhajir and Al-Ansar guarded it. In the morning, Al-‘Abbas b. ‘Abd Al-Muttalib and ‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf went out with him, he was either holding the hand of one of them, or one of them was holding his hand. When they saw him, they removed the leather mats away from the funds. So, he saw a scene he never saw before. He saw the gold, sapphire, crystals, and pearl sparkling and he cried. One of them said to him, ‘By Allah! This is not a day of crying, rather a day of praising and delight.’ He said ‘By Allah! I did not think of it your way. Rather, such funds will not increase in any people except their harm falls between them.’ Then he turned to the Qiblah, rose up his hands and said, ‘O my Lord! I seek protection with you from being allured, for I hear You (swt) saying:

“Lakini wale wanaozikanusha ishara zetu - tutawaongoza taratibu [kuelekea maangamizi] kutoka upande ambao hawajui.” (TMQ 7:183). Kisha akasema, ‘Yuko wapi Suraqah Ibn Ja’sham?’ Akaletwa mbele yake huku mikono yake ikiwa na nywele nyingi na nyembamba. Akampa vikuku viwili vya Kisra. Akasema, ‘Yavae’, naye akavivaa. Kisha akasema, ‘Allah ni mkuu.’ Akasema, ‘Allah ni Mkuu.’ Akasema, ‘Sema sifa zote ni za Allah, aliyevichukua kutoka kwa Kisra Ibn Hirmiz na kumvika Suraqah b. Ja‘sham navyo, Mbedui kutoka Bani Midlij.’ Akaanza kuigeuza mali kwa fimbo na kusema, ‘Hakika yule aliyeitoa ni mwaminifu.’ Mtu mmoja akamwambia, ‘Niruhusu nikuambie, wewe ni mdhamini wa Allah (ameen), nao wanakurudishia kile ulichokirudisha kwa Allah. Kwa hiyo, kama ungeficha, nao wangeficha.’ Akasema, ‘Umesema kweli.’ Kisha akagawa mali hiyo. Tulitaja pia kabla simulizi ya ‘Abd Allah b. Amr kama ilivyopokelewa na Al-Darimi: “Mtumwa mmoja alifariki wakati wa Uthman bila kuwa na jamaa. Hivyo, akaamuru mali yake iwekwe Bayt Al-Mal.” Hii ni pamoja na simulizi ya Anas Ibn Sirin katika Al-Istidhkar kwamba: “Ali alikuwa akigawa mali hadi Bayt Al-Mal ikawa tupu, kisha angeiosha na kukaa ndani yake (chini).”

“But those who deny Our signs - We will progressively lead them [to destruction] from where they do not know.”. (TMQ 7:183). Then he said, ‘Where is Suraqah Ibn Ja’sham?’ He was brought to him while his arms were hairy and slim. He gave him the two bracelets of Kisra. He said, ‘Wear them’ and he did. He then said, ‘Allah is great.’ He said, ‘Allah is Great’ He said, ‘Say all Praise is to Allah, who wrested them from Kisra Ibn Hirmiz and dressed Suraqah b. Ja‘sham with them, a Bedouin from Bani Midlij.’ He started to turn over the funds with a stick and said, ‘Indeed the one that rendered that is honest.’ A man said to him, ‘Let me tell you, you are the trustee of Allah (ameen), and they render to you that which you rendered to Allah. So, if you reveled they would revel.’ He said, ‘You said the truth.’ then he distributed it”. We mentioned before also the narration of ‘Abd Allah b. Amr as reported by Al-Darimi “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al-Mal”. This is aside from the narration of Anas Ibn Sirin in Al-Istidhkar that “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside (on the floor).”.

Mtume wa Allah (ﷺ) alikuwa wakati mwingine akimteua mmoja wa Maswahaba zake kusimamia mgawanyo wa mali, au alikuwa akimteua juu ya baadhi ya masuala ya mali hiyo. Al-Bukhari alipokea simulizi kutoka kwa ‘Uqbah kwamba Mtume wa Allah (ﷺ) alisema: .» ذكََرْتُ شَ يْئًا مِنْ تِ بْرٍ عِنْدَنَا، فَكَرِهْتُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَنِي، فَأَمَرْتُ بِقِسْمَتِهِ « .

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would sometimes appoint one of his companions to preside over the division of the funds, or he used to appoint him over some of the issues of the funds. Al-Bukhari reported a narration from ‘Uqbah that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: .» ذكََرْتُ شَ يْئًا مِنْ تِ بْرٍ عِنْدَنَا، فَكَرِهْتُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَنِي، فَأَمَرْتُ بِقِسْمَتِهِ « .

“Nilikumbuka kipande cha dhahabu kilichokuwa nyumbani kwangu, nikaona hakipendezi kwamba kiniondoshe kutoka katika ibada ya Allah, basi nimeamuru kigawanywe (kama sadaka).”Hadithi ya Ibn Shihab, kama ilivyopokewa na Ibn Abi Shaybah kupitia mapokezi ambayo Al-Hafidh Ibn Hajar Al-‘Asqalani, Al-Mundhiri na Al-Haythami wameyaona kuwa Hasan, inasema:

“I remembered a piece of gold Lying in my house and I did not like it to divert my attention from Allah's worship, so I have ordered it to be distributed (in charity).”The narration of Ibn Shihab, as reported by Ibn Abi Shaybah through a narration considered Hasan by Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar Al-‘Asqalani, Al- Mundhiri and Al-Haythami says:

. دَخَلَ ي خزَانَةَ بيلاَلٍ الَّيتِ يَضَعُ فييهَا الصَّدَقَا ي ت، فَ وَجَدَ فييهَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ الله ي « صُبْ رَةً يمنْ تََْرٍ، فَ قَالَ: مَا هَذَا التَّمْرُ يَا بِلاَلُ ؟ قَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهي، أَخَذْت هَُا لينَ وَائيبيكَ. قَالَ : أَفَأَمِنْتَ أَنْ تُصْبِحَ وَلَهَا فِي جَهَنَّمَ بُخَارٌ ؟ أَنْفِقْ وَلاَ تَخْشَ مِنْ ذِي الْعَرْشِ إَقْلاَلاً أَوْ » إِقْ تَار اً .

“Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ aliingia katika hazina ya Bilal ambamo aliweka sadaka, akakuta ndani yake rundo la tende. Akasema: ‘Tende hizi ni za nini, ee Bilal?’ Akasema: ‘Ee Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ, nimezihifadhi kwa ajili ya nyakati zako ngumu.’ Akasema: ‘Je, unajihisi salama kutokana na kuamka na kukuta moto wake unakuchoma motoni? Toa sadaka, wala usiogope kupungua au ubakhili kutoka kwa Mwenye Kiti cha Enzi.’” Na pia katika riwaya: “Abd al-Rahman bin ‘Awf alikuwa akisimamia sadaka ya ngamia na kondoo wakati wa Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ, na Bilal alikuwa akisimamia sadaka ya matunda; ilhali Mahmiyyah bin Juz’ alikuwa akisimamia sehemu ya tano (ya Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ na watu wa nyumbani mwake).” Na Khalifah alisema: “Na Bilal alikuwa na jukumu la matumizi yake.”

“The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) entered the safe of Bilal in which he put the Sadaqah (charity) and found in it a heap of dates, so he said, ‘What are these dates, O Bilal?’ He said ‘O Messenger of Allah, I took it for your hard times.’ He said, ‘Do you feel safe from waking up and finding it fume in Hell? Spend and do not fear reduction or stinginess from the Owner of the Throne.’” And also in the narration: “Abd al Rahman b. ‘Awf used to take charge of the Sadaqah of camels and sheep at the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) , and Bilal used to take charge of the Sadaqah of fruits; while Mahmiyyah Ibn Juz’ used to take charge of the fifth (of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and his household)”. And Khalifah said: “And Bilal was responsible for his expenses”.

Ibn Hibban ameripoti katika Sahih yake kutoka kwa ‘Abd Allah b. Lahya Al-Huzani, aliyesema: “Nilikutana na Bilal, mwadhini wa Mtume wa Allah ﷺ, nikamwambia: ‘Ee Bilal! Matumizi ya Mtume wa Allah ﷺ yalikuwa kiasi gani?’ Akajibu: ‘Hakuwa na chochote. Mimi ndiye niliyekuwa nikishughulikia hilo tangu alipotumwa kuwa Mtume hadi siku alipofariki. Ikiwa Mwislamu alimjia na akamwona hajavaa vizuri, aliniamuru nikimbilie kukopa fedha ili anunue vazi la kumvisha na pia kumlisha’.” Muslim ameripoti kutoka kwa Abu Rafi‘, mtumishi wa Mtume wa Allah ﷺ, aliyesema:

Ibn Hibban reported in his Sahih from ‘Abd Allah b. Lahya Al-Huzani, who said: “I met with Bilal, the Mu’adhin of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and said, ‘O Bilal! How much were the expenses of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ?’ He replied, ‘He did not have anything. I was the one that took care of that since he was sent as a Messenger till the day he passed away. If a Muslim came to him and he saw him not dressed he ordered me to rush and borrow some money so as to buy him a cloak to dress him and also feed him’”. Muslim reported from Abu Rafi‘, the servant of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) , who said:

اسْ تَسْلَفَ مِنْ رَجُلٍ بَكْرًا، فَ قَدِمَتْ عَلَيْهِ إِبِلٌ مِنْ إِبِلِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ « الصَّدَقَةِ، فَأَمَرَ أَبَا رَافِعٍ أَنْ يَ قْضِيَ الرَّجُلَ بَكْرَه ، فَ رَجَعَ إيلَيْيه أَبُو رَافيعٍ فَ قَالَ: لََْ أَ ي جدْ فييهَا إيلاَّ » ي خيَارًا رَبَا ي عيًا، فَ قَالَ: أَعْطِهِ إِيَّاهُ، إِنَّ خِيَارَ النَّاسِ أَحْسَ نُ هُمْ قَضَاء .

Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alikopa ngamia mdogo. Kisha akapokea baadhi ya ngamia wa Sadaqah. Akamwamuru Abu Rafi‘ amrudishie yule mtu ngamia wake mdogo. Nikasema: Sikupata kati ya ngamia isipokuwa ngamia mzuri wa umri wa miaka minne. Mtume wa Allah ﷺ akasema: Mpe huyo, kwa kuwa watu bora ni wale walio bora katika kurudisha.

“The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) borrowed a young camel. Then he received some camels of the Sadaqah. He ordered Abu Rafi‘ to repay the man his young camel. I said: I did not find in the camels except a four year old good camel. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: give it to him, for the best people are those who are best in repayment”.

It is also mentioned in the narration of Ibn Abbas, which is agreed upon: That when the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent Mu’adh to Yemen, he said: ليمُعَايذ بْ ي ن جَبَلٍ ي حينَ ب عََثَهُ إيلَى الْيَمَ ي ن: ... فَإِنْ هُمْ أَطَاعُوا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهي « لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ فَ رَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُ ؤْخَذُ مِنْ أَغْنِيَائِهِمْ فَ تُ رَدُّ عَلَى فُ قَرَائِهِمْ، فَإِنْ هُ مْ أَطَاعُوا لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَإِيَّاكَ وَكَرَائِمَ أَمْوَالِهِمْ، وَاتَّقِ دَعْوَةَ الْمَظْ لُومِ فَإِنَّهُ » لَيْسَ بَ يْ نَهُ وَبَ يْنَ اللهِ حِجَابٌ .

“Na wakikutii katika hilo, waambie kwamba Allah amewafaradhishia Swala tano katika kila mchana na usiku. Na wakikutii katika hilo, waambie kwamba Allah amewawajibishia kutoa Zaka, ambayo itachukuliwa kutoka kwa matajiri miongoni mwao na kupewa maskini miongoni mwao. Wakikutii katika hilo, basi jiepushe kuchukua mali zao bora, na ogopa dua ya mtu aliyedhulumiwa, kwa sababu hakuna pazia baina ya dua yake na Allah.” Pia imepokewa katika Muslim kutoka kwa Abu Hurayrah ﷺ.

“And if they obey you in that, tell them that Allah has enjoined on them five prayers in each day and night. And if they obey you in that tell them that Allah has made it obligatory on them to pay the Zakat which will be taken from the rich among them and given to the poor among them. If they obey you in that, then avoid taking the best of their possessions, and be afraid of the invocation of an oppressed person because there is no screen between his invocation and Allah”. It is also reported in Muslim from Abu Hurayrah.

. » عُمَرَ عَلَى الصَّدَقَةِ بَ عَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ « .

kwamba Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alimtuma Umar kukusanya Sadaqah.

“that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent Umar to collect the Sadaqah”.

Khulafaa' Waongofu walifuata mwenendo wake, kwa hiyo walikuwa wakiwateua watu wengine kusimamia mambo ya mifuko ya fedha. Ibn Is-haq na Khalifah walisema: "Abu Bakr alimteua Abu 'Ubaydah b. Al-Jarrah kusimamia Bayt Al-Mal, kisha akamtuma Al-Sham." Al-Dhahabi, akizungumzia wasifu wa Mu'ayqib, alisema kwamba "Abu Bakr na Umar walimteua kusimamia Bayt Al-Mal." Katika kitabu cha Ibn Kathir Al-Bidayah wa 'l-Nihayah, alitaja kutoka kwa 'Abd Allah b. Zubayr kwamba: "Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alimtumia 'Abd Allah b. Al-Arqam b. 'Abdu Yaghuth kama mwandishi, naye alikuwa akiwajibu Wafalme kwa niaba yake. Ilitajwa pia kwamba alikuwa akimwagiza aandike barua kwa baadhi ya Wafalme, na alikuwa akitia muhuri kile alichosomewa kutokana na uaminifu aliokuwa nao kwake. Aliandika kwa Abu Bakr na kumfanya awajibike kwa Bayt Al-Mal, na Umar b. Al-Khattab akakubali jambo hilo." Ibn Sa'd alisimulia katika Al-Tabaqat, na Ibn Hajar katika Al-'Isabah, kwamba mweka hazina wa Umar (ra) alikuwa mtumishi wake Yasar Ibn Numayr. Ahmad katika Musnad yake, na 'Abd Al-Razzaq katika Al-Musannaf, waliripoti kutoka kwa Lahiq b. Hamid kwamba alisema: "Na alimtuma Ibn Mas'ud kusimamia mahakama na Bayt Al-Mal," maana yake kwenda Kufa. Khalifah aliripoti kutoka kwa Malik Ibn Anas, kutoka kwa Zayd b. Aslam, kwamba "Umar alimteua 'Abd Allah b. Arqam kusimamia Bayt Al-Mal." Ibn Khuzaymah aliripoti katika Sahih yake kutoka kwa 'Urwah b. Al-Zubayr kwamba "'Abd Al-Rahman b. 'Abd Al-Qari alisema: 'Nilikuwa nikisimamia Bayt Al-Mal wakati wa Umar b. Al-Khattab.'" Ibn Hajar alisimulia katika Al-Fath, akizungumzia fadhila za 'Abd Allah b. Mas'ud: "Naye aliteuliwa na Umar na 'Uthman kusimamia Bayt Al-Mal huko Kufa." Al-Jahshayari alitaja katika Al-Wuzara' wa 'l-Kuttab "kwamba 'Abdullah b. Arqam Ibn 'Abdu Yaghuth, mmoja wa waandishi wa Nabii ﷺ, alikuwa akisimamia Bayt Al-Mal kwa niaba yake," maana yake kwa 'Uthman (ra). Al-Hakim alitaja katika Al-Mustadrak kutoka kwa Al-Zubayr Ibn Bakkar kwamba, "Abdullah Ibn Al-Arqam Ibn Abdu Yaghuth alikuwa msimamizi wa Bayt Al-Mal wakati wa Umar na mwanzo wa utawala wa Uthman hadi alipofariki; na alikuwa na urafiki fulani (na Mtume)". Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr alisema katika Al-Isti’ab: "Zaid Ibn Thabit alikuwa msimamizi wa Bayt Al-Mal wakati wa Ukhalifa wa Uthman. Zaid alikuwa na mtumwa aliyeitwa Wahib. Uthman alimwona akiwasaidia katika Bayt Al-Mal, hivyo akasema: 'Huyu ni nani?' Zayd akajibu, 'Ni mtumwa wangu.' Uthman akasema, 'Naona anawasaidia Waislamu, naye ana haki, nami nampa sehemu yake.' Basi akampangia elfu mbili. Zayd akasema, 'Wallahi, huwezi kumpangia mtumwa elfu mbili,' basi akampangia elfu moja." Al-Sadfi alitaja katika kitabu kuhusu wanazuoni wa Misri na Maswahaba wa Mtume ﷺ walioingia humo: "Abu Rafi‘ alipelekwa baada ya hapo kwa ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, naye akamweka kuwa msimamizi wa Bayt Al-Mal huko Kufa." Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr alisema katika Al-Isti’ab: "‘Ubayd Allah b. Abu Rafi‘ alikuwa mweka hazina na katibu wa ‘Ali." Al-‘Ayni alitaja katika ‘Umdat Al-Qari': "‘Abd Allah b. Wahb Al-Suwa’i, ‘Ali alikuwa akimheshimu, akimpenda na kumwamini, hivyo alipewa usimamizi wa Bayt Al-Mal huko Kufa." ‘Ali alimteua Ziyad kuwa msimamizi wa Basra. Al-Jahshiyari alisema: "Alipoondoka Basra, alimweka kuwa msimamizi wa Al-Kharaj na Diwan." Bayt Al-Mal (hazina ya serikali) inaweza kugawanywa katika sehemu mbili:

Mapato: Yanajumuisha rejista tatu (Diwan):

Revenues: It includes three registers (Diwan):

Daftari la ngawira na Kharaj: Hili linajumuisha nyara za vita, Kharaj, ardhi, Jizya, ngawira na kodi.

• The register of the booty and Kharaj: This includes the spoils of war, Kharaj, lands, Jizya, booties and taxes.

Daftari la mali ya umma: Hii inajumuisha mafuta, gesi, umeme, madini, bahari, mito, maziwa, chemchemi, misitu, malisho na Hima (ardhi iliyolindwa).

• The register of the public property: This includes oil, gas, electricity, minerals, seas, rivers, lakes, springs, forests, pastures and Hima (protected lands).

Daftari la Sadaqah: Hii inajumuisha Zakat ya fedha, bidhaa, mazao na matunda, ngamia, ng'ombe na kondoo.

• The register of Sadaqah: This includes Zakah of money, merchandise, harvest and fruits, camels, cows and sheep.

Matumizi: Hii inajumuisha rejista nane:

Expenditure: This includes eight registers:

• Daftari la Dar Al-Khilafah. • Daftari la huduma za Dola.

• The register of the Dar Al-Khilafah. • The register of the State’s services.

14 Hazina: Bayt al-Mal

Kifungu cha 102