6 Msaidizi Mtendaji wa Tanfidh

Khalifah huteua wasaidizi wa utekelezaji, na kazi yao ni ya kiutawala. Hawa si watawala, na idara yao ni taasisi inayotekeleza yale anayotoa Khalifah katika mamlaka za mambo ya ndani na mambo ya nje, na inawasilisha kwake yale yanayotoka katika mamlaka hizi. Idara ndiyo kiungo kati ya Khalifah na wengine, ikiwasilisha kwake na kutoka kwake katika mambo yafuatayo:

The Khalifah appoints assistants for implementation and their work is administrative. They are not rulers and their department is the institution that executes what the Khalifah issues in both of the internal and foreign affairs authorities and submits what comes to him from these authorities. The department is the intermediary between the Khalifah and others, conveying to and from him in the following matters:

a. Mahusiano na watu.

a. Relations with the people.

b. Mahusiano ya Kimataifa.

b. International relations.

c. Jeshi.

c. The military.

d. Taasisi za Serikali zisizo za kijeshi.

d. The institutions of the State other than the military.

Msaidizi mkuu wa utendaji ni waziri ambaye Khalifah anamteua kuwa msaidizi wake katika kutekeleza mambo, kufuatilia na kutekeleza amri zake. Yeye ndiye mpatanishi kati ya Khalifah na idara mbalimbali za Dola, raia, pamoja na ofisi ya mambo ya nje. Hufikisha ujumbe kutoka kwa Khalifah na kwake. Ni msaidizi katika kutekeleza amri, na hana mamlaka juu yake wala hakabidhiwi jukumu lake, yaani kazi yake ni ya utekelezaji na usimamizi wa kiutawala, si ya kutawala. Idara yake ni chombo kinachotumiwa kutekeleza yale anayoyatoa Khalifah kwa ofisi za ndani na za nje, kuhakikisha utii kwa Khalifah katika yote yanayomfikia kupitia ofisi hizi. Idara yake hufanya kazi ya mpatanishi kati ya Khalifah na wengine: huwafikishia kwa niaba yake na kumfikishia kutoka kwao.

The executive assistant is the minister whom the Khalifah appoints to be his assistant in the execution of matters, the following up and implementation of his orders. He is the intermediary between the Khalifah and the various State departments, the subjects and the foreign office. He conveys messages to and from the Khalifah. He is an assistant in executing orders and is not authorised over them or entrusted with them i.e. his role is one of execution and administrative and not ruling. His department is a tool used to execute what the Khalifah issues to the internal and foreign offices, ensuring submission to the Khalifah in all that comes to him through these offices. His department acts as an intermediary between the Khalifah and others, where it conveys to them on his behalf and conveys to him from them.

Msaidizi mtendaji (executive assistant) wakati wa Mtume wa Allah ﷺ na Makhalifa waongofu alijulikana kama katibu (Al-Katib). Baadaye alijulikana kama mlinzi wa Diwani ya barua au mawasiliano. Kisha iliamuliwa kwamba aitwe katibu wa utunzi au mlinzi wa Diwani ya utunzi, na baadaye wanazuoni wa sheria wakamwita msaidizi mtendaji (Wazir Al-Tanfidh).

The executive assistant used to be called a secretary (Al- Katib) at the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and the righteous Khulafaa’. Then he became known as the keeper of the Diwan of letters or correspondence. Later, it was decided that he is called the secretary of composition or the keeper of the Diwan of composition and then the jurists named him the executive assistant (Wazir Al-Tanfidh).

Kuhusu vitendo vinavyohusu masuala manne yaliyotajwa, ushahidi wake unapatikana kwa kuchunguza dalili zinazohusiana na Katibu (Wazir Al-Tanfidh) wakati wa Mtume ﷺ, na vitendo vya Makhalifa waongofu mbele ya umati wa Maswahaba.

As for the actions regarding the four issues mentioned – the evidence is through examination of the evidences related to the Katib (Wazir Al-Tanfidh) at the time of the Messenger (pbuh) and the actions of the righteous Khulafaa’ in front of the masses of companions:

a. Ujumbe unaotumwa moja kwa moja kwa raia. Kama vile:

a. The messages sent to the subjects directly. Such as:

- Ujumbe wake ﷺ kwa watu wa Najran. Abu 'Ubayd alisimulia katika Al-Amwal kutoka kwa Abu Al-Malih Al-Huthali, ambaye alitaja mwishoni mwake.

- His (pbuh) message to the people of Najran. Abu ’Ubayd narrated in Al-Amwal from Abu Al-Malih Al-Huthali which mentioned at its end.

. » شَ هِ دَ بِذَلِكَ عُ ثْ مَ انُ بْ نُ عَفَّانَ وَمُعَيْقِيبُ، وَكَتَ ب «.

- "’Uthman Bin ’Affan na Mu’ayqib walishuhudia hilo, naye akaandika." Abu Yusuf ameripoti katika Al-Kharaj na kutaja kuwa mwandishi alikuwa Al-Mughaira. Kisha ikataja ujumbe wa ’Umar (ra) ambao mwandishi wake alikuwa Mu’ayqib, kisha ujumbe wa ’Uthman (ra) kwao ambao mwandishi wake alikuwa mtumishi wake Hamran, kisha ujumbe kutoka kwa ’Ali (ra) ambao mwandishi wake alikuwa ’Abdullah bin Abi Rafi’.

- “’Uthman Bin ’Affan and Mu’ayqib witnessed it, and he wrote”. Abu Yusuf reported it in Al-Kharaj and mentioned that the Katib was Al-Mughaira, and then it mentioned the message of Umar (ra) with the Katib being Mu’ayqib, and then the message of ’Uthman (ra) to them with the Katib being his servant Hamran, and then the message from ’Ali (ra) with the Katib being ’Abdullah b. Abi Rafi’.

- Ujumbe wake ﷺ kwa Tamim Al-Dari. Abu Yusuf ametaja katika Al-Kharaj akisema.

- His (pbuh) message to Tamim Al-Dari. Abu Yusuf mentioned in Al-Kharaj saying.

. قَامَ تَمِيمٌ الدَّارِيُّ وَهُوَ تَمِيمُ بْنُ أَوْسٍ - رَجُلٌ مِنْ لَخْمٍ - فَ قَالَ يَا رَسُولَ « اللَّهِ، إِنَّ لِي جِيرَةً مِنَ الرُّومِ بِفِلَسْطِينَ، لَهُمْ قَ رْيَةٌ ي قَُالُ لَهَا حِبْ رَى، وَأُخْرَى ي قَُالُ لَهَا عَيْ نُونُ، وَإِنْ فَ تَحَ اللَّهُ عَلَيْكَ الشَّامَ فَ هَبْ هُمَا لِي، فَ قَالَ: هُمَا لَكَ. قَالَ: فَاكْ تُبْ لِي بِذَلِكَ، فَكَتَبَ لَهُ: بِسْمِ اللَّهِ الرَّحْمَنِ الرَّحِيمِ، هَذَا كِتَابٌ مِنْ مُحَمَّدٍ رَسُولِ اللَّهِ لِ تَِِمِيمِ بْنِ أَوْسِ الدَّارِيِّ، أَنَّ لَهُ قَ رْيَة حِبْ رَى وَبَ يْتَ عَ ي نُونَ قَ رْيَ تُ هَا كُلُّهَا، وَسَهْلُهَا وَجَبَ لُهَا وَمَاؤُهَا وَحَرْث هَُا وَأَنْ بَاطُهَا وَبَ قَرُهَا وَلِعَقِبِهِ مِنْ بَ عْدِهِ، لاَ يُحَاقُّهُ فِيهَا أَحَدٌ، وَلاَ ي لُْحِدُ عَلَيْهِمْ أَحَدٌ بِظُلْمٍ، فَمَنْ ظَلَمَ وَأَخَذَ مِنْ هُمْ شَيْئاً فَإِنَّ عَل يْهِ لَعْنَةَ اللَّهِ وَالمَلاَئِكَةِ وَالنَّاسِ أَجْمَعِينَ. وَكَتَبَ » عَلِيٌ.

“Tamim Al-Dari (Tamim Bin Aws, mtu kutoka Lakhm) alisimama na kusema: Ee Mjumbe wa Allah, nina jirani kutoka miongoni mwa Warumi huko Palestina – kuna kijiji kinachoitwa Hibra, na kingine kiitwacho Aynun. Iwapo Allah atakufungulia Ash-Sham, nipe wao kama zawadi. Basi akasema – Ni yako. Akasema – andika hilo kwa ajili yangu, basi akaandika: Kwa jina la Allah, hii ni barua kutoka kwa Muhammad Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ kwenda kwa Tamim Bin Aws Al-Dari, kwamba anamiliki nyumba zote za vijiji viwili: Hibra na Aynun, pamoja na tambarare zake, milima yake, maji yake, kilimo chake, mimea yake na mifugo yake, na kwa atakayekuja baada yake. Hakuna mtu atakayegombea nao juu yake, wala hakuna mtu atakayeelekea kuichukua kwa nguvu. Atakayedhulumu na kuchukua chochote kutoka humo, basi atapata laana za Allah na malaika na watu wote. ’Ali ndiye aliyeandika.” Abu Bakr (ra) alipochukua uongozi, aliwaandikia barua iliyotaja: “Kwa jina la Allah – hii ni barua kutoka kwa Abu Bakr, mdhamini wa Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ aliyemrithi duniani, aliwaandikia watu wa Dari: Mtu asiharibu chochote kwa mkono wake katika vijiji vya Hibra na Aynun, na yeyote aliyesikia na kutii Allah, basi asiharibu chochote kutoka kwao, na wajenge milango miwili kuzunguka hivyo ili kuzuia yeyote aliyekusudia kufanya hivyo kuingia.”

- “Tamim Al-Dari (Tamim Bin Aws, a man from Lakhm) stood up and said: O Messenger of Allah, I have a neighbourhood from the Romans in Palestine – there is a village which is called Hibra, and another called Aynun. If Allah opens as-Sham to you, grant them to me as a gift. And so he said – They are yours. He said – write that for me, and so he wrote: In the name of Allah, this is a message from Muhammad the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) to Tamim Bin Aws Al-Dari, that he has all the houses of the two villages: Hibra and Aynun, and their plains, mountains, water, agriculture, plants and its cattle, and for who comes after him. No one should contest over it with them, and no one should incline to take it by force. Whoever oppresses and takes anything from it, then they will have the curses of Allah and the angels and all of the people. ’Ali was the one who wrote it”. When Abu Bakr (ra) took the leadership, he wrote them a message which mentioned “In the name of Allah – this is a message from Abu Bakr the guarantor of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) succeeded on the Earth, he wrote to the people of Dari, no one should spoil anything by their hand from the villages of Hibra and Aynun, and whoever heard and obeyed Allah, then do not spoil anything from them, and should build two entrances around them to prevent anyone who intended to do so from entering”.

b. Mahusiano ya Kimataifa:

b. International relations:

Mkataba wa Hudaybiyah: Al-Bukhari alisimulia kutoka kwa Al-Miswar na Marwan kuhusu mkataba huo:

- The Treaty of Hudaybiyah: Al-Bukhari narrated from Al- Miswar and Marwan regarding the treaty:

»... الكَاتِبَ فَدَعَا النَّبِيُّ «. - “Basi Nabii ﷺ akamwita Al-Kaatib (mwandishi)…”. Abu Yusuf pia amesimulia katika kitabu Al-Kharaj akisema:

.»... الكَاتِبَ فَدَعَا النَّبِيُّ «. - “So the Prophet (phuh) called the Katib (writer)…”. Abu Yusuf also narrated in the book Al-Kharaj saying:

. وَحَدَّثَنِي مُحَمَّدُ بْنُ إِسْحَقَ وَالكَلْبِيُّ، زَادَ بَ عْضُهُمْ عَلَى ب عَْضٍ فِي الحَدِيثِ، « »... وَفِيهِ: وَقَالَ: اكْ تُ بُوا – .

"Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na Al-Kalbi walinijulisha, na wengine waliongeza katika riwaya wakisema: Alisema: Andikeni (wingi)", bila kutaja jina la mwandishi. Ibn Kathir ameripoti.

“Muhammad Ibn Ishaq and Al-Kalbi informed me, some others added in the narration saying: He said: Write (plural)”, without mentioning the name of the writer. Ibn Kathir reported.

. عَلِيَّ بْنَ أَبِي طَالِبَ قَالَ ابْنُ إِسْحَقَ قَالَ الزُّهْرِيُّ ... ثُمَّ دَعَا رَسُ ولُ اللَّهِ « »... فَ قَالَ: اكْتُبْ  - .

“Ibn Ishaq alisema: Al-Zuhri alisema… kisha Mjumbe wa Allah ﷺ alimwita ’Ali Ibn Abi Talib na kusema: ‘Andika (umoja)…’”. Abu ’Ubayd aliipokea katika kitabu cha Al-Amwal kutoka kwa Ibn ’Abbas, ambaye alisema:

“Ibn Ishaq said Al-Zuhri said…then the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) called upon ’Ali Ibn Abi Talib and said: ‘Write (singular)…’”. Abu ’Ubayd narrated it in the book of Al- Amwal from Ibn ’Abbas, where he said:

. »... فَ قَالَ لِعَلِيٍّ: أُكْ تُبْ يَا عَلِيُّ ...« .

“….na akamwambia ’Ali: ‘Ee ’Ali, andika…’” na Al-Hakim amepokea kutoka kwa Ibn ’Abbas, na Al-Dhahabi amelithibitisha na kulikubali, akisema:

- “….and he said to ’Ali: ‘O ’Ali, write…’” and Al-Hakim narrated from Ibn ’Abbas, and Al-Dhahabi authenticated and approved it, saying:

. »... اكُْ تُبْ يَا عَلِيُّ ...« .

- "…..Ee 'Ali, andika…". Maandishi ya mkataba huu wa amani yanajulikana vizuri na hayahitaji kutajwa hapa. c. Jeshi: - Barua ya Abu Bakr (ra) kwa Khalid (ra), ambamo anamwamuru asafiri kwenda as-Sham. Abu Yusuf alisema katika kitabu Al-Kharaj: "Khalid alitaka kuifanya Al-Heerah kuwa kituo chake. Hata hivyo, barua ya Abu Bakr ilimfikia ikimwamuru asafiri kwenda as-Sham kama msaada kwa Abu 'Ubaydah na Waislamu…" d. Taasisi za dola zisizo za kijeshi - Barua ya Mtume ﷺ kwa Mu'adh kuhusu zaka ya kumi (Al-Ushr): Yahya Ibn Adam alisimulia katika kitabu cha Al-Kharaj kutoka kwa Al-Hasan, alisema:

- “…..O ’Ali, write…”. The text of this peace treaty is well known and does not need mentioning here. c. The Military: - The letter of Abu Bakr (ra) to Khalid (ra), in which he commands him to travel to as-Sham. Abu Yusuf said in the book Al-Kharaj: “Khalid wanted to take Al-Heerah as his centre. However, the letter of Abu Bakr came to him commanding him to travel to as-Sham as reinforcement for Abu ’Ubaydah and the Muslims…” d. The institutions of the state other than the military - The letter of the Messenger (pbuh) to Mu’adh regarding the tenth (Al-Ushr): Yahya Ibn Adam narrated in the book of Al-Kharaj from Al-Hasan, he said:

. إِلَى مُعَاذٍ بِالْيَمَنِ: فِيمَا سَقَتِ السَّمَاءُ أَوْ سُقِيَ غَيْلاً كَتَبَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ « » العُشْرُ، وَمَا سُقِيَ بِالغَرْبِ فَنِصْفُ العُشْرِ .

Mtume wa Allah ﷺ alimwandikia Mu'adh huko Yemen: "Zaka ya kumi (moja ya kumi) inapaswa kutolewa kwa kile kinachonyweshwa kwa mvua au kwa maji ya mto mkubwa; na zaka ya ishirini (nusu ya moja ya kumi) kwa kile kinachonyweshwa kwa ndoo." Al-Sha'bi naye alisimulia habari hiyo hiyo. Ibn Abu Shaybah pia ameisimulia kwa namna inayofanana katika kitabu chake kuhusu utawala.

– “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) wrote to Mu’adh in Yemen: “A tenth is payable on what is watered by rain or by sizable water; and a twentieth (have of a tenth) on what is watered by bucket.” Al-Sha’bi wrote the same narration. Ibn Abu Shaybah has also narrated similar in his book about ruling.

Khalifa anaweza kuwateua waandishi (Kuttab) kulingana na mahitaji yake; bali jambo hilo linaweza kufikia kiwango cha wajibu ikiwa asingeweza kutekeleza majukumu ya lazima bila kuwateua. Waandishi waliondika historia ya Mtume wa Allah ﷺ wanataja kwamba alikuwa na waandishi kama hao kama ishirini.

The Khalifah can appoint writers (Kuttab) according to his needs; rather it could reach to the level of being an obligation if he could not fulfill the obligatory tasks without appointing them. The authors who wrote the history of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) mention that he had about twenty such writers.

6 Msaidizi Mtendaji wa Tanfidh

Ibara ya 49