Rasulullah ﷺ dahulu mengangkat para hakim; beliau mengangkat ‘Ali sebagai hakim di Yaman dan memberinya petunjuk tentang cara mengadili dengan bersabda, “Jika dua orang yang berselisih datang kepadamu, janganlah engkau memutuskan untuk salah satu dari keduanya sampai engkau mendengar apa yang dikatakan oleh yang lain.” Beliau ﷺ juga mengangkat ‘Abdullah ibn Nawfal sebagai hakim di Madinah.

The Messenger of Allah (saw) used to appoint the judges; he appointed ‘Ali as judge over Yemen and he gave him instructions about how to judge by saying, “If two disputing persons came to you do not judge for either of them until you have heard what the other had to say.” He (saw) also appointed ‘Abdullah ibn Nawfal as judge over Madinah.

Namun, tidak semua hakim berada dalam satu jenis, dan wilayah kewenangan mereka berbeda-beda sesuai dengan peran yang ditugaskan kepada mereka. Sebagian hakim menangani perselisihan di antara masyarakat, sebagian lain menangani penyelesaian hal-hal yang merugikan kepentingan umum masyarakat, dan sebagian lainnya menangani bidang perselisihan antara rakyat dan mereka yang berkuasa atas mereka.

However, all the judges were not of one type, and the areas over which they had jurisdiction varied according to the roles they were allocated. Some judges were concerned with the disputes between the people, others with settling whatever harms the common interest of the people and others dealt with the area of disputes between the people and those who were in authority over them.