Al-Istishaab na Sheria Zilizotungwa na Binadamu
Al-istishaab And The Man-made Laws
Al-Istishaab huzingatiwa (au hupewa uzito) ndani ya sheria zilizotungwa na binadamu, na hili linaonekana katika mambo yafuatayo:
Al-Istishaab is given consideration (or weight) within the man-made laws and this is apparent in the following matters:
1 – Al-Istishaab hutumika katika kanuni ya adhabu (sheria ya jinai), na hufanya kazi kama Asl (msingi) ndani yake, kwa sababu mambo hubaki katika hali ya Ibaahah (ruhusa) mradi tu hakuna dalili inayoletwa kuthibitisha au kuanzisha adhabu. Pia, mshtakiwa ni mtu asiye na hatia hadi dalili itakapoletwa kuthibitisha tuhuma (au hatia) au hadi andiko litolewe kwa ajili ya adhabu. Mambo haya yamejengwa juu ya Al-Istishaab, na hii ni Istishaab Al-Baraa’ah Al-Asliyah (Kuendelea kwa kutokuwa na dhima ya asili).
1 – Al-Istishaab is taken in respect to the penal code and it acts as an Asl (origin) within it because the matters remain upon Ibaahah (permissibility) as long as a text is not brought establishing or proving the punishment. Also, the accused is innocent until an evidence is brought to prove the accusation (or guilt) or until a text is issued for the punishment. These matters are based upon Al-Istishaab and this is Istishaab Al-Baraa’ah Al-Asliyah (The continuance of the original non-liability).
2 – Mengi ya hukumu za sheria zilizotungwa na binadamu zimejengwa juu ya Asl (msingi wa asili) wa uhalali, kwa mfano suala la uhalali wa mkataba baina ya pande mbili zinazoingia mkataba limejengwa juu ya msingi wa uhalali wa asili kuhusu mikataba. Kwa hiyo, msingi kwa wale wanaotunga sheria za kibinadamu kuhusu mikataba ni uhalali, na hushikamana nao mpaka itakapothibitishwa dalili ya maandishi inayozuia au kukataza jambo hilo.
2 – Many of the rulings of the man-made law are built upon the Asl (origin or basis) of permissibility so for instance the issue of the legality of the contract between two contracting parties is based upon the basis of the original permissibility in respect to contracts. Therefore, the origin amongst the man-made law makers in respect to contracts is permissibility and is committed to until a text is established that prevents of forbids that.
3 – Kifungu cha 180 cha kanuni inayohusu mpangilio wa mahakama nchini Misri kilijengwa juu ya msingi wa Al-Istishaab, na kinasema: "Ushahidi wa Dain (deni) unatosha, hata kama kuendelea kwake (kubaki kwake) hakujatangazwa kuhusiana na mdaiwa, na vivyo hivyo kuhusiana na ushahidi wa 'Ain (kitu kilichopo mbele ya macho)".
3 – Article 180 from the code related to the arrangement of tribunals in Egypt was based upon the basis of Al-Istishaab and it states: “The testimony of the Dain (debt) is sufficient and even if its remaining (continuance) has not been declared in respect to the one owed, and similarly in respect to the testimony of the ‘Ain (eye)”.
Na kifungu cha 181 kinasema: "Ushahidi wa Wasiyah (wasia/hati ya mirathi) au Al-Iesaa’u (kutoa mali kwa wengine) unatosha hata kama msisitizo wa mtoa Wasiyah haukuwa umetangazwa hadi wakati wa kifo."
And article 181 states: “The testimony by Wasiyah (will/testament) or Al-Iesaa’u (disposition) is sufficient even if the insistence of the one granting the Wasiyah had not been declared until the time of the death”.
4 – Kanuni zifuatazo (misingi) zimejengwa juu ya Al-Istishaab:
4 – The following Qawaa’id (principles) have been based upon Al-Istishaab:
Asili inabaki kama ilivyokuwa mpaka mabadiliko yake yatakapothibitishwa (au kuthibitishwa kwa ushahidi).
- The origin remains upon what it was upon until its change has been established (or proven).
Asili katika mambo ni Ibaahah (kuruhusiwa), na hili linajumuisha kwa mtazamo wao vitu na vitendo vyote viwili.
- The origin in respect to things is Ibaahah (permissibility) and this comprises in their view both the things and the actions.
- Kile kilichothibitishwa kwa yaqeen (uhakika) hakiondolewi wala kubatilishwa na shakk (shaka).
- That which is established or proven by Yaqeen (certainty) is not removed (or cancelled) by Shakk (doubt).
- Msimamo wa awali (Asl) kuhusu mtu ni Baraa’ah (kutokuwa na dhima au kutokuwa na hatia).
- The original position (Asl) in respect to the person is Baraa’ah (non-liability or innocence).