Vikwazo vya Ahliyah vinarejelea sifa zinazompata mtu na kwa sababu yake huondoa Ahliyah au sehemu yake. Vinagawanywa katika makundi mawili: Samaawiyah na Muktasabah.

The impediments to the Ahliyah refer to those descriptions that happen to a person and as a result remove the Ahliyah or some of it. These are divided into two categories: Samaawiyah and Muktasabah.

1 – Vizuizi vya Samaawiyah (vya kutoka mbinguni):

1 – The Samaawiyah (from the sky) impediments:

Hizi ni vikwazo vinavyomkumba binadamu bila ya mapenzi yake, na hakuwa na njia yoyote ya kuviondoa. Miongoni mwa muhimu zaidi ni:

These are the impediments that befall the human against his will whilst he had no way of repelling them. The most significant of which are:

Al-Junoon (kichaa), Al-‘Ut’h (upungufu wa akili), kuzimia (kupoteza fahamu) na kulala, kusahau, ugonjwa na kifo. Ikiwa mukallaf atapatwa na mojawapo ya vikwazo hivi, ahliyah yake itakuwa pungufu au haijakamilika kuhusiana na Al-Wujoob na Al-Adaa’. Katika hali nyingi, ahliyah ya Al-‘Adaa’ (utekelezaji) huondoka kwake kutokana na vikwazo hivi (‘Awaarid). Kwa mfano, mtu aliyepoteza uwezo wa kufikiri (Majnoon), mtu aliyelala na mtu aliyekufa hawi mukallaf kuhusiana na Adaa’ (utekelezaji), hata kama baadhi ya haki ni Waajib kuhusiana na mali zao au mali zao.

Al-Junoon (loss of mind), Al-‘Ut’h (imbecility), fainting (passing out) and sleeping, forgetfulness, sickness and death. If the Mukallaf is afflicted by any of these impediments his Ahliyah would become deficient or incomplete in respect to Al-Wujoob and Al-Adaa’. In most cases the Ahliyah of Al-‘Adaa (performance) falls from him as a result of these impediments (‘Awaarid). So for example, the one who has lost his ability to reason (Majnoon), the one sleeping and the dead are not Mukallaf in respect to the Adaa’ (performance) even if some rights are obligatory (Waajib) in respect to their wealth or properties.

2 - Vizuizi (ʿAwaarid) ambavyo si vya mbinguni (Samaawiyah) bali ni vya kujipatia (Muktasabah):

2 - Impediments (‘Awaarid) which are not Samaawiyah but ‘Muktasabah’ (acquired):

Hizi ni ‘Awaarid (vizuizi) ambavyo mwanadamu au mtu anajulikana navyo kwa uchaguzi wake. Muhimu zaidi kati yake ni:

These are the ‘Awaarid (impediments) that the human or person is characterised with by his choice. The most significant of which are:

Al-Jahl (ujinga), As-Sukr (ulevi), As-Safah (upumbavu) na Al-Hazl (utani kupita kiasi).

Al-Jahl (ignorance), As-Sukr (intoxication), As-Safah (foolishness) and Al-Hazl (jokiness).

Inaonekana wazi kwamba vizuizi hivi vinatokana na mtu mwenyewe. Vinawakilisha dhambi iwapo vitafanywa kwa makusudi na kwa hiari, na Ma’siyah (uasi) haikubaliwi kuwa sababu au chanzo cha kupunguza uwajibikaji. Vizuizi hivi vinaweza kuthibitisha upungufu au kutokamilika kwa Ahliyah ya Al-Wujoob (uwezo wa kuwajibika kwa majukumu), kama vile kuzuiwa kwa mali ya Safeeh (mpumbavu asiye na busara) au kusamehewa kwa mjinga (Jaahil) kuhusiana na baadhi ya Ahkaam ambazo hazijui. Hata hivyo, katika visa vingi Ahliyah Al-Adaa’ (uwezo wa kutekeleza) inabaki mahali pake, na mtu ambaye ana vizuizi hivi bado ni Mukallaf (mwenye jukumu la kisheria) kulingana na Shar’a, na atawajibishwa kwa matendo yake duniani na Akhera. Kwa mfano, ikiwa atafanya kitendo kinachostahiki Hadd miongoni mwa Hudood (adhabu zilizowekwa), adhabu hiyo ya Hadd itatekelezwa juu yake.

It is noticeable that these impediments originate from the person. They represent sinfulness if undertaken wilfully by choice and the Ma’siyah (disobedience) is not valid to be a reason or cause for lightening the accountability. These can affirm the deficiency or incompleteness of the Ahliyah of Al-Wujoob (of obligation) like holding back of the wealth/property of the Safeeh (foolish) or pardoning the ignorant (Jaahil) in respect to some Ahkaam that he is not aware of. However, in most cases the Ahliyah Al-Adaa’ (performance) remains in place and the person who is characterised by these impediments remains Mukallaf (legally responsible) in accordance to the Shar’a and held to account for his actions in the Dunyaa and the Aakhirah. So for instance, if he was to undertake an act that obliged a Hadd from the Hudood (set penal punishments), that Hadd would be applied upon him.

Hukumu za kisheria za kina zinazohusiana na Ahliyah na vizuizi (al-mawani') zipo ndani ya vitabu vya Fiqh pamoja na ushahidi wake, pamoja na tofauti za maoni miongoni mwa Mafuqaha katika suala hili.

The detailed Ahkaam Ash-Shar’iyah related to the Ahliyah and the impediments are present within the books of Fiqh alongside their evidences in addition to the differences of opinion amongst the Fuqahaa’ within this issue.