Wajibu wa Waislamu kwa Makafiri (wasiokuwa Waislamu) ambao Uislamu haujawafikia
The Obligation Of The Muslims Towards The Kuffaar (disbelievers) Whom Islaam Has Not Reached
Kuna Sharti za Jumla (masharti ya jumla) za At-Takleef ambazo hakuna tofauti kati ya Muislamu na kafiri kuhusiana nazo, na masharti hayo ni: Al-Buluugh (ukomavu, yaani kuvuka umri wa balehe), Al-'Aql (akili timamu) na Al-Qudrah (uwezo).
There are Shuroot ‘Aammah (general conditions) for At-Takleef in which there is no difference between the Muslim and Kaafir in respect to them and these conditions are: Al-Buloogh (maturity i.e. past the age of puberty), Al-‘Aql (sound mind) and Al-Qudrah (capability).
Ushahidi wa hilo ni Kauli ya Mtume ﷺ:
The evidence for that is the Qawl of the Messenger (saw):
Kalamu imeondolewa kutoka kwa watu watatu: mtu aliyelala hadi aamke, mtoto hadi afikie umri wa kubalehe, na mtu aliyepoteza akili yake hadi arudi kuweza kufikiri na kuelewa kwa busara (Abu Daawood).
The pen has been lifted from three: The sleeping person until he awakens, the boy until he reaches the age of puberty and the one who has lost his mind until he can rationally reason/understand again (Abu Daawood).
Maana ya kuinuliwa kwa kalamu ni kwamba taklifu (wajibu wa kisheria) imeondolewa. Pia, Mwenyezi Mungu Ta'ala hamtwishi wala hamkalifishi mtu isipokuwa amekuwa na uwezo na sifa (au umahiri) wa kubeba taklifu. Hilo ni kwa sababu ya kauli ya Mwenyezi Mungu (SWT):
The meaning of the pen being lifted is that the Takleef (legal responsibility) has been lifted. Also Allah Ta’Aalaa does not burden or task a person unless he was capable and qualified (or competent) for the Takleef. That is due to the Qawl of Allah (swt):
Allah haumlazimishi nafsi yoyote isipokuwa kwa kadiri ya uwezo wake (Al-Baqarah 286).
Allah does not charge a soul except [with that within] its capacity (Al-Baqarah 286).
Kuhusu Buluugh, au wakati mtu anapokuwa Baalighi, hii inarejelea umri wa ukomavu (Sin ar-Rushd), ambao kwa mwanamume ni wakati wa Ihtilaam, yaani kutokwa kwa Al-Maniy (shahawa). Sa'd Ibn Mu'aadh (ra) alipotoa hukumu ya kifo kwa wanaume wa Banu Quraydhwah, Baalighi (aliyekomaa, yaani aliyehesabiwa kuwa mwanamume) alitambuliwa kwa kuota kwa nywele za sehemu za siri. Ama ukomavu wa mwanamke hubainishwa kwa kuanza kwa hedhi yake.
In respect to the Buloogh or when someone is Baaligh then this refers to the age of maturity (Sin Ar-Rushd) which for a man is at the time of Ihtilaam which refers to the emission of Al-Maniy (seminal discharge). When Sa’d Ibn Mu’aadh (ra) passed judgment of death upon the men of Bani Quraizhah, the Baaligh (the mature one i.e. classified as man) was identified by the growth of pubic hair. That is whilst the maturity of the woman is ascertained by the start of her menstruation.
Zaidi, mtu anawajibika kisheria (Mukallaf) tu ikiwa ana akili timamu (‘Aaqil), na hiyo ni kwa sababu ‘Aql ndiyo Manaat At-Takleef (msingi ambao Takleef inasimama juu yake), na ni akili ambayo Ahkaam zimeielekezea hitaji, kwa kuwa ‘Aql inawakilisha uwezo wa fahamu, ufahamu na uelewa ndani ya binadamu. Bila akili, binadamu angekuwa kama mnyama, asiyeweza kuelewa khitabu wala maneno yanayoelekezwa kwake.
Additionally, the person is only legally responsible (Mukallaf) if he has a sound mind (‘Aaqil) and that is because the ‘Aql represents the Manaat At-Takleef (the place upon which the Takleef rests) and it is the mind that has been addressed by the Ahkaam because the ‘Aql represents the aware, cognisant and comprehending power within the human being and without the mind the human would become like the animal and unable to understand the address or speech that has been directed to him.