Hukumu (Ahkaam) zinazojumuishwa katika Qur'aan Tukufu
The Ahkaam that are encompassed by the Qur’aan Al Kareem
Qur'ani inajumuisha Usul ud-Dini (misingi ya Dini, yaani Aqida) na aina zote za Ahkaam, ikiwemo zile zilizokuja kwa njia ya jumla ('Aamm) na zile zinazohitaji ufafanuzi (Mujmal), pia inajumuisha zile zilizokuja kwa njia ya kina. Allah Ta'ala amesema:
The Qur’aan encompasses Usool Ud-Deen (fundamentals of the Deen i.e. Aqeedah) and all types of Ahkaam including those which came in an ‘Aamm (general) and Mujmal (requiring detail) way and it also includes that which has come in a detailed manner. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Na Tumekuteremshia Kitabu kuwa ni ufafanuzi wa kila kitu, na uwongofu, na rehema, na habari njema kwa Waislamu (An-Nahl 89).
And We have sent down to you the Book as clarification for all things and as guidance and mercy and good tidings for the Muslims (An-Nahl 89).
Imeyapanga na kuyapanga Ahkaam (hukumu) hizi: Uhusiano wa binadamu na Mola wake Mlezi, uhusiano wa binadamu na nafsi yake, na uhusiano wa binadamu na wengine.
It has organised and regulated these Ahkaam (rulings): The relationship of the human with his Rabb, the relationship of the human with himself and the relationship of the human with others.
1) Hukumu zinazodhibiti uhusiano wa mwanadamu na Mola wake:
1) The Ahkaam that regulate the relationship of the human with his Rabb:
- Al-Aqaa’id (imani): Aya za Qur’aan Tukufu zimeeleza na kuweka wazi yale ambayo ni wajibu kwa Muislamu kuyaamini, kama vile imani kwa Allah, Malaika Wake, Vitabu Vyake, Mitume Yake, Siku ya Mwisho, Jannah (pepo) na Naar (moto wa Jahannam), majini na mambo mengineyo... Allah Ta’aalaa amesema:
- Al-Aqaa’id (beliefs): The Aayaat of the Qur’aan Al-Kareem have explained and made clear that which is obligatory for the Muslim to believe in like the Imaan in Allah, His Malaa’ikah (Angels), His Kutub (Books), His Rusul (Messengers), the Last Day, Jannah (paradise) and Naar (hellfire), Jinn and other matters... Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Ee mlioamini, mwaminini Mwenyezi Mungu na Mtume Wake, na Kitabu alichokiteremsha kwa Mtume Wake, na Kitabu alichokiteremsha kabla yake. Na yeyote anayekanusha Mwenyezi Mungu, Malaika Wake, Vitabu Vyake, Mitume Wake, na Siku ya Mwisho, basi amepotea mbali sana. (An-Nisaa 136)
O you who have believed, believe in Allah and His Messenger and the Book that He sent down upon His Messenger and the Scripture which He sent down before. And whoever disbelieves in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, and the Last Day has certainly gone far astray (An-Nisaa 136).
- Al-Ibaadaat (Ibada): Kama Sala, Zaka, Saumu, Hija na Jihadi ambazo zilikuja kwa namna ya ujumla (‘Aamm) na kwa kifupi (Mujmal), kisha zikafafanuliwa (na kuelezwa kwa kina) na Mtume wa Allah ﷺ aliyesema: “Chukueni kutoka kwangu manasiki zenu za Hija” (Ahmad), na akasema: “Swali kama mnavyoniona ninavyoswali” (Ahmad na Al-Bukhaari).
- Al-Ibaadaat (Acts of worship): Like the Salaah, Zakaah, Siyaam, Hajj and Al-Jihaad which came in an ‘Aamm (general) and Mujmal manner and were then explained (and detailed) by the Messenger of Allah (saw) who said: “Take your rituals (Manaasik of Hajj) from me” (Ahmad) and said: “Pray as you have seen me pray” (Ahmad and Al-Bukhaari).
2) Hukumu zinazopanga uhusiano wa mwanadamu au mtu na nafsi yake mwenyewe:
2) Ahkaam that have organised the relationship of the human or person with himself:
- Al-Mat’oomaat (vyakula) na Malboosaat (mavazi): Allah Ta’Aalaa amesema:
- Al-Mat’oomaat (foodstuffs) and Malboosaat (clothing/dress): Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Enyi watu, kuleni katika kilicho juu ya ardhi, halali na chenye kheri (Al Baqarah 168).
O mankind, eat from that which is upon the earth (that is) lawful and good (Al Baqarah 168).
Miongoni mwa mambo haya, baadhi ya mambo yametengwa na kufanywa kuwa Haramu, kama lile lililotajwa katika Aya ifuatayo:
From these things some matters have been exempted and have been made Haraam like that which is mentioned in the following Aayah:
Mmekatazwa kwenu: mizoga, damu, nyama ya nguruwe, na kile kilichochinjwa kwa jina la asiyekuwa Allah...
Prohibited to you are dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah... (Al-Maa’idah 3).
Kutokana na aya hizo mbili na nyinginezo, kanuni ifuatayo ilitolewa.
From the two Aayaat and others the following principle was deduced:
"Asili ya mambo kwa upande wa vitu ni Al-Ibaahah (ruhusa), mradi hakuna Daleel iliyotajwa kuyakataza."
‘The Asl (origin) in respect to things is Al-Ibaahah (permissibility) as long as no Daleel has been mentioned to prohibit it’.
- Al-Akhlaaq (tabia njema): Qur'ani imehimiza kuwa na tabia njema kama vile ukweli, unyenyekevu, Khushoo' (kumakinikia ibada) na Sabr (subira), na imekataza tabia mbaya kama vile uongo, udanganyifu, kiburi na majivuno, huku ikiunganisha matokeo ya kuwa na tabia hizi na adhabu ya Akhera.
- Al-Akhlaaq (morals): The Qur’aan has urged the possession of the virtuous morals like truthfulness, humbleness, Khushoo’ (focus in worship) and Sabr (patience) and it has prohibited bad characteristics like lying, cheating, pride and arrogance whilst making the consequence of having these traits being linked to punishment in the hereafter:
Ole siku hiyo kwa wanaokadhibisha. (Al-Mursalaat 19)
Woe, that Day to the deniers (Al-Mursalaat 19).
3) Al-Ahkaam zinazopanga na kudhibiti uhusiano wa binadamu na wengine:
3) Al-Ahkaam that organise and regulate the relationship of the human with others:
Mfumo wa Hukumu:
- The Ruling System:
Qur'ani ilipanga uhusiano kati ya mtawala na anayetawaliwa, na ikaweka kanuni ambazo lazima zizingatiwe na Adillah za jumla. Muhimu zaidi kati yake ni:
The Qur’aan regulated the relationship between the ruler and the ruled and placed down principles that must be observed by general Adillah. The most important of which are:
a) Al-Hukm (hukumu) kwa yale aliyoyateremsha Allah Ta'ala. Allah Ta'ala amesema:
a) Al-Hukm (ruling) by what Allah Ta’Aalaa has revealed. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Na uhukumu baina yao kwa yale aliyoteremsha Mwenyezi Mungu, wala usifuate matamanio yao (Al-Maa’idah 49).
And rule between them by what Allah has revealed and do not follow their desires (Al-Maa’idah 49).
b) Al-‘Adl (haki) katika kusuluhisha tofauti na mizozo baina ya watu. Allah Ta’Aalaa amesema:
b) Al-‘Adl (justice) in resolving disagreements and disputes between the people. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Na mtakapohukumu baina ya watu, basi hukumuni kwa uadilifu (An-Nisaa’ 58).
And when (if) you judge (rule) amongst the people you must judge with justice (An-Nisaa’ 58).
c) Utii kwa wale waliopewa mamlaka (Uoli-l-Amr) mradi wanashikamana na Hukm (hukumu) kwa mujibu wa yale aliyoteremsha Allah Ta’Aalaa. Allah Ta’Aalaa amesema:
c) Obedience to those entrusted with authority (Uoli-l-Amr) as long as they adhere to the Hukm (ruling) by what Allah Ta’Aalaa has revealed. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Enyi mlioamini, mtiini Allah na mtiini Mtume na wenye mamlaka miongoni mwenu. Na mkikhitilafiana katika jambo lolote, lirudisheni kwa Allah na Mtume ﷺ (An-Nisaa’ 59).
O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. And if you disagree over anything, refer it back to Allah and the Messenger (An-Nisaa’ 59).
d) Ash-Shouraa (kushauriana): Allah Ta'aala amesema:
d) Ash-Shouraa (consultation): Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Na washauri katika jambo hilo (Aali ‘Imraan 159).
And consult them in the matter/affair (Aali ‘Imraan 159).
Na Yeye Ta'ala alisema:
And He Ta’Aalaa said:
Na mambo yao ni shauri baina yao (Ash-Shuraa 38).
And whose affair is Shooraa (consultation) between them (Ash-Shouraa 38).
e) At-Ta’aawun (ushirikiano): Allah Ta’Aalaa amesema:
e) At-Ta’aawun (cooperation): Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Na shirikianeni katika wema na uchamungu, wala msishirikiane katika dhambi na uadui. {Na shirikianeni katika wema na uchamungu, wala msishirikiane katika dhambi na uadui.} (Al-Maa’idah 2)
And cooperate in righteousness and piety, but do not cooperate in sin and aggression (Al-Maa’idah 2).
Mfumo wa Kiuchumi:
- The Economic System:
Hii inahusu mpangilio na udhibiti wa umiliki, sababu zake, na jinsi ya kutenda au kutumia mali kuhusiana nayo. Imeeleza kwamba mali kwa asili ni ya Allah.
This relates to the organisation and regulation of ownership, its causes and how to act or dispose in regards to it. It has explained that the property in origin belongs to Allah:
Na wapeni katika mali ya Allah aliyokupeni (An-Nuur 33).
And give them from the wealth of Allah which He has given you (An-Noor 33).
Na Allah Ta'aalaa amemkabidhi mwanadamu mali hii (Maal). Allah Ta'aalaa amesema:
And Allah Ta’Aalaa has entrusted the human with this property (Maal). Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Na tumieni katika kile alichokufanya kuwa wakili wake (Al-Hadid 7).
And spend of that whereof He has made you trustees (Al-Hadeed 7).
Na ikaweka kanuni ya jumla (Qaa’idah ‘Aammah) kwa ajili ya matumizi, na hili ni Kauli ya Allah Ta’aalaa:
And it placed down a general principle (Qaa’idah ‘Aammah) for the spending and this is the Qawl of Allah Ta’Aalaa:
Lakini tafuta, kwa yale ambayo Allah amekupa, makao ya Akhera; wala usisahau fungu lako la dunia (Al-Qasas 77).
But seek, through that which Allah has given you, the home of the Hereafter; and [yet], do not forget your share of the world (Al-Qasas 77).
Mfumo wa Kijamii:
- The Social System:
"Mfumo wa Familia" ni mfumo unaoshughulikia uhusiano kati ya mwanamume na mwanamke, pamoja na yanayotokana na uhusiano huo, kama vile Zawaaj (ndoa), Talaaq (talaka), ‘Iddah (kipindi cha kusubiri) na Nafaqah (matumizi ya kifedha). Mfumo huu umeweka uhusiano kati ya mume na mke juu ya msingi wa Mawaddah (mapenzi) na Rahmah (huruma). Allah Ta’Aalaa amesema:
‘The Family System’ and this is the system that treats the relationship between the man and the woman and what arises from this relationship like Zawaaj (marriage), Talaaq (divorce), ‘Iddah (waiting period) and Nafaqah (spending). And it established the relationship between the husband and wife upon Mawaddah (affection) and Rahmah (mercy). Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Na Yeye akaweka baina yenu mapenzi na rehema (Ar-Room 21).
And He placed between you (male and female) affection and mercy (Ar-Room 21).
Mfumo wa Adhabu:
- Punishment System:
Hii ni kama Hadd (adhabu iliyowekwa kisheria) ya Al-Qatl (mauaji), Hadd ya Saraqah (wizi), Hadd ya Az-Zinaa (uzinzi na zinaa) na Hadd ya Al-Huraabah (uporaji barabarani). Hizi ni adhabu zinazotumika kama kizuizi, ambamo uhifadhi na ulinzi wa maisha, akili, kizazi (nasaba) na mali (vitu) hudumishwa. Kwa mfano, imefafanuliwa kwamba kuna uhai (Hayaat) katika Al-Qisaas (sheria ya kisasi), kama Allah Ta’Aalaa asemavyo:
This is like the Hadd (set prescribed punishment) for Al-Qatl (murder), the Hadd for Saraqah (thievery), the Hadd for Az-Zinaa (fornication and adultery) and the Hadd for Al-Huraabah (highway robbery). They are punishments which act as a deterrence in which the preservation and safeguarding of the lives, minds, offspring (lineage) and wealth (properties) is observed. For example, it has been explained that there is life (Hayaat) in Al-Qisaas (law of retribution) as Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Na katika kisasi kuna uhai kwa ajili yenu (Al-Baqarah 179).
And there is for you in legal retribution [saving of] life (Al-Baqarah 179).
- Uhusiano wa Waislamu na wengine:
- The relationship of Muslims with others:
Waislamu wameelekezwa kutimiza ahadi zao kwa wengine: Qur'ani iliwaelekeza Waislamu kutimiza ahadi zao kwa wengine, wakiwemo mataifa, watu na mataifa mengine. Allah Ta'ala amesema:
The Muslims have been directed to fulfil their covenant with others: The Qur’aan directed the Muslims to fulfil their covenant with others including the States, peoples and nations. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Na timizeni ahadi ya Allah mnapofunga ahadi, (An-Nahl 91).
And fulfil the covenant of Allah when you have convened it (An-Nahl 91).
Na ilituamuru tuwatendee wema na ukarimu mateka, kama alivyosema Allah Ta'aala:
And it instructed us to act kindly and generously with the captive as Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Na wanawalisha chakula kwa kukipenda, maskini, yatima, na mateka. (Al-Insaan 8)
And they give food in spite of love for it to the needy, the orphan, and the captive (Al-Insaan 8).
Na Qur'ani iliagiza kumtendea adui kwa njia ya kulingana. Allah Ta'ala amesema:
And the Qur’aan directed treating the enemy in a like for like manner. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Basi yeyote aliyekushambulia, mshambulieni kwa namna ile ile aliyokushambulia nayo (Al-Baqarah 194).
So whoever has assaulted you, then assault him in the same way that he has assaulted you (Al-Baqarah 194).