Aina za Al-‘Urf
Aqsaam (categories Of) Al-‘urf
'Urf ni aidha 'Urf Faasid, ambao haukubaliwa, au 'Urf Saheeh, ambao umegawanywa katika aina mbili: Qawliy (unaohusu maneno) na 'Amaliy (unaohusu vitendo). Kila mmoja wao pia umegawanywa katika 'Aamm (wa jumla) na Khaass (wa kipekee).
The ‘Urf is either a Faasid ‘Urf which is not taken, or a Saheeh ‘Urf which is divided into two types: Qawliy (speech based) and ‘Amaliy (practical/action based). Each of these is further divided into the ‘Aamm (general) and the Khaass (specific).
1 – Al-‘Urf Al-Qawliy ambayo imegawanywa katika ‘Aamm na Khaass:
1 – Al-‘Urf Al-Qawliy which is divided into the ‘Aamm and the Khaass:
- Kuhusu ‘Urf Al-Qawliy Al-‘Aamm, hili ni kama matumizi ya neno ‘Ad-Daabbah kwa kila mnyama asiyekuwa binadamu, ilhali neno hilo (Lafzh) kwa asili liliwekwa kuashiria kila kitu kinachotembea juu ya uso wa ardhi, ikiwa ni pamoja na binadamu.
- As for the ‘Urf Al-Qawliy Al-‘Aamm then this is like the usage of the Lafzh (wording) ‘Ad-Daabbah for every animal other than the human being whilst the Lafzh (worded expression) was originally placed down to indicate everything that moved upon the face of earth including the human.
Kwa upande wa ‘Urf Al-Qawliy Al-Khaass, hii ni ile inayohusu kundi au aina maalum ya ‘Uloom (elimu), kama vile istilahi (msamiati maalum) iliyokubaliwa na kutumiwa na wanazuoni wa Nahw na Sarf za Kiarabu (yaani sarufi). Hapa yanajumuishwa maneno kama Al-Mubtada’, Al-Khabar, Al-Jaarr, Al-Majroor na Al-Maf’ool Al-Mutlaq, kwa mfano. Au istilahi zinazotumiwa na kukubaliwa na wanazuoni wa hisabati, fizikia na kemia, miongoni mwa elimu nyinginezo.
- As for the ‘Urf Al-Qawliy Al-‘Khaass, then this is what is specific to a particular category or type from the ‘Uloom (sciences) like the agreed upon terminology (Istilaah) employed by the scholars of Arabic Nahw and Sarf (i.e. grammar). This would include the terms Al-Mubtada’, Al-Khabar, Al-Jaarr, Al-Majroor and Al-Maf’ool Al-Mutlaq, for instance. Or the Istilaah (terminology) used and adopted by the scholars of mathematics, physics and chemistry amongst other sciences.
2 – Al-‘Urf Al-‘Amaliy ambayo nayo imegawanyika katika ‘Aamm na Khaass:
2 – Al-‘Urf Al-‘Amaliy which is also divided into the ‘Aamm and the Khaass:
- Kuhusu ‘Urf Al-‘Amaliy Al-‘Aamm, hii ni desturi ambayo watu wa nchi nzima wameizoea kwa vitendo. Mfano wake ni kuingia bafuni bila kubainisha muda maalum utakaotumika ndani yake, au watu kufanya biashara kwa vitendo bila maneno ya ofa na kukubali. Hili lingekuwa pale mmoja wao anapochukua mkate kutoka kwa muuzaji kisha kumpa Qirsh mbili bila wao wawili kuzungumza chochote. - Kuhusu ‘Urf Al-‘Amaliy Al-Khaass, hii ni kama desturi ya watu wa miji au vijiji fulani ya muuzaji kumpa mnunuzi ziada juu ya kiasi kilichokubaliwa baina yao. Mfano wake ni kama kwa kila tani ya bidhaa iliyonunuliwa, muuzaji anaongeza kilo kumi. Au ni kama desturi ya watu kuhusu familia ya mke kuandaa kifungua kinywa kwa bwana harusi na bibi harusi siku ya kwanza waliyoamka wakiwa mume na mke.
- As for the ‘Urf Al-‘Amaliy Al-‘Aamm, then this is what the people of a land are accustomed to as a whole practically in action. This is like entering the bathrooms without specifying the specific length of time that will be spent inside of them or like the people being accustomed to trade in practise (by actions) without the worded expressions of offer and acceptance. This would be where one of them would take a loaf from the seller and then give him two Qirsh without either of them speaking. - As for the ‘Urf Al-‘Amaliy Al-Khaass, then this is like people in some cities or towns being accustomed to the seller giving an increase to the buyer above the amount agreed upon between them. This would be for instance like if for every tonne purchased of the goods, the seller would increase the amount by ten kilogrammes. Or it is like what the people are accustomed to doing in respect to the family of the wife presenting breakfast to the new husband and wife on the first morning that they awoke as husband and wife.