Al-istishaab va odamlar tomonidan yaratilgan qonunlar
Al-istishaab And The Man-made Laws
Al-Istishaab (الاستصحاب) ko‘rib chiqiladi (yoki unga e’tibor beriladi) inson tomonidan yaratilgan qonunlarda, va bu quyidagi masalalarda namoyon bo‘ladi:
Al-Istishaab is given consideration (or weight) within the man-made laws and this is apparent in the following matters:
1 – Istishob jinoyat kodeksiga nisbatan qo'llaniladi va u unda asl (asos) vazifasini bajaradi, chunki bironta matn jazoni belgilaydigan yoki isbotlaydigan dalil keltirilmaguncha, masalalar ruxsat (ibaha) holatida qoladi. Shuningdek, ayblangan shaxs aybni isbotlovchi dalil keltirilguncha yoki jazo to'g'risida matn chiqarilguncha aybsiz hisoblanadi. Bu masalalar Istishobga, ya'ni asliy javobgarsizlikning davom etishi (Istishob al-baro'a al-asliya) ga asoslangan.
1 – Al-Istishaab is taken in respect to the penal code and it acts as an Asl (origin) within it because the matters remain upon Ibaahah (permissibility) as long as a text is not brought establishing or proving the punishment. Also, the accused is innocent until an evidence is brought to prove the accusation (or guilt) or until a text is issued for the punishment. These matters are based upon Al-Istishaab and this is Istishaab Al-Baraa’ah Al-Asliyah (The continuance of the original non-liability).
2 – Inson tomonidan yaratilgan qonunlarning ko‘pgina hukmlari asl ruxsat (asl yoki asos) prinsipiga tayanadi; masalan, ikki shartnoma tarafi o‘rtasidagi shartnomaning qonuniyligi shartnomalar borasidagi asl ruxsatga asoslanadi. Shuning uchun inson tomonidan yaratilgan qonunchilarning shartnomalarga nisbatan asosiy qoidasi ruxsatdir va bu qoida to‘xtatuvchi yoki taqiqlovchi matn o‘rnatilmaguncha amal qilinadi.
2 – Many of the rulings of the man-made law are built upon the Asl (origin or basis) of permissibility so for instance the issue of the legality of the contract between two contracting parties is based upon the basis of the original permissibility in respect to contracts. Therefore, the origin amongst the man-made law makers in respect to contracts is permissibility and is committed to until a text is established that prevents of forbids that.
3 – Misr sudlarini tashkil etishga oid kodeksning 180-moddasi al-Istishab asosiga tayanib tuzilgan bo‘lib, u shunday deydi: "Qarzga oid guvohlik yetarlidir, hatto qarzdorga nisbatan uning davom etayotgani e'lon qilinmagan bo‘lsa ham, xuddi shunday ayniy (ayn) narsaga oid guvohlik ham."
3 – Article 180 from the code related to the arrangement of tribunals in Egypt was based upon the basis of Al-Istishaab and it states: “The testimony of the Dain (debt) is sufficient and even if its remaining (continuance) has not been declared in respect to the one owed, and similarly in respect to the testimony of the ‘Ain (eye)”.
Va 181-moddada shunday deyilgan: “Vasiyat (vasiyatnoma) yoki Al-Iesaa’u (topshiriq) bo‘yicha guvohlik yetarlidir, hatto vasiyat qiluvchining bu haqdagi qat’iy irodasi o‘lim vaqtigacha e’lon qilinmagan bo‘lsa ham”.
And article 181 states: “The testimony by Wasiyah (will/testament) or Al-Iesaa’u (disposition) is sufficient even if the insistence of the one granting the Wasiyah had not been declared until the time of the death”.
4 – Quyidagi qoidalar (tamoyillar) al-Istishob asosida belgilangan:
4 – The following Qawaa’id (principles) have been based upon Al-Istishaab:
Asl o‘zgarishi isbotlanguncha, o‘zi bo‘lgan holatida qoladi.
- The origin remains upon what it was upon until its change has been established (or proven).
Asl (asos) ishlarda ibohat (ruxsat berilganlik) bo'lib, bu ularning fikricha ham narsalarni, ham amallarni o'z ichiga oladi.
- The origin in respect to things is Ibaahah (permissibility) and this comprises in their view both the things and the actions.
— Yaqin (aniqlik) bilan isbotlangan narsa shak (gumon) bilan bekor qilinmaydi.
- That which is established or proven by Yaqeen (certainty) is not removed (or cancelled) by Shakk (doubt).
Shaxsga nisbatan asl holat — Baro'ah (javobgarlikdan xoli bo'lish yoki aybsizlik) hisoblanadi.
- The original position (Asl) in respect to the person is Baraa’ah (non-liability or innocence).