Ahliyah'ga to'siqlar — bu insonga yuz beradigan va natijada ahliyahni yoki uning bir qismini yo'qotadigan holatlardir. Ular ikki turga bo'linadi: samoviy (Samaawiyah) va o'zi orttirgan (Muktasabah).

The impediments to the Ahliyah refer to those descriptions that happen to a person and as a result remove the Ahliyah or some of it. These are divided into two categories: Samaawiyah and Muktasabah.

1 – Osmondan (samoviy) to'siqlar:

1 – The Samaawiyah (from the sky) impediments:

Bular insonga o'z xohishiga qarshi ravishda yuz beradigan, uni qaytarishga iloji bo'lmagan to'siqlardir. Ularning eng muhimlari:

These are the impediments that befall the human against his will whilst he had no way of repelling them. The most significant of which are:

Al-Junun (aqlning buzilishi), Al-‘Ut’h (aqlsizlik), hushdan ketish (behush bo‘lib qolish) va uyqu, unutuvchanlik, kasallik va o‘lim. Agar mukallaf bu to‘siqlardan biriga duchor bo‘lsa, uning Ahliyyasi Al-Wujub va Al-Ada’ jihatidan nuqsonli yoki to‘liq bo‘lmay qoladi. Ko‘p hollarda Al-‘Ada’ (amalni bajarish) ahliyyasi bu to‘siqlar natijasida undan soqit bo‘ladi. Masalan, aql qobiliyatini yo‘qotgan (majnun), uxlayotgan va vafot etgan kishilar Ada’ (amalni bajarish) jihatidan mukallaf emaslar, garchi ularning mollari yoki mulklariga nisbatan ba’zi huquqlar vojib bo‘lsa ham.

Al-Junoon (loss of mind), Al-‘Ut’h (imbecility), fainting (passing out) and sleeping, forgetfulness, sickness and death. If the Mukallaf is afflicted by any of these impediments his Ahliyah would become deficient or incomplete in respect to Al-Wujoob and Al-Adaa’. In most cases the Ahliyah of Al-‘Adaa (performance) falls from him as a result of these impediments (‘Awaarid). So for example, the one who has lost his ability to reason (Majnoon), the one sleeping and the dead are not Mukallaf in respect to the Adaa’ (performance) even if some rights are obligatory (Waajib) in respect to their wealth or properties.

2 - Tiklanmaydigan (samoviy bo‘lmagan) to‘siqlar ('Avoriz), ular orttirilgan (muktasaba) bo‘lib, ular:

2 - Impediments (‘Awaarid) which are not Samaawiyah but ‘Muktasabah’ (acquired):

Bular insonning o‘z ixtiyori bilan tavsiflanadigan ’awaarid (to‘siqlar)dir. Ularning eng muhimlari:

These are the ‘Awaarid (impediments) that the human or person is characterised with by his choice. The most significant of which are:

Al-Jahl (nodonlik), As-Sukr (mast bo'lish), As-Safah (ahmoqlik) va Al-Hazl (hazil-mutoyiba).

Al-Jahl (ignorance), As-Sukr (intoxication), As-Safah (foolishness) and Al-Hazl (jokiness).

Shuni e'tiborga olish kerakki, bu to'siqlar insonning o'zidan kelib chiqadi. Agar ular ixtiyoran, o'z xohishi bilan qilinsa, gunoh hisoblanadi va ma'siyat (itoatsizlik) mas'uliyatni yengillashtirish uchun sabab yoki asos bo'la olmaydi. Ular Al-Wujoob ahliyatining (majburiyat ahliyatining) nuqsonini yoki to'liq emasligini tasdiqlashi mumkin, masalan, safih (aqli past) kishining mol-mulkini cheklash yoki johilning (bilmaydigan kishining) o'zi bilmagan ba'zi ahkomlar bo'yicha kechirilishi kabi. Biroq, ko'p hollarda Al-Adaa’ (ado etish) ahliyati saqlanib qoladi va bu to'siqlar bilan tavsiflangan kishi shariat bo'yicha mukallaf (shar'iy mas'uliyatli) bo'lib qoladi hamda dunyoda ham, oxiratda ham o'z amallari uchun hisobga tortiladi. Masalan, agar u Hudud (belgilangan jazolar) turkumidan biri talab qiladigan ish qilsa, o'sha hadd unga nisbatan qo'llaniladi.

It is noticeable that these impediments originate from the person. They represent sinfulness if undertaken wilfully by choice and the Ma’siyah (disobedience) is not valid to be a reason or cause for lightening the accountability. These can affirm the deficiency or incompleteness of the Ahliyah of Al-Wujoob (of obligation) like holding back of the wealth/property of the Safeeh (foolish) or pardoning the ignorant (Jaahil) in respect to some Ahkaam that he is not aware of. However, in most cases the Ahliyah Al-Adaa’ (performance) remains in place and the person who is characterised by these impediments remains Mukallaf (legally responsible) in accordance to the Shar’a and held to account for his actions in the Dunyaa and the Aakhirah. So for instance, if he was to undertake an act that obliged a Hadd from the Hudood (set penal punishments), that Hadd would be applied upon him.

Ahliyya va to‘siqlarga oid batafsil ahkomi shar’iyya fiqh kitoblarida ularning dalillari bilan birga, shuningdek, bu masala yuzasidan fuqaholar o‘rtasidagi ixtilof bilan birga mavjud.

The detailed Ahkaam Ash-Shar’iyah related to the Ahliyah and the impediments are present within the books of Fiqh alongside their evidences in addition to the differences of opinion amongst the Fuqahaa’ within this issue.