Qur’on uslubining hukmlarni (ahkomni) bayon qilish va taqdim etishdagi xususiyati
The Style of the Qur’aan in respect to its explanation and presentation of Ahkaam (rulings)
Qur’oni Karim Islom fikrlari va ahkomlarini, u olib kelgan dinni, balog‘at (notiqlik) va fasohat (sofdillik) darajasiga yetgan arab uslubida bayon etdi. Uning bayon usuliga nisbatan quyidagi jihatlarni kuzatish mumkin:
The Qur’aan Al-Kareem presented the thoughts and Ahkaam of Islaam that it brought with an Arabic style that reached the highest level of Balaaghah (eloquence) and Fasaahah (purity). The following matters can be observed in respect to its methodology of presentation:
1 – U ahkomlarni shunday taqdim etdiki, bu itoat qilish va bo‘ysunish istagini uyg‘otadi. Shu bilan birga, Uning amrlarini buzish, unga zid harakat qilish va qarshilik ko‘rsatishga nisbatan nafrat va jirkanish uyg‘otadi. Alloh Taolo aytadi:
1 – It presented the Ahkaam in a manner that arouses the desire to follow and be obedient. At the same time, it incites an aversion and repulsion in respect to violating, undertaking a contrary act and resistance to His commands. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Kim Allohga va Uning Rasuliga itoat qilsa, Alloh uni ostidan daryolar oqib turgan jannatlarga kiritadi.
And whoever obeys Allah and His Messenger He will enter him into gardens (An-Nisaa’ 13).
Va U Ta'olo aytdi:
And He Ta’Aalaa said:
Kim Alloh va Uning Rasulига итоат қилмаса ва Uning чегараларидан ўтса, U уни оловга киритур (An-Nisaa’ 14).
And whoever disobeys Allah and His Messenger and transgresses His limits He will enter Him into the fire (An-Nisaa’ 14).
2 – U vojib bo‘lish (majburiyat) hukmini amr siyg‘asi (buyruq shakli) orqali belgilagan. Alloh Taolo aytadi:
2 – It has determined the Wujoob (obligation) through the Seeghat ul-Amr (command form). Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Va guvohlikni Allohga (qabul qilinishi uchun) to'g'ri adolat bilan o'rnating.
And establish the testimony for (the acceptance of) Allah (At-Talaaq 2).
Shuningdek, u amalning mukallaf shaxslarga Ikhbor shakli (xabar berish shakli) orqali yozilgan (farz qilingan) ekanligini ham belgilagan, masalan, Allohu Ta'olonining quyidagi so'zlarida:
And it has also determined that an action is Maktoob (written/prescribed) upon the Mukallafeen through the Seeghat ul Ikhbaar (form of informing) like in the speech of Allah Ta’Aalaa:
Ey iymon keltirganlar, sizlarga ham o'zlaridan oldingilarga farz qilingan kabi ro'za farz qilindi (Al-Baqara 183).
Fasting has been written (proscribed) upon you like it was written for those who were before you (Al-Baqarah 183).
3) Al-Qur’on qat’iy as-subut (naqli aniq) bo‘lib, ahkomlarga nisbatan uning dalolati (ma’no ko‘rsatishi) qat’iy ad-dalolat (ma’no ko‘rsatishi aniq) bo‘lishi mumkin. Bunga Alloh Taolo kalomi misol bo‘ladi:
3) Al-Qur’aan is Qat’iy Ath-Thuboot (definite in transmission) and its Dalaalah (indicative meaning) in respect to the Ahkaam can be Qat’iy Ad-Dalaalah (definite in indicative meaning). This is like in the speech of Allah Ta’Aalaa:
Va agar ularning farzandi bo‘lmasa, xotinlaringiz qoldirganining yarmi sizniki bo‘ladi.
And for you is half of what your wives leave if they did not have a child (An Nisaa’ 12).
Ushbu oyatda lafz (so'z) bir ma'nodan boshqasini ko'tarmaydi. Ammo oyat zanniy ad-dalolat (dalolati noaniq) bo'lishi ham mumkin. Buning misoli Alloh Taolоning quyidagi qavli:
In this case, the Lafzh (wording) in this Aayah does not hold the possibility of more than one meaning. However, an Aayah can also be Zhanniy Ad-Dalaalah (indefinite in its indicative meaning). An example of this is the Qawl of Allah Ta’Aalaa:
Va talоq berilgan ayollar uch (quruʼ) davrini kutib turadilar (Baqara 228).
And the divorced women remain in waiting for three (Quroo’) (Al-Baqarah 228).
"Quroo" lafzi tahorat davrlari (poklik davrlari) ma'nosini ham, hayz davrlari (nopoklik davrlari) ma'nosini ham anglatish ehtimoliga ega. Bir necha ma'noga yo'l qo'yganligi sababli, oyatning dalolati qat'iy (aniq) emas, balki zanniy (gumonli) hukmga tegishlidir.
The Lafzh “Quroo’’ holds the possibility to mean Tahaaraat (periods of purity) just as it holds the possibility to intend the meaning of the periods of impurity (Haidaat). Due to being open to more than one meaning, the Dalaalah (indication) of the Aayah follows the ruling of the Zhanniy (indefinite) and not the Qat’iy (definite).
4 – Qur’on oyatlarining ba’zilari mujmal (batafsil bo‘lmagan) yoki ‘ommiy (umumiy) yoki mutlaq (cheklanmagan) holda kelgan, sunnat esa mujmalni bayon qilish, ‘ommni tahsis qilish va mutlaqni cheklash uchun kelgan. Alloh Taolo buni O‘z kalomida hidoyat qilgan:
4 – Some of the Aayaat of the Qur’aan came Mujmalah (in an undetailed manner) or ‘Aammah (general) or Mutlaqah (unrestricted) and the Sunnah came to explain the Mujmal, specify the ‘Aamm and restrict the Mutlaq. Allah Ta’Aalaa guided to that in His speech:
Va Biz sizga ham zikrni nozil qildik, toki odamlarga o'zlariga nozil qilingan narsani bayon qilib berasiz.
And We revealed to you the Dhikr (reminder) that you may make clear to the people what was sent down to them (An-Nahl 44).