Qur'oni Karim o'z ichiga oladigan hukmlar (ahkom)
The Ahkaam that are encompassed by the Qur’aan Al Kareem
Qur'on Din asoslarini (Aqida) va barcha turdagi hukmlarni o'z ichiga oladi, jumladan umumiy (ʼomm) va mujmal (tafsilga muhtoj) tarzda kelganlarini, shuningdek batafsil bayon qilinganlarini ham. Alloh Taolo aytadi:
The Qur’aan encompasses Usool Ud-Deen (fundamentals of the Deen i.e. Aqeedah) and all types of Ahkaam including those which came in an ‘Aamm (general) and Mujmal (requiring detail) way and it also includes that which has come in a detailed manner. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Biz senga har bir narsaning bayoni, hidoyat, rahmat va musulmonlar uchun xushxabar bo‘lgan Kitobni nozil qildik (An-Nahl, 89).
And We have sent down to you the Book as clarification for all things and as guidance and mercy and good tidings for the Muslims (An-Nahl 89).
U bu ahkomlarni (hukmlarni) tartibga solib, tizimga keltirgan: insonning Rabbi bilan munosabati, insonning o‘zi bilan munosabati va insonning boshqalar bilan munosabati.
It has organised and regulated these Ahkaam (rulings): The relationship of the human with his Rabb, the relationship of the human with himself and the relationship of the human with others.
1) Insonning Robbi bilan munosabatini tartibga soluvchi ahkomlar:
1) The Ahkaam that regulate the relationship of the human with his Rabb:
- Al-Aqoid (e'tiqodlar): Qur'oni Karimning oyatlari Muslim kishi iymon keltirishi vojib bo'lgan narsalarni bayon qilib, aniqlab berganlar: Allohga iymon, Uning Maloikalariga (farishtalariga), Kitoblariga, Rasullariga, Oxirat kuniga, Jannat va Do'zaxga, jinnlarga va boshqa masalalarga... Alloh Taolo aytadi:
- Al-Aqaa’id (beliefs): The Aayaat of the Qur’aan Al-Kareem have explained and made clear that which is obligatory for the Muslim to believe in like the Imaan in Allah, His Malaa’ikah (Angels), His Kutub (Books), His Rusul (Messengers), the Last Day, Jannah (paradise) and Naar (hellfire), Jinn and other matters... Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Ey iymon keltirganlar! Allohga, Uning Rasuliga, Rasuliga nozil qilgan Kitobga va ilgari nozil qilgan Kitobga iymon keltiringlar. Kim Allohni, Uning farishtalarini, kitoblarini, payg'ambarlarini va oxirat kunini inkor etsa, u albatta uzoq adashgan bo'ladi (An-Nisa, 136).
O you who have believed, believe in Allah and His Messenger and the Book that He sent down upon His Messenger and the Scripture which He sent down before. And whoever disbelieves in Allah, His angels, His books, His messengers, and the Last Day has certainly gone far astray (An-Nisaa 136).
- Al-Ibodat (ibodatlar): Namoz, zakot, ro'za, hajj va jihod kabi, ular umumiy va mujmal tarzda kelgan, so'ngra ularni Allohning Elchisi ﷺ bayon qilib, tafsilotini bergan. U zot aytganlar: "Hajj manosikini mendan oling" (Ahmad), va aytganlar: "Men namoz o'qiganimni ko'rganingizdek namoz o'qinglar" (Ahmad va Al-Buxoriy).
- Al-Ibaadaat (Acts of worship): Like the Salaah, Zakaah, Siyaam, Hajj and Al-Jihaad which came in an ‘Aamm (general) and Mujmal manner and were then explained (and detailed) by the Messenger of Allah (saw) who said: “Take your rituals (Manaasik of Hajj) from me” (Ahmad) and said: “Pray as you have seen me pray” (Ahmad and Al-Bukhaari).
2) Insonning o‘zi bilan bo‘lgan munosabatini tartibga soluvchi ahkomlar:
2) Ahkaam that have organised the relationship of the human or person with himself:
Al-Mat’oomaat (oziq-ovqat mahsulotlari) va Malboosaat (kiyim-kechak): Alloh Ta’olo aytdi:
- Al-Mat’oomaat (foodstuffs) and Malboosaat (clothing/dress): Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Ey insonlar, yer yuzidagi halol va pokiza narsalardan yenglar (Al-Baqara, 168).
O mankind, eat from that which is upon the earth (that is) lawful and good (Al Baqarah 168).
Bu narsalardan ba'zi masalalar istisno qilingan va quyidagi oyatda zikr etilganidek haram qilingan:
From these things some matters have been exempted and have been made Haraam like that which is mentioned in the following Aayah:
Sizlarga haram qilindi: o‘lik hayvon, qon, cho‘chqa go‘shti va Allohdan boshqa nomga atab so‘yilgan narsa... (Moida 3).
Prohibited to you are dead animals, blood, the flesh of swine, and that which has been dedicated to other than Allah... (Al-Maa’idah 3).
Ushbu ikki oyat va boshqa dalillardan quyidagi qoida chiqarildi:
From the two Aayaat and others the following principle was deduced:
"Narsalarga nisbatan asl — ruxsat (ibohat) bo'lib, to'xtatuvchi dalil zikr qilinmagan ekan, shu holatda qoladi."
‘The Asl (origin) in respect to things is Al-Ibaahah (permissibility) as long as no Daleel has been mentioned to prohibit it’.
- Al-Axloq (odob-axloq): Qur’on go‘zal fazilatlarga — rostgo‘ylik, kamtarlik, xushu‘ (ibodatda diqqatni jamlash) va sabr-toqatga da’vat qilgan, yomon xislatlar — yolg‘on, aldash, takabburlik va manmanlikdan esa qaytargan, bu xislatlarga ega bo‘lishning oqibatini oxiratdagi jazo bilan bog‘lagan:
- Al-Akhlaaq (morals): The Qur’aan has urged the possession of the virtuous morals like truthfulness, humbleness, Khushoo’ (focus in worship) and Sabr (patience) and it has prohibited bad characteristics like lying, cheating, pride and arrogance whilst making the consequence of having these traits being linked to punishment in the hereafter:
Ўша Кун инкор этувчиларнинг ҳоли хароб бўлур! (Ал-Мурсалот, 19)
Woe, that Day to the deniers (Al-Mursalaat 19).
3) Odamning boshqalar bilan munosabatlarini tartibga soluvchi va tartibga keltiruvchi ahkomlar:
3) Al-Ahkaam that organise and regulate the relationship of the human with others:
Hukmlar tizimi:
- The Ruling System:
Qur’on hukmdor va hukmdor ostidagilar o‘rtasidagi munosabatni tartibga soldi hamda umumiy adillah tomonidan rioya qilinishi shart bo‘lgan tamoyillarni belgilab berdi. Ularning eng muhimlari quyidagilardir:
The Qur’aan regulated the relationship between the ruler and the ruled and placed down principles that must be observed by general Adillah. The most important of which are:
a) Al-Hukm (hukm) bilan Alloh Ta’olo nozil qilgan narsa. Alloh Ta’olo aytdi:
a) Al-Hukm (ruling) by what Allah Ta’Aalaa has revealed. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Va {ular orasida Alloh nozil qilgan narsa bilan hukm qil va ularning havoyi istaklariga ergashma} (Ma'ida, 49).
And rule between them by what Allah has revealed and do not follow their desires (Al-Maa’idah 49).
b) Adolat (adolat) — odamlar o‘rtasidagi ixtilof va nizolarni hal qilishda. Alloh Taolo aytdi:
b) Al-‘Adl (justice) in resolving disagreements and disputes between the people. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Va agar odamlar orasida hukm qilsangiz, adolat bilan hukm qilishingiz kerak (An-Niso 58).
And when (if) you judge (rule) amongst the people you must judge with justice (An-Nisaa’ 58).
c) Vakolat berilgan kishilarga (Ulul-amr) itoat etish, agar ular Alloh Taolo nozil qilgan hukm bilan amal qilsalar. Alloh Taolo aytadi:
c) Obedience to those entrusted with authority (Uoli-l-Amr) as long as they adhere to the Hukm (ruling) by what Allah Ta’Aalaa has revealed. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Ey iymon keltirganlar, Allohga itoat qilinglar, Rasulga va aralaringizdagi amr egalariga ham itoat qilinglar. Agar biror narsada tortishsangizlar, uni Allohga va Rasulga qaytaringlar (An-Niso 59).
O you who have believed, obey Allah and obey the Messenger and those in authority among you. And if you disagree over anything, refer it back to Allah and the Messenger (An-Nisaa’ 59).
d) Ash-Shuro (maslahatlashuv): Alloh Taolo aytdi:
d) Ash-Shouraa (consultation): Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Va ish-yumushlarda ular bilan maslahatlashing (Oli Imron, 159).
And consult them in the matter/affair (Aali ‘Imraan 159).
Va Alloh Taolo aytdi:
And He Ta’Aalaa said:
Va ularning ishi maslahat (shuro) bilan bo‘ladi (Shuro surasi, 38-oyat).
And whose affair is Shooraa (consultation) between them (Ash-Shouraa 38).
e) At-Ta’aawun (hamkorlik): Alloh Ta’olo aytdi:
e) At-Ta’aawun (cooperation): Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Va yaxshilik va taqvoda hamkorlik qiling, gunoh va tajovuzda hamkorlik qilmang.
And cooperate in righteousness and piety, but do not cooperate in sin and aggression (Al-Maa’idah 2).
Iqtisodiy tizim:
- The Economic System:
Bu mulkchilikning tashkil etilishi va tartibga solinishi, uning sabablari hamda unga nisbatan qanday harakat qilish yoki tasarruf etish kabi masalalarga taalluqlidir. Unda asli mol-mulkning Allohga tegishli ekanligi bayon qilingan.
This relates to the organisation and regulation of ownership, its causes and how to act or dispose in regards to it. It has explained that the property in origin belongs to Allah:
Va sizlarga Alloh bergan molidan ularga beringlar (An-Nur, 33).
And give them from the wealth of Allah which He has given you (An-Noor 33).
Alloh Taolo insonga bu mol-mulkni (Mol) amonat qilib topshirgan. Alloh Taolo aytdi:
And Allah Ta’Aalaa has entrusted the human with this property (Maal). Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Va Allohning sizlarni ulardan foydalanishga vakil qilib qo'ygan narsalaridan infoq qilinglar (Hadid, 7).
And spend of that whereof He has made you trustees (Al-Hadeed 7).
Va u umumiy qoida (Qoidatun Ammah) sarflash borasida belgilab qo'ydi, va bu Allohning Ta'ololning qavli:
And it placed down a general principle (Qaa’idah ‘Aammah) for the spending and this is the Qawl of Allah Ta’Aalaa:
Ammo Alloh sizga ato etgan narsalar bilan oxirat yurtini izlang; lekin dunyodagi ulushingizni ham unutmang (Al-Qasas, 77).
But seek, through that which Allah has given you, the home of the Hereafter; and [yet], do not forget your share of the world (Al-Qasas 77).
Ijtimoiy tizim:
- The Social System:
"Oila tizimi" — bu erkak va ayol o‘rtasidagi munosabatni va bu munosabatdan kelib chiqadigan narsalarni, masalan, Zavoj (nikoh), Talaq (ajralish), Iddat (kutish davri) va Nafaqa (xarajat qilish)ni tartibga soluvchi tizimdir. Bu tizim er va xotin o‘rtasidagi munosabatni Mavaddat (mehr-muhabbat) va Rahmat (rahm-shafqat) asosiga qurdi. Alloh Taolo aytadi:
‘The Family System’ and this is the system that treats the relationship between the man and the woman and what arises from this relationship like Zawaaj (marriage), Talaaq (divorce), ‘Iddah (waiting period) and Nafaqah (spending). And it established the relationship between the husband and wife upon Mawaddah (affection) and Rahmah (mercy). Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Va U sizlar orasiga muhabbat va rahmat qo'ydi (Ar-Rum, 21).
And He placed between you (male and female) affection and mercy (Ar-Room 21).
Jazo tizimi:
- Punishment System:
Bu qatl uchun hadd, o‘g‘rilik (saraqah) uchun hadd, zino (fornication va adultery) uchun hadd va yo‘lto‘siqchilik (al-huraabah) uchun hadd kabi jazolardir. Ular bazdorlik vazifasini o‘taydi, bunda hayot (nafs), aql, nasl (avlod) va mol-mulk (xususiy mulk) himoya qilinadi va saqlanadi. Masalan, qisos (qasos qonuni)da hayot borligi bayon qilingan, Alloh Taolo aytadi:
This is like the Hadd (set prescribed punishment) for Al-Qatl (murder), the Hadd for Saraqah (thievery), the Hadd for Az-Zinaa (fornication and adultery) and the Hadd for Al-Huraabah (highway robbery). They are punishments which act as a deterrence in which the preservation and safeguarding of the lives, minds, offspring (lineage) and wealth (properties) is observed. For example, it has been explained that there is life (Hayaat) in Al-Qisaas (law of retribution) as Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Sizlar uchun qisos (qasos) jazosida hayot bor (Al-Baqara, 179).
And there is for you in legal retribution [saving of] life (Al-Baqarah 179).
Musulmonlarning boshqalar bilan munosabati:
- The relationship of Muslims with others:
Musulmonlar boshqalar bilan tuzgan ahdlarini bajarishga buyurilganlar: Qur'oni karim musulmonlarni davlatlar, xalqlar va millatlar bilan tuzilgan ahdlarini bajarishga buyurgan. Alloh taolo aytadi:
The Muslims have been directed to fulfil their covenant with others: The Qur’aan directed the Muslims to fulfil their covenant with others including the States, peoples and nations. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Va Alloh bilan ahd tuzganingizda, ahdni vafo qiling (An-Nahl, 91).
And fulfil the covenant of Allah when you have convened it (An-Nahl 91).
Va u bizga asirga mehr-shafqat va saxiylik bilan muomala qilishni buyurgan, Allohu Taolo aytganidek:
And it instructed us to act kindly and generously with the captive as Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Ular o'zlari ham unga muhtoj bo'lsa-da, yoqtirgan taomlarini muhtojga, yetimga va asirga beradilar (Al-Insan, 8).
And they give food in spite of love for it to the needy, the orphan, and the captive (Al-Insaan 8).
Qur’on ham dushmanga nisbatan teng javob berish, ya’ni o‘ziga qilingandek muomala qilish haqida buyurgan. Alloh Taolo aytadi:
And the Qur’aan directed treating the enemy in a like for like manner. Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Kim sizga zulm qilgan bo'lsa, siz ham unga xuddi shu tarzda zulm qiling, sizga qilgan zulmi kabi (Al-Baqarah 194).
So whoever has assaulted you, then assault him in the same way that he has assaulted you (Al-Baqarah 194).