Birinchisi: Qiyos jaliy (ravshan qiyos)dan qiyos xafiy (yashirin qiyos)ga o'tish, va buni Al-Ihtisaan Al-Qiyosiy deb atashadi.
The First: Departure from a Qiyaas Jaliy (evident analogy) to the Qiyaas Khafiy (hidden or concealed analogy) and they call this Al- Ihtisaan Al-Qiyaasiy.
Misol:
An example of this:
Agar ikki sherik ikki sherikdan qarzga sotib olingan mashinaning ularning zimmasidagi qarz ko'rinishida narxini sotib olsa, so'ngra qarz berilgan ikki sherikdan biri bu qarzning bir qismini qabzaga olsa va u sherigi o'z ulushini olishdan oldin qabzaga olgan bu miqdorni yo'qotib qo'ysa, Istihsan tarafdorlari ushbu masalada Qiyos al-jaliy va Qiyos al-xafiy bo'yicha qanday hukm chiqaradi?
If two partners purchased a car from two partners in the form of a debt due upon them, then one of the two partners who were owed money took possession of a part of this debt and he then lost this amount that he had taken possession of before the partner took his share, what is the Hukm for that in respect to the Qiyaas Al-Jaliy and the Qiyaas Al-Khafiy which the followers of Istihsaan hold.
Qiyos al-jaliy haqida:
In respect to the Qiyaas Al-Jaliy:
Qiyaas al-Jaliy (ya'ni, sahih qiyos) shuni taqozo qiladiki, ikki sherikdan birining yo'qotgan puli ikkalasining hisobidan deb hisoblanadi, shunda zarar ular o'rtasida teng taqsimlanadi.
The Qiyaas Al-Jaliy (which represents the sound Qiyaas) dictates that the money lost by one of the two partners is to be considered to be from the account of the two partners so that the loss is shared equally between the two of them.
Qiyos al-xafiy bo'yicha:
In accordance to the Qiyaas Al-Khafiy:
Yo'qolgan pul yakka holda egallagan sherikning ulushidan hisoblanadi, sherigi esa istihsan tufayli yo'qotish xarajatida ishtirok etmaydi. Bunga sabab shuki, ularning fikricha, dastlab egallagan sherik bilan birga ulushda qatnashish unga majburiy bo'lmagan, balki uning huquqi bo'lgan: egallagan sherik qo'lidagi pulni qoldirib, qarzdordan o'z ulushini talab qilish mumkin edi, sherigi egallagan yo'qolgan pul uchun hech qanday to'lov qilmasdan.
The lost money is considered to be from the share of the one who took possession alone whilst the partner does not share in the cost of the loss as a result of Istihsaan. That is because, in their view, it was not binding for him to share with the one who took possession in origin but rather it was his right to leave the money that had been taken possession of by the possessor and then pursue the indebted for his share without paying any consideration to the lost money that his partner had taken possession of.
Ikkinchisi: Kulliy dalildan qisman masalaning istisno qilinishi, bunga mujtahidning nafsi qanoat hosil qilgan va ushbu istisnoni talab qiladigan dalil sabab bo‘ladi.
The Second: The exemption of a partial issue from a Kulliy Daleel due to a Daleel that the Nafs of the Mujtahid is contented by that dictates this exemption.
Agar sotuvchi va xaridor mol yetkazib berilgandan keyin uning narxi haqida kelisha olmasa, ya'ni sotuvchi uning narxi 50 dinor ekanini da'vo qilsa, xaridor esa 40 dinor ekanini da'vo qilsa, unda bu masala bo'yicha Shar'iy hukm qanday?
If the seller and buyer differ in regards to the price of a commodity or goods after its delivery, where the seller claims that its price is 50 Deenaar whilst the purchaser claims that it is 40 Deenaar, then what is the Hukm Ash-Shar’iy in respect to that?
Kulliy Asl (asl manba):
The Kulliy Asl (origin):
Ular Shar'iy qoida bilan hukm qilinadi, bu esa Allohning Elchisi ﷺ hadisining matnidir:
That they are judged by the Qaa’idah Ash-Shar’iyah which is the text of the Hadeeth of the Messenger of Allah (saw):