Shar'u man qablana kategoriyalari
The Categories Of Shar’u Min Qablinaa
Oldingi shariatlardagi, bizning shariatimizdan oldin kelgan o‘sha shariatlarda uchraydigan qonuniy hukmlar (ahkom) to‘rt turga bo‘linadi:
The legislative Ahkaam (rulings) found in those Sharee’ahs (Sharaa’i) that came previously to our Sharee’ah are of four types:
1 – Bizning Shariatimizda zikr etilgan va bizga farz yoki sunnat qilingan, xuddi avvalgi ummatlarga farz yoki sunnat qilinganidek bo‘lgan narsa. Bunday hukmlarni biz faqat ular bizning Shariatimizda zikr etilgani uchun qabul qilamiz, ular o‘tgan ummatlarning Shariatida mavjud bo‘lgani uchun emas.
1 – That which is found (or mentioned) within our Sharee’ah and was made Fard or Sunnah upon us just as it had been made Fard or Sunnah upon the previous nations. When we take Ahkaam like this we only do so because they have been mentioned within our Sharee’ah and not because they were found within the Sharee’ah of those who preceded us.
Masalan, As-Siyaam (ro‘za) bizdan oldingilarga farz qilinganidek, bizga ham farz qilingan. Alloh (SWT) aytdi:
So for example As-Siyaam (fasting) has been written (made obligatory) upon us just as it had been for those who came before us. Allah (swt) said:
Ey iymon keltirganlar! Sizlardan oldingilarga farz qilinganidek, sizlarga ham ro'za farz qilindi, toki taqvoli bo'lasiz (Al-Baqara, 183).
O you who have believed, decreed upon you is fasting as it was decreed upon those before you that you may become righteous (Al-Baqarah 183).
Qurbonlik (udhiyah) bizga Ibrohim (alayhissalom) uchun bo'lganidek sunnat qilib berilgan. Ahmad va Ibn Moja rivoyat qilishicha, u zot ﷺ dan: "Bu qurbonliklar nima?" deb so'rashgan. U zot ﷺ shunday javob bergan: "Bu sizning otangiz Ibrohimning sunnati".
The ‘Udhiyah (sacrificial slaughter) has been made Sunnah for us just as it was for Ibraheem (as) in the case where Ahmad and Ibn Maajah related that he (saw) was asked: “What are these Adaahiy (sacrificial slaughters)? He (saw) replied: “A Sunnah of your father Ibraheem”.
2 – Ikkinchi turi shundaki, uning zikri bizning Shariatimizda shu hukm bizdan oldingilarga harom qilingani va bizga ruxsat (ibaha) berilganini bildiruvchi dalil bilan kelgan bo‘ladi. Masalan, tirnoqlari bo‘linmagan hayvonning (Zu Zufr) harom qilinishi va yahudiylarga sigir va qo‘ylarning yog‘ini harom qilinishi shunday. Alloh (SWT) aytadi:
2 – The second type is that which its mention is found within our Sharee’ah upon an angle indicating its prohibition upon those who came before us and its permissibility (Ibaahah) for us. This is like the prohibition of Dhu Zhufr (undivided hoof) and the Tahreem (prohibition) of the fats of the cows and sheep upon the Jews. Allah (swt) said:
Ayting: "Men menga vahiy qilinganlar ichida, yeyuvchi uchun harom qilingan biror narsani topmayman, faqat o'lik hayvon, oqizilgan qon yoki cho'chqa go'shti bundan mustasno — chunki u, albatta, nopokdir — yoki Allohdan boshqa nomga atalgan, itoatsizlik bilan so'yilgan hayvon bundan mustasno. Lekin kim zaruratga duchor bo'lib, na xohlab, na haddan oshib (yesa), bas, albatta, Robbing mag'firat qiluvchi va rahmli zotdir." Va yahudiylarga esa tuyoqlari yakka bo'lgan har bir hayvonni harom qildik; sigir va qo'ylardan esa ularga ularning yog'ini harom qildik, faqat orqalariga yopishgan yoki ichaklariga aralashgan yoki suyak bilan qo'shilib ketgan yog' bundan mustasno. Buni ularning zulmi uchun jazo qilib berdik. Albatta, biz rostgo'ymiz.
Say, "I do not find within that which was revealed to me [anything] forbidden to one who would eat it unless it be a dead animal or blood spilled out or the flesh of swine - for indeed, it is impure - or it be [that slaughtered in] disobedience, dedicated to other than Allah. But whoever is forced [by necessity], neither desiring [it] nor transgressing [its limit], then indeed, your Lord is Forgiving and Merciful." And to those who are Jews We prohibited every animal of uncloven hoof; and of the cattle and the sheep We prohibited to them their fat, except what adheres to their backs or the entrails or what is joined with bone. [By] that We repaid them for their injustice. And indeed, We are truthful (Al-An’aam 145- 146).
Ahkom masalalariga kelsak, shariat bizga nimani halol qilgan bo'lsa, uni halol deb bilish va nimani harom qilgan bo'lsa, uni harom deb bilish uchun shariat bizga yo'l-yo'riq bergan narsaga qarashimizda ulamolar orasida hech qanday farq yoki ixtilof yo'q.
In regards to the Ahkaam like this, there is no difference or disagreement amongst the ‘Ulamaa in respect to us looking to what our Sharee’ah has guided us to, so that we make Halal that which it has made Halaal and we make Haraam that which it has made Haraam.
3 – Uchinchi toifa shundaki, bu shariatimiz sukut saqlagan, ammo ularning kitoblarida zikr qilingan narsalardir. Bu Qur'oni Karim va Sunnati Nabaviyada hech qanday dalil bilan zikr etilmagan narsadir. Ulamolarning ittifoqi bilan bu toifa biz tomonidan e'tiborga olinmaydi va uni qabul qilish yoki hukm uchun unga murojaat qilish mumkin emas. Chunki bizga faqat Alloh (swt) Muhammadga (ﷺ) nozil qilgan narsaga ergashish buyurilgan. Alloh Taolo aytadi:
3 – The third category relates to that which our Sharee’ah has been silent upon whilst it has been mentioned in their books. This is that which has not been mentioned by any indication within the Qur’aan Al-Kareem and the Sunnah An-Nabawiyah. This category is disregarded by us and it is not possible to take it or go to it for judgement by the agreement of the ‘Ulamaa. That is because we have been commanded to only follow that which Allah (swt) revealed upon Muhammad (saw). Allah Ta’Aalaa said:
Va Rasul sizga nimani bersa, uni olinglar va sizni nimadan qaytarsa, undan tiyilinglar. (Al-Hashr, 7)
And whatever the Messenger has given you take it and whatever he has forbidden you from abstain from it (Al-Hashr 7).
4 – Shariatimizda zikri kelgan, lekin rad etilmagan yoki tasdiqlanmagan (qo'llab-quvvatlanmagan) narsalar, masalan, Alloh Taolonining quyidagi so'zi kabi:
4 – That which its mention has been found in our Sharee’ah without denial or affirmation (support) and that is like the Qawl of Allah Ta’Aalaa:
Biz ularga Tavrotda jon uchun jon, ko‘z uchun ko‘z, burun uchun burun, quloq uchun quloq, tish uchun tish va yaralar uchun qisos belgiladik ({Va Biz ularga u kitobda: jon o‘rniga jon, ko‘z o‘rniga ko‘z, burun o‘rniga burun, quloq o‘rniga quloq, tish o‘rniga tish va yaralar uchun qisos farz qildik} — Moida surasi, 45-oyat).
And We ordained for them therein a life for a life, an eye for an eye, a nose for a nose, an ear for an ear, a tooth for a tooth, and for wounds is legal retribution (Qisaas) (Al-Maa’idah 45).
Ulamolar orasida bu toifadagi hukmlarning hujjat bo‘lishi va ularni qabul qilish yoki rad etish masalasida ixtilofli nuqtalar bor, ular soni qo‘l barmoqlaridan kamroqdir.
There are points of difference amongst the ‘Ulamaa in relation to this category of Ahkaam, numbering less than the number of fingers on a hand, in respect to its Hujjiyah and whether it should be taken or left?