14 国库(Bayt al-Mal) - 《哈里发国草案宪法》 | Quran Course

14 国库(Bayt al-Mal) - 《哈里发国草案宪法》 | Quran Course

在正统哈里发时期,存放公款的地方逐渐被称为"公库"(Bayt Al-Mal)。伊本·萨阿德在《大事记》(Al-Tabaqat)中,转述萨希勒·伊本·阿布·哈思玛及其他人的说法:"阿布·伯克尔在阿尔-萨尼赫有一所房子,没有人看守。有人对他说:'你为什么不派人看守它?'他说:'它有锁。'他将其中的财物陆续分发出去,直至空空如也。当他迁往麦地那时,便将其搬走,放在自己家中。" 欣纳德在《禁欲篇》(Al-Zuhd)中以良好的传述链,转述安纳斯的话:"有一个人来见欧麦尔,说:'信士们的领袖啊!请资助我,我想去参加圣战。'欧麦尔说:'拉着他的手,带他到公库去,让他取所需的钱财。'" 拜哈基在《大圣训集》(Al-Sunan Al-Kubra)中转述阿卜杜拉·伊本·瓦迪阿的话,伊本·哈贾尔认定该段传述可靠:"阿布·胡宰法的仆人萨利姆,是我们家一位名叫萨勒玛·宾特·叶尔的女子的仆人。她在蒙昧时期释放了他。他在叶麻玛战役中阵亡后,他的遗产被送到欧麦尔·伊本·哈塔卜那里。欧麦尔便召见了瓦迪阿·伊本·希西姆,说:'这是你仆人的遗产,你比别人更有权得到它。'他说:'信士们的领袖啊,真主使我们不需要它。我们的女主人无条件地释放了他,所以我们不想因他的事而使自己蒙羞(或使自己受损)。'于是欧麦尔将他的遗产放入公库。" 拜哈基和达里米转述,伊本·哈兹姆认定该段传述可靠:"苏夫扬·伊本·阿卜杜拉·伊本·拉比阿·塞given·萨given·萨给给" 阿布杜拉·本·阿慕尔叙述说："在奥斯曼执政时，有一名奴隶去世，没有任何亲属。于是他下令将其财产交入公库（Bayt Al-Mal）。"达里米（Al-Darimi）和伊本·艾布·沙伊巴（Ibn Abi Shaybah）都有此段记载。伊本·阿卜杜·巴尔（Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr）在《Al-Istidhkar》中引述安纳斯·伊本·西林（Anas Ibn Sirin）的话："阿里过去分配公库中的资金，直到公库空了，然后他会将其洗净，并坐在里面。"

At the time of the righteous Khulafaa’, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as Bayt Al-Mal. Ibn Sa‘d mentioned in Al-Tabaqat from Sahl Ibn Abu Hathmah and others: “Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it until it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house.” Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd with a good chain from Anas, he said: “A person came to Umar and said, ‘O Leader of the Believers! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to Bayt Al- Mal so he can take the funds he wants.” In Al-Sunan Al-Kubra by Al-Bayhaqi, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abd Allah b. Wadi‘ah, said: “Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah, was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Ye’ar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to Umar Ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadi‘ah Ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Leader of the Believers. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, Umar put his inheritance wealth in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazm authenticated it: “Sufyan b. ‘Abd Allah b. Rabi’ah Al-Thaqafi found a leather bag and brought it to Umar b. Al-Khattab. He said, ‘Announce it for one year; and if it was recognised (by someone) then give it (to them), otherwise it is yours.’ No body recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ordered us to do that.’ He said, ‘I do not want it.’ Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Darimi and Ibn Abi Shaybah narrated from ‘Abd Allah b. Amr who said: “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al- Mal.” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr narrated in Al-Istidhkar from Anas Ibn Sirin “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside.”.

关于Bayt Al-Mal的第一种含义,即"场所"而言,第二种含义即"负责机构"之所以需要说明,是因为有些财产并不存放于某个场所之中,例如土地、油井、气井、矿产,以及从财富中提取并分配给应得者的慈善基金,这些都不是存放在某个地方的。Bayt Al-Mal有时也用来指负责机构,正如Al-Bayhaqi在《Sunan》、Ahmad在《Al-Musnad》以及‘Abd Al-Razzaq在其《Musannaf》中,从Lahiq Ibn Hameed所传述的:"Ibn Mas'ood被派去主管司法和Bayt Al-Mal。"这并不意味着Umar(ra)派他去Bayt Al-Mal做看门人,而是说他负责收取和支配这些财产。这与Ibn Al-Mubarak在《Al-Zuhd》中从Al-Hasan传述的含义相同:当巴士拉的领袖与Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari一同前来,请求他为他们分配食物时,他在结束对他们的讲话时说:"诸位领袖!我已从Bayt Al-Mal为你们分配了两只羊和两块可耕地。"由此可见,它可以指负责机构。

This is in regards to the first meaning of Bayt Al-Mal, which is the place. With regards to the second meaning, which is the responsible authority, this is necessitated by the fact that the funds are sometimes not kept in a place, such as the lands, oil wells, gas wells, mines, and the charity funds that are taken from the wealth and paid to its deserving people without being kept in a place. The Bayt Al-Mal is sometimes used to mean the responsible authority as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi in Sunan, Ahmad in Al- Musnad, and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in His Musannaf, from Lahiq Ibn Hameed “Ibn Mas’ood was sent to preside over the judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal.” It would not mean that Umar (ra) sent him as a doorman to the Bayt Al-Mal, but rather he meant that he was responsible to collect and spend the funds. This is the same meaning as narrated by Ibn Al-Mubarak in Al-Zuhd from Al- Hasan, when the leaders of Basra came with Abu Musa Al- Ash‘ari and requested him to assign food for them. He said, in concluding his words to them: ‘O Leaders! I have assigned two sheep and two patches of arable land to you from the Bayt Al- Mal’; thus it can mean the responsible authority.

在上述关于苏夫扬·塞给菲所讲的那则有关他拾得皮袋并告知欧麦尔（愿真主喜悦他）的传述中，欧麦尔将它拿去，放入了公库（Bayt Al-Mal）。沙斐仪在《乌姆》（Al-Umm）中记载：“多位学者告诉我们，伊拉克的战利品送到欧麦尔·本·赫塔卜那里时，公库的保管人对他说：‘让我把它们存入公库吧。’他说：‘不！以天房的主发誓，在我分配之前，它不会被存放在任何房屋里。’于是他下令把它放在清真寺里，上面铺上皮垫，并让来自迁士和辅士的人看守。第二天早上，阿拔斯·本·阿卜杜勒·穆塔利卜和阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼·本·奥夫与他一同出来，他或是握着其中一人的手，或是被其中一人握着手。他们看到他时，便掀开了覆盖在财物上的皮垫。于是他看到了他从未见过的景象：他看到金子、蓝宝石、水晶和珍珠闪闪发光，便哭了起来。其中一人对他说：‘以真主发誓！今天不是哭泣的日子，而是赞美和喜悦的日子。’他说：‘以真主发誓！我不是你们那样想的。这样的财物在任何民族中增多，只会在他们之间带来祸害。’然后他转向天房的方向，举起双手说：‘我的主啊！我求你保护我，免受诱惑，因为我听到你（真主至高）说：”

In the narration mentioned above of Sufyan Al-Thaqafi regarding the leather bag which he found and announced to Umar (ra): “Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal”. Al-Shafi‘i reported in Al-Umm “More than one of the scholars told us that when the spoils of Iraq reached Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, the trustee of the Bayt Al-Mal told him, ‘let me put them in the Bayt Al-Mal’. He said: ‘No! By the Lord of the Ka’bah, it will not be kept in any house until I have divided it.’ So he ordered it should be put in the mosque, and leather mats were put on top of it and men from the Muhajir and Al-Ansar guarded it. In the morning, Al-‘Abbas b. ‘Abd Al-Muttalib and ‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf went out with him, he was either holding the hand of one of them, or one of them was holding his hand. When they saw him, they removed the leather mats away from the funds. So, he saw a scene he never saw before. He saw the gold, sapphire, crystals, and pearl sparkling and he cried. One of them said to him, ‘By Allah! This is not a day of crying, rather a day of praising and delight.’ He said ‘By Allah! I did not think of it your way. Rather, such funds will not increase in any people except their harm falls between them.’ Then he turned to the Qiblah, rose up his hands and said, ‘O my Lord! I seek protection with you from being allured, for I hear You (swt) saying:

“但那些否认我们的迹象的人，我们将渐渐引导他们（走向毁灭），而他们却不知道。”（TMQ 7:183）然后他说："苏拉喀·伊本·贾沙姆在哪里？"他被带到他面前，他的手臂上长着毛，且细瘦。他把克斯拉的两个手镯给了他，说："戴上它们。"他便戴上了。然后他说："真主至大。"他说："真主至大。"他又说："赞美真主，是祂从克斯拉·伊本·希尔米兹那里夺走了这些，并让贝都因人、来自麦德莱智部族的苏拉喀·伊本·贾沙姆穿戴上了它们。"他开始用一根棍子翻动财物，说："确实，那个交出这些的人是诚实的。"有人对他说："让我告诉您，您是真主的受托人（阿敏），而他们向您交付的，正是他们向真主交付的。所以，如果您隐瞒，他们也会隐瞒。"他说："你说得对。"然后他便将其分发了出去。我们之前还提到了达里米所记载的伊本·阿慕尔的传述：一名仆人在奥斯曼时期去世，没有亲属。于是他下令将其财产交入公库（拜特·马利）。此外，还有阿努斯·伊本·西林在《伊斯提兹卡尔》中的记载：阿里过去会分配财物，直到公库空了，然后他会洗净它，并坐在里面（即坐在地上）。

“But those who deny Our signs - We will progressively lead them [to destruction] from where they do not know.”. (TMQ 7:183). Then he said, ‘Where is Suraqah Ibn Ja’sham?’ He was brought to him while his arms were hairy and slim. He gave him the two bracelets of Kisra. He said, ‘Wear them’ and he did. He then said, ‘Allah is great.’ He said, ‘Allah is Great’ He said, ‘Say all Praise is to Allah, who wrested them from Kisra Ibn Hirmiz and dressed Suraqah b. Ja‘sham with them, a Bedouin from Bani Midlij.’ He started to turn over the funds with a stick and said, ‘Indeed the one that rendered that is honest.’ A man said to him, ‘Let me tell you, you are the trustee of Allah (ameen), and they render to you that which you rendered to Allah. So, if you reveled they would revel.’ He said, ‘You said the truth.’ then he distributed it”. We mentioned before also the narration of ‘Abd Allah b. Amr as reported by Al-Darimi “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al-Mal”. This is aside from the narration of Anas Ibn Sirin in Al-Istidhkar that “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside (on the floor).”.

正统的哈里发们遵循他的做法,因此他们会指派其他人来管理财库事务。伊本·伊斯哈格和哈利法说:"艾布·伯克尔任命艾布·欧拜代·本·哲拉赫掌管公库(Bayt Al-Mal),之后又派他前往沙姆。"adh-Dhahabi在评述穆阿耶盖卜的生平时说:"艾布·伯克尔和欧麦尔任命他掌管公库。"伊本·凯西尔在《开端与终结》(Al-Bidayah wa 'l-Nihayah)中,引述阿卜杜拉·本·祖拜尔的话说:"安拉的使者ﷺ以阿卜杜拉·本·阿尔加姆·本·阿卜杜·雅古ษ为书记,他代表使者ﷺ回复各国君主。据称他曾命令其书写致某些君主的信函,并因对其信任而在他所念的信件上盖印。他还写信给艾布·伯克尔,并让他负责公库,欧麦尔·本·赫塔卜对此表示同意。"伊本·萨阿德在《层级志》(Al-Tabaqat)中,伊本·哈哲尔在《伊苏巴》(Al-'Isabah)中记载,欧麦尔(愿安拉喜悦之)的财务官是他的仆人雅萨尔·本·努迈尔。艾哈迈德在《圣训集》(Musnad)中,阿卜杜·拉扎格在《穆萨奈夫》(Al-Musannaf)中,转述拉希格·本·哈米德的话:"他派伊本·麦斯欧德掌管司法与公库",指的是派往库法。哈利法转述马立克·本·艾奈斯从宰德·本·阿斯拉姆处的传述:"欧麦尔任命阿卜杜拉·本·阿尔加姆掌管公库。"伊本·胡宰麦在其《圣训真本》(Sahih)中转述欧尔沃·本·祖拜尔的话:"阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼·本·阿卜杜·卡里说:'欧麦尔·本·赫塔卜在位时,我负责公库。'"伊本·哈哲尔在《法特赫》(Al-Fateh)中论及阿卜杜拉·本·麦斯欧德的美德时说:"欧麦尔和奥斯曼任命他在库法掌管公库。"贾赫沙雅里在《宰相与书记》(Al-Wuzara' wa 'l-Kuttab)中记载:"阿卜杜拉·本·阿尔加姆·本·阿卜杜·雅古ษ,先知ﷺ的书记之一,曾为他管理公库",指的是奥斯曼(愿安拉喜悦之)。 Al-Hakim 在《Al-Mustadrak》中引述 Al-Zubayr Ibn Bakkar 的话说：“‘Abdullah Ibn Al-Arqam Ibn Abdu Yaghuth 在 Umar 时期以及 Uthman 执政之初，直至去世，都负责管理 Bayt Al-Mal（国库）；他也曾与 Messenger 相伴。” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr 在《Al-Isti’ab》中说：“Zaid Ibn Thabit 在 Uthman 的哈里发时期负责管理 Bayt Al-Mal。Zaid 有一个名叫 Wahib 的奴隶，Uthman 看到他在国库中帮忙，便问：‘这是谁？’Zayd 答道：‘是我的奴隶。’Uthman 说：‘我看到他在为穆斯林服务，他也应当享有一份权利，我为他拨给一份。’于是他为他拨给了两千。Zayd 说：‘以真主起誓，你不能为一个奴隶拨给两千。’于是他又改为拨给一千。” Al-Sadfi 在关于埃及学者及进入埃及的 Messenger of Allah ﷺ 的同伴的书中提到：“此后，Abu Rafi‘ 被推荐给 ‘Ali b. Abi Talib，于是他让他负责 Kufa 的 Bayt Al-Mal。” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr 在《Al-Isti’ab》中说：“‘Ubayd Allah b. Abu Rafi‘ 是 ‘Ali 的财务官和秘书。” Al-‘Ayni 在《‘Umdat Al-Qari'》中提到：“‘Abd Allah b. Wahb Al-Suwa’i，‘Ali 敬重他、喜爱他并信任他，于是让他负责 Kufa 的 Bayt Al-Mal。” ‘Ali 任命 Ziyad 负责 Basra。Al-Jahshiyari 说：“当他离开 Basra 时，他让他负责 Al-Kharaj 和 Diwan。” 国库（Bayt Al-Mal）可以分为两部分：

The Righteous Khulafaa’ followed him in his method, so they used to appoint some other people to run the affairs of funds. Ibn Ishaq and Khalifah said: “Abu Bakr appointed Abu ‘Ubaydah b. Al-Jarrah in charge of Bayt Al-Mal, and then he sent him to Al-Sham”. Al-Dhahabi said commenting on the life of Mu’ayqib that “Abu Bakr and Umar appointed him in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal”. In Ibn Kathir’s Al-Bidayah wa ‘l- Nihayah he mentioned from ‘Abd Allah b. Zubayr “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) used ‘Abd Allah b. Al-Arqam b. ‘Abdu Yaghuth as a scribe, and he used to reply to the Kings on his behalf, and it was mentioned that he used to order him to write to some of the Kings and would stamp what he read to him due to the trust he had with him, and he wrote to Abu Bakr and made him responsible for the Bayt Al-Mal and Umar b. Al-Khattab consented to that”. Ibn Sa‘d narrated in Al-Tabaqat and Ibn Hajar in Al-‘Isabah that the treasurer of Umar (ra) was his servant Yasar Ibn Numayr. Ahmad in his Musnad and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in Al- Musannaf reported from Lahiq b. Hamid that he said, “And he sent Ibn Mas‘ud in charge of judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal”, meaning to Kufa. Khalifah reported from Malik Ibn Anas from Zayd b. Aslam that “Umar appointed ‘Abd Allah b. Arqam in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal”. Ibn Khuzymah reported in his Sahih from ‘Urwah b. Al-Zubaiyr that “‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Abd Al-Qari said, ‘I was in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal at the time of Umar b. Al-Khattab”. Ibn Hajar narrated in Al-Fateh in the context of speaking about the virtues of ‘Abd Allah b. Mas‘ud: “And he was appointed by Umar and ‘Uthman in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal in Kufa”. Al-Jahshayari mentioned in Al-Wuzara’ wa ’l-Kuttab “that ‘Abdullah b. Arqam Ibn ‘Abdu Yaghuth, one of the scribes of the Prophet (phuh), used to run the Bayt Al-Mal to him”, meaning to ‘Uthman (ra). Al-Hakim mentioned in Al-Mustadrak from Al- Zubayr Ibn Bakkar that, “Abdullah Ibn Al-Arqam Ibn Abdu Yaghuth was in charge of Bayt Al-Mal at the time of Umar and the beginning of the authority of Uthman till he passed away; and he had some companionship (with the Messenger)”. Ibn ‘Abd Al- Barr said in Al-Isti’ab: “Zaid Ibn Thabit was in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal during the Khilafah of Uthman; Zaid used to have a slave called Wahib, Uthman saw him helping them in the Bayt Al-Mal, so he said: ‘Who is this?’ Zayd replied, ‘A slave to me.’ Uthman said, ‘I see that he helps the Muslims, and he is entitled for a right, and I allocate it to him.’ So he allocated to him two thousand. Zayd said, ‘By Allah, you cannot allocate two thousand to a slave’, so he allocated to him one thousand”. Al-Sadfi mentioned in the book about the scholars of Egypt and the companions of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) who entered it: “Abu Rafi‘ was referred after that to ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, so he put him in charge of Bayt Al-Mal in Al-Kufa”. Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr said in Al- Isti’ab: “‘Ubayd Allah b. Abu Rafi‘ was a treasurer and secretary to ‘Ali”. Al-‘Ayni mentioned in ‘Umdat Al-Qari': “‘Abd Allah b. Wahb Al-Suwa’i, ‘Ali used to honour him, love him and trust him, so he was put in charge of Bayt Al-Mal in Kufa”. ‘Ali appointed Ziyad in charge of Basra. Al-Jahshiyari said: “When he left Basra, he placed him in charge of Al-Kharaj and Diwan". The treasury (Bayt Al-Mal) can be divided into two parts: