Article 5-6 - 《哈里发国草案宪法》 | Quran Course

Article 5-6 - 《哈里发国草案宪法》 | Quran Course

. إِذَا أَمَّرَ أَمِيرًا عَلَى جَيْشٍ أَوْ سَرِيَّةٍ أَوْصَاهُ فِي خَاصَّتِهِ كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ « بِتَ قْوَى اللَّهِ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنْ الْمُسْلِمِينَ خَيْ رًا، ثُمَّ قَالَ: اغْزُوا بِاسْمِ اللَّهِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، قَاتِلُوا مَنْ كَفَرَ بِاللَّهِ، اغْ زوا وَلا تَ غُلُّوا وَلا تَ غْدِرُوا وَلا تَمْثُ لُوا وَلا تَ قْتُ لُوا وَلِيدًا، وَإِذَا لَقِيتَ عَدُوَّكَ مِنْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ فَادْعُهُمْ إِلَى ثَلاثِ خِصَالٍ أَوْ خِلالٍ، فَأَي تَُّ هُنَّ مَا أَجَابُوكَ فَاقْ بَلْ مِنْ هُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْ هُمْ، ثُمَّ ادْعُهُمْ إِ لَى الإِسْلاَمِ، فَإِنْ أَجَابُوكَ فَاقْ بَلْ مِنْ هُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْ هُمْ، ثُمَّ ادْعُهُمْ إِلَى التَّحَوُّلِ مِنْ دَارِهِمْ إِلَى دَارِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ، وَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَن هَُّمْ إِنْ فَ عَلُوا ذَلِكَ فَ لَهُ مْ مَا لِلْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَعَلَيْهِمْ مَا عَلَى الْمُهَاجِرِينَ، فَإِنْ أَب وَْا أَنْ يَ تَحَوَّلُوا مِنْ هَا فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَن هَُّمْ يَكُونُونَ كَأَعْرَابِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَجْرِي عَلَيْهِمْ حُكْمُ اللَّهِ الَّذِي يَجْرِي عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَلا » يَكُونُ لَهُمْ فِي الْغَنِيمَةِ وَالْفَيْءِ شَيْءٌ إِلاَّ أَنْ يُجَاهِدُوا مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ .

. إِذَا أَمَّرَ أَمِيرًا عَلَى جَيْشٍ أَوْ سَرِيَّةٍ أَوْصَاهُ فِي خَاصَّتِهِ كَانَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ « بِتَ قْوَى اللَّهِ وَمَنْ مَعَهُ مِنْ الْمُسْلِمِينَ خَيْ رًا، ثُمَّ قَالَ: اغْزُوا بِاسْمِ اللَّهِ فِي سَبِيلِ اللَّهِ، قَاتِلُوا مَنْ كَفَرَ بِاللَّهِ، اغْ زوا وَلا تَ غُلُّوا وَلا تَ غْدِرُوا وَلا تَمْثُ لُوا وَلا تَ قْتُ لُوا وَلِيدًا، وَإِذَا لَقِيتَ عَدُوَّكَ مِنْ الْمُشْرِكِينَ فَادْعُهُمْ إِلَى ثَلاثِ خِصَالٍ أَوْ خِلالٍ، فَأَي تَُّ هُنَّ مَا أَجَابُوكَ فَاقْ بَلْ مِنْ هُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْ هُمْ، ثُمَّ ادْعُهُمْ إِ لَى الإِسْلاَمِ، فَإِنْ أَجَابُوكَ فَاقْ بَلْ مِنْ هُمْ وَكُفَّ عَنْ هُمْ، ثُمَّ ادْعُهُمْ إِلَى التَّحَوُّلِ مِنْ دَارِهِمْ إِلَى دَارِ الْمُهَاجِرِينَ، وَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَن هَُّمْ إِنْ فَ عَلُوا ذَلِكَ فَ لَهُ مْ مَا لِلْمُهَاجِرِينَ وَعَلَيْهِمْ مَا عَلَى الْمُهَاجِرِينَ، فَإِنْ أَب وَْا أَنْ يَ تَحَوَّلُوا مِنْ هَا فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَن هَُّمْ يَكُونُونَ كَأَعْرَابِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ يَجْرِي عَلَيْهِمْ حُكْمُ اللَّهِ الَّذِي يَجْرِي عَلَى الْمُؤْمِنِينَ، وَلا » يَكُونُ لَهُمْ فِي الْغَنِيمَةِ وَالْفَيْءِ شَيْءٌ إِلاَّ أَنْ يُجَاهِدُوا مَعَ الْمُسْلِمِينَ .

“当安拉的使者ﷺ任命某人为军队或分遣队的指挥官时，他会特别嘱咐他敬畏安拉，并善待与他同行的穆斯林。他会说：你们要奉安拉之名，为安拉之道而战。与不信安拉的人作战。进行圣战，不要侵吞战利品；不要违背誓约；不要残害（死者的）尸体；不要杀害儿童。当你们遇到以多神教为信仰的敌人时，请邀请他们选择三种做法。如果他们接受其中任何一种，你们也应接受，并克制自己，不对他们加以任何伤害。邀请他们皈依伊斯兰；如果他们回应你们，就接受他们，并停止与他们作战。然后邀请他们从自己的土地迁往移民者之地，并告知他们，如果这样做，他们将享有移民者的一切权利，并承担移民者的一切义务。如果他们拒绝迁徙，就告诉他们，他们将处于游牧穆斯林的地位，像其他穆斯林一样遵从安拉的命令，但除非他们真正与穆斯林一同（对抗不信者）作战，否则将不能分得战利品或法伊^（Fai'）。”（穆斯林圣训实录辑录）。这段圣训清楚地表明，即使是穆斯林，若不迁往伊斯兰之地（Dar Al-Islam），也不能享有公民的任何权利。安拉的使者ﷺ邀请他们归于伊斯兰的权威之下，使他们能够享有穆斯林所享有的权利，并承担穆斯林所承担的义务；他说：

“When the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) appointed anyone as leader of an army or detachment he would especially exhort him to fear Allah and to be good to the Muslims who were with him. He would say: Fight in the name of Allah and in the way of Allah. Fight against those who disbelieve in Allah. Make a holy war, do not embezzle the spoils; do not break your pledge; and do not mutilate (the dead) bodies; do not kill the children. When you meet your enemies who are polytheists, invite them to three courses of action. If they respond to any one of these, you also accept it and withhold yourself from doing them any harm. Invite them to (accept) Islam; if they respond to you, accept it from them and desist from fighting against them. Then invite them to migrate from their lands to the land of Emigrants and inform them that, if they do so, they shall have all the privileges and obligations of the Emigrants. If they refuse to migrate, tell them that they will have the status of Bedouin Muslims and will be subjected to the Commands of Allah like other Muslims, but they will not get any share from the spoils of war or Fai' except when they actually fight with the Muslims (against the disbelievers).” (Recorded by Muslim). This narration indicates clearly that the one who does not migrate to Dar Al-Islam will not enjoy any of the rights of citizenship even if he were a Muslim. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) invited them to come under the authority of Islam so that they may enjoy what the Muslims enjoyed and undertake the obligations which the Muslims undertook; he said:

“然后邀请他们从自己的土地迁移到muhajirin（迁士）之地，并告知他们：如果这样做，他们将享有迁士所享有的一切权利，并承担迁士所承担的一切义务。”这段文字规定，迁移是他们获得我们所拥有之物、并使我们的义务落在他们身上的前提，换言之，他们由此才处于律法之下。这段圣训的理解是：如果他们不迁移，就不会拥有迁士所拥有的东西，也就是他们在伊斯兰之境（Dar Al-Islam）中所拥有的东西。因此，这段圣训阐明了迁往迁士之地（即伊斯兰之境）的人与不迁移者在律法上的差别；而迁士之地就是伊斯兰之境，其他任何地方则是kufr之境（Dar Al-Kufr）。个人居住在伊斯兰之境还是kufr之境，被称为其公民身份。因此，一个人的公民身份，指的是他选择作为居所的地方：是伊斯兰之境，还是kufr之境？如果是伊斯兰之境，则适用伊斯兰之境的规则，此人便是伊斯兰公民身份的持有者；如果是kufr之境，则适用kufr之境的规则，居住在那里的人不被视为伊斯兰公民身份的持有者。

“Then invite them to migrate from their lands to the land of Emigrants (Muhajirin) and inform them that, if they do so, they shall have all the privileges and obligations of the Emigrants”. This text stipulates that migration is required for them to have what we have and for our obligations to be upon them, in other words, for them to fall under the laws. The understanding of the narration is that if they did not move they would not have what the emigrants had, in other words, what they had in the abode of Islam (Dar Al-Islam), so this narrations explain the difference in the laws between the one who moves to the abode of the emigrants and the one who doesn’t, and the abode of the emigrants was the abode of Islam with anything else being the abode of disbelief (Dar Al-Kufr). The individual’s residence in Dar Al-Islam or in Dar Al-Kufr is referred to as citizenship. Hence, a person’s citizenship means the abode which he chooses as his residence; is it Dar Al-Islam or Dar Al-Kufr? If it were Dar Al-Islam, then the rules of Dar Al-Islam would apply to it, and in this case a person would be a holder of an Islamic citizenship. If it were Dar Al-Kufr, the rules of Dar Al-Kufr would apply to it, and the person living there would not be considered as a holder of an Islamic citizenship.

As for abiding by that which we abide by in terms of justice, this is derived from the actions and sayings of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) (swt). He (pbuh) used to exact the same punishment upon the disbelievers and the Muslims. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) punished a Jew by killing him for killing a woman, as has been recorded in Al-Bukhari from Anas Bin Malik who said: خَرَجَتْ جَارِيَةٌ عَلَيْ هَا أَوْضَاحٌ بِالْمَدِينَةِ قَالَ فَ رَمَاهَا يَ هُودِ ي بِحَجَرٍ قَالَ فَجِيءَ « فُلاَنٌ قَ تَ لَكِ فَ رَفَ عَتْ رَأْسَهَا وَبِهَا رَمَقٌ فَ قَالَ لَهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ بِهَا إِلَى النَّبِيِّ فَأَعَادَ عَلَيْ هَا قَالَ فُلاَنٌ قَ تَ لَكِ فَ رَفَ عَتْ رَأْسَهَا فَ قَالَ لَهَا فِي الثَّالِثَةِ فُلاَنٌ قَ تَ لَكِ » فَ قَتَ لَهُ بَ يْنَ الْحَجَرَيْنِ فَخَفَضَتْ رَأْسَهَا فَدَعَا بِهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ .

As for abiding by that which we abide by in terms of justice, this is derived from the actions and sayings of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) (swt). He (pbuh) used to exact the same punishment upon the disbelievers and the Muslims. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) punished a Jew by killing him for killing a woman, as has been recorded in Al-Bukhari from Anas Bin Malik who said: خَرَجَتْ جَارِيَةٌ عَلَيْ هَا أَوْضَاحٌ بِالْمَدِينَةِ قَالَ فَ رَمَاهَا يَ هُودِ ي بِحَجَرٍ قَالَ فَجِيءَ « فُلاَنٌ قَ تَ لَكِ فَ رَفَ عَتْ رَأْسَهَا وَبِهَا رَمَقٌ فَ قَالَ لَهَا رَسُولُ اللَّهِ بِهَا إِلَى النَّبِيِّ فَأَعَادَ عَلَيْ هَا قَالَ فُلاَنٌ قَ تَ لَكِ فَ رَفَ عَتْ رَأْسَهَا فَ قَالَ لَهَا فِي الثَّالِثَةِ فُلاَنٌ قَ تَ لَكِ » فَ قَتَ لَهُ بَ يْنَ الْحَجَرَيْنِ فَخَفَضَتْ رَأْسَهَا فَدَعَا بِهِ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ .