统治者分为四类：哈里发（Khalifah）、受托的副手、总督，以及工作人员（'amil），凡属于同一规定者亦然。至于其他任何人，则不被视为统治者，而只是雇员。

There are four types of rulers: the Khalifah, the delegated assistant, the governor, and the worker (’amil), and whoever falls under the same rule. As for anyone else, they are not considered rulers, but rather employees.

在本文中，所谓“统治者”，是指掌握权力、负责管理事务的人，无论其治理范围是整个国家还是国家的一部分。通过对伊斯兰教法规则的推演，被授权负责管理事务、制定法律、并且在执行法律方面须被服从的人有四类：哈里发、辅佐官（代理部长）、总督和阿米勒；他们因其统治地位而须被服从。

The ruler in the article is the one holding authority who is responsible for governing the affairs, irrespective of whether the governance was for the whole State or for a part of it. Through deduction from the Shari’ah rules, the ones who are made responsible for governing the affairs, establishing the laws and are to be obeyed with respect to their implementation of the laws are these four: the Khalifah, the assistant (delegate minister), the governor, and the Amil; and they are to be obeyed due to their position of rule.

关于哈里发（Khalifah），他是由乌玛（Ummah，即民族）授予宣誓效忠的人，作为他们的代表来建立迪恩（Deen，即宗教），因此他执行哈杜德（hudud，即固定刑罚），施行法律，并进行圣战（Jihad），并且他应当被服从：

With regards to the Khalifah, he is the man who is given the pledge by the Ummah (nation) to establish the Deen (religion)as their representative, and so he establishes the hudud, implements the laws, and carries out the Jihad, and he is owed obedience:

.وَمَنْ بَايَعَ إِمَامًا فَأَعْطَاهُ صَفْقَةَ يَدِهِ وَثَمَرَةَ قَ لْ بِهِ فَ لْيُطِعْهُ إِنِ اسْتَطَاعَ، فَإِنْ جَاءَ « » آخَرُ ي نَُازِعُهُ فَاضْرِبُوا عُنُقَ الآخَرِ.

.وَمَنْ بَايَعَ إِمَامًا فَأَعْطَاهُ صَفْقَةَ يَدِهِ وَثَمَرَةَ قَ لْ بِهِ فَ لْيُطِعْهُ إِنِ اسْتَطَاعَ، فَإِنْ جَاءَ « » آخَرُ ي نَُازِعُهُ فَاضْرِبُوا عُنُقَ الآخَرِ.

"凡向哈里发宣誓效忠者，应当与他握手，并真心诚意地服从他（即在外在和内心都顺服于他）。他应当尽其所能地服从他。如果另有人出来（自称哈里发）与他争夺权位，穆斯林应当斩杀此人。"（穆斯林圣训实录，由阿卜杜拉·本·阿慕尔·本·阿绥传述）

“He who swears allegiance to a Caliph should give him the grasp of his hand and the sincerity of his heart (i. e. submit to him both outwardly as well as inwardly). He should obey him to the best of his capacity. If another man comes forward (as a claimant to Caliphate), disputing his authority, they (the Muslims) should behead the latter.” (reported by Muslim through ‘Abd Allah b. Amr b. Al-‘As).

至于代理大臣（Wazir al-Tafwid），他是协助哈里发处理政务的助手，换言之，是一种普遍且持续有效的治理权。其依据在于：他是拥有治理权的人，哈里发所委托他办理的事务，或请他协助执行的政务，都必须服从他。艾哈迈德以良好的传述链，引述阿伊莎（愿真主喜悦她）的话说：先知ﷺ说：

As for the delegate minister, he is the assistant who assists the Khalifah in running the governing of the affairs; in other words, the general, continuous binding governorship. The evidence for this is that he is the one in a position of rule who must be obeyed in the issues that the Khalifah charged him with or requested him to assist him in carrying out the affairs. Ahmad reported with a good chain from 'Aisha (ra) that she said: the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said,

"مَنْ وَلاَّهُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ مِنْ أَمْرِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ شَيْئًا فَأَرَادَ بِهِ خَيْ رًا جَعَلَ لَهُ وَزِيرَ صِدْقٍ، فَإِنْ نَسِيَ ذكََّرَهُ، وَإِنْ ذكََرَ أَعَانَه ".

"مَنْ وَلاَّهُ اللَّهُ عَزَّ وَجَلَّ مِنْ أَمْرِ الْمُسْلِمِينَ شَيْئًا فَأَرَادَ بِهِ خَيْ رًا جَعَلَ لَهُ وَزِيرَ صِدْقٍ، فَإِنْ نَسِيَ ذكََّرَهُ، وَإِنْ ذكََرَ أَعَانَه ".

当真主（SWT）为穆斯林任命一位统治者，并欲使他行善时，真主（SWT）便会为他安排一位忠诚的大臣（助手），他若忘记，此人会提醒他；他若记得，此人会协助他。

“ When Allah (swt) appoints a governer over Muslims, and desire good for him (this ruler), Allah (swt) appoints a sincere minister (assistant) to him who will remind him if he forgets and helps him if he remembers.”.

至于省长，他是哈里发授权管理国家某一省份的人。证明他属于应当被服从的统治者的证据，是穆斯林圣训集所载的奥夫·本·马立克·艾什杰尔仪（愿安拉喜悦他）的传述，他说：他听到安拉的使者ﷺ说。

As for the governor, he is the man who the Khalifah gives authority to over one of the governorates of the State. The evidence that he is in a position of ruling who must be obeyed is what is reported by Muslim from Auf Bin Malik Al-Ashja’i who said that he heard the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) say.

."... أَلاَ مَنْ وَلِيَ عَلَيْهِ وَالٍ فَ رَآهُ يَأْتِي شَيْئًا مِنْ مَعْصِيَةِ اللَّهِ، فَ لْيَكْرَهْ مَا يَأْتِي مِنْ مَعْصِيَةِ اللَّهِ ، وَلاَ يَ نْزِعَنَّ يَدًا مِنْ طَاعَةٍ ".

."... أَلاَ مَنْ وَلِيَ عَلَيْهِ وَالٍ فَ رَآهُ يَأْتِي شَيْئًا مِنْ مَعْصِيَةِ اللَّهِ، فَ لْيَكْرَهْ مَا يَأْتِي مِنْ مَعْصِيَةِ اللَّهِ ، وَلاَ يَ نْزِعَنَّ يَدًا مِنْ طَاعَةٍ ".

“……但你要注意！如果有人被任命了一位统治者，而他发现这位统治者做了违抗真主的事，他应当谴责此行为，因为它违抗了真主，但不应因此而脱离对统治者的服从。”

“…mind you! One who has a governer appointed over him and he finds that the governer indulges in an act of disobedience to Allah, he should condemn his act, in disobedience to Allah, but should not withdraw himself from his obedience.”.

. "... إِذَا رَأَيْ تُمْ مِنْ وُلاتِكُمْ شَيْئًا تَكْرَهُ ونَهُ، فَاكْرَهُوا عَمَلَهُ، وَلا تَ نْزِعُوا يَدًا مِنْ طَاعَةٍ ".

. "... إِذَا رَأَيْ تُمْ مِنْ وُلاتِكُمْ شَيْئًا تَكْرَهُ ونَهُ، فَاكْرَهُوا عَمَلَهُ، وَلا تَ نْزِعُوا يَدًا مِنْ طَاعَةٍ ".

至于'Amil(地方长官),他是哈里发委任掌管某个村庄、城镇或某个省辖区一部分的人,或是他的代理人。他的职责与省长相似,不同之处在于他管辖的是省的一部分而非全部,因此他和省长一样是必须服从的统治者,因为他是由哈里发或省长任命的领导者。布哈里从安albas·本·马立克处传述,他说:先知穆罕默德ﷺ说:……

As for the ‘Amil he is the one who the Khalifah puts in charge of, or his representative, a village, town or part of a governorate. His work is like that of the governor except that he is ruling over a part of the governorate and not the whole of it and accordingly he is a ruler who must be obeyed like the governor, because he is a leader coming either from the Khalifah or the governor. Al- Bukhari reported from Anas b. Malik who said that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said.

. "اسْمَعُوا وَأَطِيعُوا وإِنِ اسْ تُ عْمِلَ عَلَيْكُمْ عَبْدٌ حَبَشِ ي كَأَنَّ رَأْسَهُ زَبِيبَة ".

. "اسْمَعُوا وَأَطِيعُوا وإِنِ اسْ تُ عْمِلَ عَلَيْكُمْ عَبْدٌ حَبَشِ ي كَأَنَّ رَأْسَهُ زَبِيبَة ".

“即使有一位头像葡萄干的埃塞俄比亚人被任命为你们的统治者，你们也要听从并服从”。穆斯林（圣训学家）引述乌姆·侯赛因的话，她说她听到先知ﷺ在辞朝（告别朝觐）时发表讲话，他说：

“Listen and obey even if an Ethiopian whose head is like a raisin where made your ruler”. Muslim reported from Umm Al- Husayn who said that she heard the Prophet (phuh) give a sermon in the farewell pilgrimage where he said.

."وَلَوِ اسْتُ عْمِلَ عَلَيْكُمْ عَبْدٌ يَ قُودُكُمْ بِكِتَابِ اللَّهِ فَاسْمَعُوا لَهُ وَأَطِيعُوا".

."وَلَوِ اسْتُ عْمِلَ عَلَيْكُمْ عَبْدٌ يَ قُودُكُمْ بِكِتَابِ اللَّهِ فَاسْمَعُوا لَهُ وَأَطِيعُوا".

“即便有一名奴隶，以安拉的经典来领导你们，被任命为你们的统治者，你们也要听从他、服从他。”

“and even if a slave who leads you by the book of Allah is appointed over you, listen to him and obey”.

关于“以及属于同一规则的人”这一表述，其含义是：玛扎立姆法官（Madhalim judge）和大法官（judge of judges），如果他被授权任命和罢免玛扎立姆法官；以及玛扎立姆法官的权力，因为玛扎立姆法官属于该规则的范围，正如第78条所涉及的内容。

With respect to the expression “and whoever falls under the same rule”, this means the Madhalim judge and the judge of judges if he is given the authority to appoint and remove the Madhalim judge, as well as the powers of the judges in Madhalim, since the judge of Madhalim is from the rule as is the subject of article 78