任命哈里发的方法是效忠宣誓（Bay’a）。任命哈里发及其效忠宣誓的具体步骤如下：

The method of appointing the Khalifah is the pledge of allegiance (Bay’a). The practical steps to appoint the Khalifah and his Bay’a are:

a. 伊斯兰法院（Madhalim）宣布哈里发职位空缺。

a. The Madhalim court announces the vacancy of the position of the Khilafah.

b. 临时领导人承担起其职责，并立即宣布开启提名程序。

b. The temporary leader takes control of his responsibility and announces the opening of the nomination procedure immediately.

c. 经伊斯蒂斯·马扎里姆法院裁定，符合签约条件的候选人的申请将被接受，其余申请则被排除。

c. Applications of the candidates fulfilling the contracting conditions would be accepted, excluding the other applications, by the decision from the Madhalim court.

d. 经马扎莱姆法庭（Madhalim court）受理的候选人，随后由伊斯兰协商会议（Shura council）的穆斯林成员进行两轮筛选：第一轮，他们从中选出得票最高的六名候选人；第二轮，从中选出得票最高的两名候选人。

d. The candidates who have been accepted by the Madhalim court, are then short listed twice by the Muslim members of the Shura council: first; they select the six candidates who got the highest votes from them, and the second stage is to select the two candidates who got the highest votes.

e. 宣布这两人的名字，并请穆斯林投票选出其中一位。

e. The names of the two are announced and the Muslims are requested to vote for one of them.

f. 宣布选举结果，并告知穆斯林得票最多的人选。

f. The result of the elections is announced and the Muslims are informed of the one that got most of the votes.

g. 穆斯林们随即着手向得票最多者宣誓效忠，此人将作为穆斯林的哈里发，遵循安拉的经典和祂的使者的逊奈行事。

g. The Muslims promptly set out to give the pledge to whoever got most of the votes, as the Khalifah of the Muslims upon the Book of Allah (swt) and the Sunnah of His Messenger .

h. 誓约完成之后，哈里发应向公众宣布，直至其任命的消息传遍整个乌玛，宣布内容包括其姓名，以及他具备使其有资格担任哈里发的各项条件。

h. Once the pledge has been completed, the Khalifah is announced to the public, until the news of his appointment has reached the whole Ummah, with mentioning of his name and that he fulfilled the characteristics that make him valid for contracting the Khilafah to him.

i. 在完成任命新哈里发的各项步骤之后，临时领导者的职责即告结束。

i. After completing the steps to appoint the new Khalifah the responsibility of the temporary leader ends.

当伊斯兰教法规定穆斯林社群必须任命一位哈里发时,它也明确规定了任命的方式。这一方式已由《古兰经》、圣训以及众圣门弟子的共识所界定,即效忠宣誓(Bay'a)。哈里发的任命,是依照安拉之书和祂的使者的逊奈,通过接受穆斯林的效忠宣誓而完成的。所谓"穆斯林",指的是:如果哈里发国已经建立,则为上一任哈里发所负责管辖的那些穆斯林;如果哈里发国尚未建立,则为即将在其境内建立哈里发国的那一地区的穆斯林。

When the Shari’ah obligated the appointment of a Khalifah upon the Ummah, it specified the method by which he would be appointed. This method has been defined by the Quran and Sunnah and the consensus of the companions. This method is the pledge of allegiance (Bay’a). The appointment of the Khalifah occurs through the taking of the Bay’a of the Muslims upon the action by the Book of Allah (swt) and the Sunnah of His Messenger. What is meant by “Muslims” is those Muslims who were under the responsibility of the last Khalifah if the Khilafah was established or the Muslims of the area which the Khilafah was being established within if it was not already established.

这一方法之所以成立，是因为穆斯林曾向先知（愿主赐福他并使他平安）宣誓效忠（Bay'a），并且先知（愿主赐福他并使他平安）命令我们向伊玛目宣誓效忠。至于穆斯林向先知（愿主赐福他并使他平安）的宣誓，那并非是对先知身份的宣誓，而是对统治权的宣誓，因为那是一种以行动为内容的宣誓，而不是对其先知身份的确认。确认对先知身份及其所传讯息的信仰属于伊玛尼（Iman），而不是宣誓。因此，唯一的结论是，宣誓必定是针对他作为国家元首的身份而言的。 宣誓在《古兰经》和圣训中都有提及。安拉（SWT）说：“先知啊！当信道的妇女来向你宣誓，表示她们不以任何物配主，不偷盗，不通奸，不杀害自己的子女，不捏造诬言介于双手与双足之间，不违抗你的任何合理命令，你就接受她们的宣誓吧。”（TMQ 60:12）安拉（SWT）又说：“那些向你宣誓效忠的人，实际上是在向安拉宣誓效忠，安拉的手在他们的手之上。”（TMQ 48:10） 布哈里圣训集记载：伊斯玛仪说，马立克告诉我，他从叶海亚·本·赛义德那里听说，乌巴德·本·瓦利德说，他的父亲告诉他，他从乌巴德·本·沙米特那里听来：

The fact that this method (Bay’a) is confirmed by the Muslims’ Bay’a to the Messenger (pbuh) , and from the order of the Messenger (pbuh) upon us to give the Bay’a to the Imam. As for the Bay’a of the Muslims to the Messenger (pbuh) , it was not a Bay’a on Prophethood but rather upon ruling, since it was a Bay’a upon action and not upon confimation (of the truth of his Prophethood. So he was given the Bay’a upon the basis that he was a ruler and not that he was a Prophet (phuh) or a Messenger, since the confirmation of belief in Prophethood and his message is Iman and not Bay’a. Therefore, all that remains is that the Bay’a must have been in respect of him being the head of the state. The Bay’a is mentioned in the Quran and the Sunnah. Allah (swt) says: “O Prophet (phuh), when the believing women come to you pledging to you that they will not associate anything with Allah, nor will they steal, nor will they commit unlawful sexual intercourse, nor will they kill their children, nor will they bring forth a slander they have invented between their arms and legs, nor will they disobey you in what is right - then accept their pledge.” (TMQ 60:12), and Allah (swt) says. “Indeed, those who pledge allegiance to you, [O Muhammad] - they are actually pledging allegiance to Allah. The hand of Allah is over their hands.” (TMQ 48:10). Al- Bukhari reported: Isma‘il said that Malik said to me from Yahya b. Sa‘id who said: ‘Ubadah b. Al-Walid said his father said to him from ‘Ubadah b. Al-Samit:

. عَلَى السَّمْعِ وَالطَّاعَةِ، فِي الْمَنْشَطِ وَالْمَكْرَهِ، وَأَنْ لاَ بَايَ عْنَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ « » ن نَُازِعَ الأَمْرَ أَهْلَهُ، وَأَنْ نَ قُومَ أَوْ نَ قُولَ بِالْحَقِّ حَيْثُمَا كُنَّا، لا نَخَافُ فِي اللَّهِ لَوْمَةَ لائِمٍ .

. عَلَى السَّمْعِ وَالطَّاعَةِ، فِي الْمَنْشَطِ وَالْمَكْرَهِ، وَأَنْ لاَ بَايَ عْنَا رَسُولَ اللَّهِ « » ن نَُازِعَ الأَمْرَ أَهْلَهُ، وَأَنْ نَ قُومَ أَوْ نَ قُولَ بِالْحَقِّ حَيْثُمَا كُنَّا، لا نَخَافُ فِي اللَّهِ لَوْمَةَ لائِمٍ .

“我们向安拉的先知ﷺ宣誓效忠，承诺无论在有精力的时候还是在疲倦的时候，都听从他并服从他，不与统治者争斗，也不违抗他；无论身在何处，都坚持真理、直言真理，在安拉的道路上，不畏惧责难者的指责。”。在《穆斯林圣训实录》中，据阿卜杜拉·本·阿慕尔·本·阿斯传述，安拉的使者ﷺ说：

“We gave the oath of allegiance to Allah's Prophet (phuh) that we would listen to and obey him both at the time when we were active and at the time when we were tired and that we would not fight against the ruler or disobey him, and would stand firm for the truth or say the truth wherever we might be, and in the Way of Allah we would not be afraid of the blame of the blamers. ”. And in Muslim from ‘Abd Allah b. Amr b. Al-‘As that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said:

. وَمَنْ بَايَعَ إِمَامًا فَأَعْطَاهُ صَفْقَةَ يَدِهِ وَثَمَرَةَ قَ لْبِهِ، فَ لْيُطِعْهُ إِنِ اسْتَطَاعَ ، فَإِنْ ...« » جَاءَ آخَرُ ي نَُازِعُهُ فَاضْرِبُوا عُنُقَ الآخَرِ.

. وَمَنْ بَايَعَ إِمَامًا فَأَعْطَاهُ صَفْقَةَ يَدِهِ وَثَمَرَةَ قَ لْبِهِ، فَ لْيُطِعْهُ إِنِ اسْتَطَاعَ ، فَإِنْ ...« » جَاءَ آخَرُ ي نَُازِعُهُ فَاضْرِبُوا عُنُقَ الآخَرِ.

“凡向伊玛目宣誓效忠者，应当以诚心和内心的真诚与他立约，并尽其所能服从他。如果在已经确立一位伊玛目之后，又有另一人出来争夺权位，就斩杀这后来者。”以及穆斯林（圣训辑录者）在艾布·赛义德·胡德里传述中提到，安拉的使者ﷺ说过。

“He who swears allegiance to an Imam, he should give him the pledge in ratification and the sincerity of his heart. He should obey him to the best of his capacity. If another man comes forward as a claimant (when one has already been installed), behead the second ”. And also in Muslim from Abu Sa‘id Al-Khudri that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said.

. » إِذ ا بُويِعَ لِخَلِيفَتَ يْنِ فَاقْ تُ لُوا الآخَرَ مِنْ هُمَا « .

. » إِذ ا بُويِعَ لِخَلِيفَتَ يْنِ فَاقْ تُ لُوا الآخَرَ مِنْ هُمَا « .

“当为两位哈里发宣誓效忠时，就杀死后被宣誓效忠的那一位。”穆斯林（圣训学家）也传述了来自艾卜·哈宰姆的记载，他说：我与艾卜·胡莱赖坐了五年，我听他说：他从先知ﷺ那里（传述）。

“When oath of allegiance has been taken for two caliphs, kill the one for whom the oath was taken later”. Muslim also reported from Abu Hazem who said: I sat with Abu Huraira for five years, and I heard him say from the Prophet (phuh).

. كَانَتْ بَ نُو إِسْرَائِيلَ تَسُوسُهُمْ الأَنْبِيَاءُ، كُلَّمَا هَلَكَ نَبِ ي خَلَفَهُ نَبِ ي، وَإِنَّهُ لا نَبِيَّ « بَ عْدِي، وَسَيَكُونُ خُلَفَاءُ فَ يَكْثُ رُونَ، قَالُوا: فَمَا تَأْمُرُنَا؟ قَالَ: فُوا بِبَ يْ عَةِ الأَوَّلِ فَالأَوَّلِ، » أَعْطُوهُمْ حَقَّهُمْ، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ سَائِلُهُمْ عَمَّا اسْتَ رْعَاهُمْ .

. كَانَتْ بَ نُو إِسْرَائِيلَ تَسُوسُهُمْ الأَنْبِيَاءُ، كُلَّمَا هَلَكَ نَبِ ي خَلَفَهُ نَبِ ي، وَإِنَّهُ لا نَبِيَّ « بَ عْدِي، وَسَيَكُونُ خُلَفَاءُ فَ يَكْثُ رُونَ، قَالُوا: فَمَا تَأْمُرُنَا؟ قَالَ: فُوا بِبَ يْ عَةِ الأَوَّلِ فَالأَوَّلِ، » أَعْطُوهُمْ حَقَّهُمْ، فَإِنَّ اللَّهَ سَائِلُهُمْ عَمَّا اسْتَ رْعَاهُمْ .

曾有先知统治以色列的后裔。每当一位先知去世，便会有另一位先知接替他；但在我之后不会再有先知，将会有哈里发，而且人数很多。他的同伴们问道：您命令我们怎么做（如果我们出现不止一位哈里发）？他说：先宣誓效忠的那一位享有优先于其他人的地位。你们要把他们应得的权利交给他们（即服从他们）。安拉将会就他们所管理的臣民向他们问责。

Banu Isra'il were ruled over by the Prophet (phuh)s. When one Prophet (phuh) died, another succeeded him; but after me there is no Prophet (phuh) and there will be caliphs and they will be quite large in number. His Companions said: What do you order us to do (in case we come to have more than one Caliph)? He said: The one to whom allegiance is sworn first has a supremacy over the others. Concede to them their due rights (i. e. obey them). Allah will question them about the subjects whom He had entrusted to them.”.

《古兰经》和圣训的文本明确表明，任命哈里发的方式是宣誓效忠（Bay'a）。从众圣门弟子的共识也可以理解这一点，他们据此行事，而对贤明哈里发的宣誓效忠也清楚地说明了这一点。

The texts of the Quran and Sunnah are explicit that the method to appoint the Khalifah is the Bay’a. It could also be understood from the consensus of the companions, who acted upon this, and the Bay’a to the righteous Khulafaa’ are clear in this regard.

以下步骤是从紧接在先知（ﷺ）去世之后的正统哈里发们所发生的事情中得知的，他们是阿布·伯克尔（愿真主喜悦他）、欧麦尔（愿真主喜悦他）、奥斯曼（愿真主喜悦他）和阿里（愿真主喜悦他），愿真主喜悦他们所有人。这些步骤以任命哈里发为结束，然后才向其宣誓效忠。所有的同伴都对所采取的步骤保持沉默并表示同意，尽管如果这些步骤与伊斯兰教法相违背，它们本应被拒绝，因为它们关系到穆斯林共同体赖以存在的最重要问题以及伊斯兰统治的延续。

The practical steps which conclude with the action of the appointment of the Khalifah before the giving of the pledge to him are understood from what occurred with the righteous khulafaa’ who came straight after the death of the Messenger (pbuh) . They were Abu Bakr (ra), Umar (ra), ‘Uthman (ra) and ‘Ali (ra), may Allah be pleased with them. All of the companions were silent upon and consented to the steps taken, even though they were steps which would have been rejected if they contradicted the Shari‘a since they were connected to the most important issue upon which the Muslim entity rested and the continuity of the ruling by Islam.

无论谁追溯那些哈里发任命的经过,都会发现:一些穆斯林曾在赛基法·白尼·萨伊德议论此事,候选人为萨阿德(愿真主喜悦他)、艾布·欧贝赛(愿真主喜悦他)、欧麦尔(愿真主喜悦他)和艾布·伯克尔(愿真主喜悦他)。然而,欧麦尔(愿真主喜悦他)和艾布·欧贝赛(愿真主喜悦他)都不愿与艾布·伯克尔(愿真主喜悦他)争夺此事,因此实际上争议只在艾布·伯克尔(愿真主喜悦他)与萨阿德·本·欧巴代(愿真主喜悦他)之间,并无他人。讨论的结果是,效忠誓约(Bay'a)给了艾布·伯克尔(愿真主喜悦他)。随后第二天,穆斯林被召集到清真寺向他宣誓效忠,因此,在赛基法的效忠是订立契约的效忠,人借此成为穆斯林的哈里发;而第二天在清真寺的效忠是服从的效忠。

Whoever followed what occurred in the appointment of those Khulafaa’, they would find that some of the Muslims discussed the issue in Saqifa Bani Sa‘idah and that the candidates were Sa’d (ra), Abu ‘Ubaida (ra), Umar (ra) and Abu Bakr (ra). However, both Umar (ra) and Abu ‘Ubaida (ra) did not wish to contest the issue against Abu Bakr (ra), and so the issue was really between Abu Bakr (ra) and Sa’d Bin ‘Ubada (ra) and no one else, with the result of the discussion being that the Bay’a was given to Abu Bakr (ra). Then on the second day the Muslims were called to the mosque to give him their Bay’a, and so the Bay’a in Al-Saqifa was one of contracting, and with it the person becomes the Khalifah of the Muslims, and the Bay’a in the mosque on the second day is the Bay’a of obedience.

当阿布·伯克尔（ra）感到自己的病已无法治愈，并且穆斯林军队正与当时的两大强国波斯和罗马交战时，他召集穆斯林，就谁应当成为他们的哈里发一事征询意见，前后花了三个月进行磋商。待磋商完成、他了解了多数穆斯林的看法后，他委任了欧麦尔（ra）作为他之后的哈里发，用现代的话说，就是提名欧麦尔（ra）接任。这种委任或提名并非让欧麦尔（ra）在他之后担任哈里发的契约，因为阿布·伯克尔（ra）去世后，穆斯林前往清真寺向欧麦尔（ra）宣誓效忠（Bay'a），欧麦尔（ra）正是通过这一效忠而成为穆斯林的哈里发，而不是通过磋商或阿布·伯克尔（ra）的委任。如果阿布·伯克尔（ra）的提名本身就是哈里发职位的契约，那么他就不需要穆斯林的效忠宣誓了。此外，前文提到的经文亦明确表明，一个人成为哈里发的唯一途径，就是穆斯林给予的效忠宣誓。

When Abu Bakr (ra) felt that his illness was terminal and specifically that the Muslim armies were involved in battles with the major powers of the time, the Persians and the Romans, he called the Muslims in order to consult them upon who should be the Khalifah for them and spent three months doing this consultation. When he had completed it and knew the opinion of the majority of the Muslims, he commissioned them, or in modern terminology nominated, that Umar (ra) should be the Khalifah after him. This commissioning or nomination was not a contract for Umar (ra) to be the Khalifah after him, since after the death of Abu Bakr (ra) the Muslims attended the mosque to give their Bay’a to Umar (ra) and through that he became the Khalifah of the Muslims, and not through the consultations, or Abu Bakr’s (ra) commission, since if the nomination by Abu Bakr (ra) was a contract for the Khilafah then he would not have required the Bay’a of the Muslims. This is on top of the texts mentioned earlier which explicitly indicate that the only manner for a person to become the Khalifah is through the Bay’a given by the Muslims.

在乌马尔(ra)遭刺杀时,穆斯林们请求他指定继承人,但他拒绝了。他们坚持恳求,于是他提名了六位候选人供他们选择,之后又任命苏海卜带领众人礼拜,并督促乌马尔(ra)所提名的那些人,在他规定的三天内从他们之中推举出一位哈里发。他对苏海卜说:

At the time that Umar (ra) was stabbed the Muslims requested that he appoint a successor which he refused to do. They pressed upon him and so he made, or nominated, six candidates for them, after which he appointed Suhayb to lead the people in prayer and to prevail upon those whom Umar (ra) had nominated until they decided upon a Khalifah from amongst themselves during the three days he had specified for them. He said to Suhayb.

. فإن اجتمع خمسة، ورضوا رجلاً، وأبى واحد، فاشدخ رأسه أو اضرب ...« »... رأسه بالسيف .

. فإن اجتمع خمسة، ورضوا رجلاً، وأبى واحد، فاشدخ رأسه أو اضرب ...« »... رأسه بالسيف .

“若五人一致同意某人，而一人反对，则以剑击其头”，此语见于塔巴里（Al-Tabari）的《历史》（Al-Ta’rikh），以及伊本·古太白（Ibn Qutaybah）所著、通常被称为《历代哈里发史》（Al-Ta’rikh Al-Khulafaa’）的《伊玛目与政治》（Al-Imama wa ’l-Siyasa），还有伊本·萨ʿd（Ibn Sa’d）的《大类传》（Al-Tabaqat Al-Kubra）。随后，欧麦尔（ra）指派艾卜·塔勒哈·安萨里（Abu Talha Al-Ansari）率五十人守卫他们，并嘱咐米格达德·本·艾斯瓦德（Al-Miqdad Bin Al-Aswad）寻找一处供他们聚会的场所。欧麦尔去世后，议会推选出候选人，ʿAbd al Rahman Bin ʿAuf说：“你们中谁愿意退出（候选），并承担责任从你们中选出最优秀的人？”众人皆沉默不语。于是ʿAbd al Rahman说：“我退出。”随后他逐一征询众人的意见，若不以自己为人选，他们认为最有资格担此重任的是谁。他发现他们的回答仅限于两人：阿里（ra）和奥斯曼（ra）。之后，ʿAbd al Rahman征求穆斯林的意见，询问他们更倾向于两人中的哪一位。他询问男人和女人，不仅在白天，甚至在夜间，都在调查民众的意见。布哈里（Al-Bukhari）转述了密斯瓦尔·本·马赫拉马（Al-Miswar Bin Makhrama）的话，他说：

“if five of them agreed upon a man while one disagreed, then strike his head with a sword..” as has been reported by Al-Tabari in his Al-Ta’rikh, as well as Ibn Qutaybah who authored the book Al-Imama wa ’l-Siyasa which is commonly known by Al-Ta’rikh Al-Khulafaa’, and Ibn Sa’d in Al-Tabaqat Al-Kubra. Then Umar (ra) appointed Abu Talha Al-Ansari along with fifty men to guard them, and charged Al-Miqdad Bin Al-Aswad with finding a place for them to meet. Then after the death of Umar (ra) and subsequent to the council settling upon the candidates, ‘Abd al Rahman Bin ‘Auf said: Which of you would remove yourselves (from consideration) and assume responsibility to select the best of you? To which all of them remained silent. Then ‘Abd al Rahman said I remove myself and then consulted each of them individually asking them who they considered the most worthy of the responsibility if they didn’t consider themselves, and he found that their answers were limited to two: ‘Ali (ra) and ‘Uthman (ra). After that ‘Abd al Rahman sought the opinions of the Muslims asking them which of the two they would prefer. He asked the men and women, surveying the opinion of the people, not just during the daytime but even during the night. Al-Bukhari narrated from Al-Miswar Bin Makhrama who said.

. طَرَقَنِي عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بَ عْدَ هَجْعٍ مِنْ اللَّيْلِ، فَضَرَبَ الْبَابَ حَتَّى اسْتَ يْ قَظْتُ، « » فَ قَالَ أَرَاكَ نَائِمًا، فَ وَاللَّهِ مَا اكْتَحَلْتُ هَذِهِ اللَّيْ ل ةَ بِكَبِيرِ نَ وْمٍ .

. طَرَقَنِي عَبْدُ الرَّحْمَنِ بَ عْدَ هَجْعٍ مِنْ اللَّيْلِ، فَضَرَبَ الْبَابَ حَتَّى اسْتَ يْ قَظْتُ، « » فَ قَالَ أَرَاكَ نَائِمًا، فَ وَاللَّهِ مَا اكْتَحَلْتُ هَذِهِ اللَّيْ ل ةَ بِكَبِيرِ نَ وْمٍ .

“阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼在夜深之后来拜访我，敲门直到我起身，他对我说：‘我看你一直在睡觉！以真主发誓，在过去的三个夜晚里，我都没有睡够。’人们做完晨礼之后，乌斯曼（愿真主喜悦他）的宣誓效忠（Bay'a）完成了。他是通过穆斯林的宣誓效忠而成为哈里发的，而不是因为欧麦尔（愿真主喜悦他）将人选限定为六人。随后，乌斯曼（愿真主喜悦他）被杀，于是麦地那和库法的广大穆斯林向阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜（愿真主喜悦他）宣誓效忠，他便通过穆斯林的宣誓效忠而成为哈里发。”

“Abdur-Rahman called on me after a portion of the night had passed and knocked on my door till I got up, and he said to me, "I see you have been sleeping! By Allah, during the last three nights I have not slept enough”. After the people had offered morning prayer, Bay’a of ‘Uthman (ra) was completed. He became the Khalifah through the Bay’a of the Muslims, and not because Umar (ra) limited it to six. Then ‘Uthman (ra) was killed, and so the masses of the Muslims in Madinah and Kufa gave their Bay’a to ‘Ali b. Abi Talib (ra), and so he became the Khalifah through the Bay’a of the Muslims.

通过仔细考察他们的宣誓效忠（Bay'a）方式可以清楚看出，哈里发的候选人会向民众公布，而且他们都具备缔结合同所需的各项条件。此后，会征询穆斯林中有影响力的人士（Ahl Al hal Wal-‘Aqd）的意见，他们是乌玛的代表。在正统哈里发时代，这些代表是众所周知的，因为他们是圣门弟子（愿真主喜悦他们），或是麦地那的民众。圣门弟子或其中大多数人想要立谁为哈里发，便向其宣誓缔约效忠（Bay'a of contracting），于是此人便成为必须服从的哈里发，穆斯林随即向他宣誓服从（Bay'a of obedience）。通过这种方式，哈里发得以产生，并成为乌玛在统治与权威方面的授权代表。

By close examination of the manner of their Bay’a, it becomes clear that the candidates for the Khilafah were announced to the people and that they all fulfilled the necessary conditions of contracting. After this the opinion of the influential people (Ahl Al hal Wal-‘Aqd) from the Muslims was taken, the representatives of the Ummah, and the representatives were well known in the era of the righteous Khulafaa’ since they were the companions, may Allah be pleased with them, or the people of Madinah. Whoever the companions, or the majority of them, wanted to become Khalifah was given the Bay’a of contracting, and thus became the Khalifah to whom obedience was obligatory, and so the Muslims would give them the Bay’a of obedience. In this manner the Khalifah is found and becomes the authorised representative of the Ummah in ruling and authority.

关于限定候选人的问题，依照正统哈里发被任命的方式来看，可以清楚地看出候选人是有限定的。在萨基法·班尼·萨伊达（Saqifa Bani Sa’idah），候选人是艾布·伯克尔（ra）、欧麦尔（ra）、艾布·欧贝iyah（ra）和萨阿德·本·欧巴达（ra），仅此而已。不过，欧麦尔（ra）和艾布·欧贝德（ra）并不愿意与艾布·伯克尔（ra）竞争，因此实际上的候选人是艾布·伯克尔（ra）和萨阿德·本·欧巴达（ra）。随后，阿赫尔·哈勒·瓦·阿格德（Ahl Al Hal Wal-‘Aqd，即有解与约权者）在萨基法选举艾布·伯克尔（ra）为哈里发，并给予他签约之效忠宣誓（Bay’a of contracting）；次日，穆斯林们又在清真寺里给予艾布·伯克尔（ra）服从之效忠宣誓（Bay’a of obedience）。

As for the issue of limiting the candidates, then by following the manner in which the righteous Khulafaa’ were appointed, it becomes clear that the candidacy was limited. In Saqifa Bani Sa’idah the candidates were Abu Bakr (ra), Umar (ra), Abu ‘Ubaida (ra) and Sa’d Bin ‘Ubada (ra) and that was all, though Umar (ra) and Abu ‘Ubaydah (ra) didn’t wish to compete against Abu Bakr (ra) and so in practical terms the candidates were Abu Bakr (ra) and Sa’d Bin ‘Ubada (ra). Then the Ahl Al Hal Wal-‘Aqd elected Abu Bakr (ra) the Khalifah in Al-Saqifa and gave him the Bay’a of contracting, and the next day the Muslims gave Abu Bakr (ra) the Bay’a of obedience in the mosque.

阿布·伯克尔（愿真主喜悦他）指定欧麦尔（愿真主喜悦他）作为穆斯林的哈里发，当时并没有其他候选人。随后穆斯林向他宣誓效忠，先是订约之誓，然后是服从之誓。

Abu Bakr (ra) nominated Umar (ra) as the Khalifah for the Muslims, without there being any other candidate, and then the Muslims gave him the Bay’a of contracting and then the Bay’a of obedience.

欧麦尔(愿真主喜悦他)提名了六位候选人,让穆斯林从他们之中推选哈里发。随后,阿卜杜·拉赫曼·本·奥夫与其中五人商议,并将人选缩小为两人:阿里(愿真主喜悦他)和奥斯曼(愿真主喜悦他),此前其他人已委托他这样做。之后,他征询民众的意见,民意最终倾向于奥斯曼(愿真主喜悦他),由他出任哈里发。

Umar (ra) nominated six candidates for the Muslims and told them to elect the Khalifah from amongst themselves, then ‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf discussed with five of them and limited them to two: ‘Ali (ra) and ‘Uthman (ra), after the others had charged him to do. After that he surveyed the opinion of the people and that opinion settled upon ‘Uthman (ra) as the Khalifah.

至于阿里(ra),当时哈里发之位并无其他候选人,因此麦地那和库法的广大穆斯林向他效忠宣誓,他成为第四任哈里发。

As for ‘Ali (ra), there was no other candidate for the Khilafah and so the masses of the Muslims in Madinah and Kufa gave him the Bay’a and he became the fourth Khalifah.

鉴于‘Uthman（ra）的宣誓效忠（Bay'a）是在选举哈里发允许的最长期限内——三天三夜——敲定的，并且候选人先是被限定为六人，之后又缩减为两人，我们将详细说明这一过程，以便理解我们正在讨论的问题：

And due to the Bay’a of ‘Uthman (ra) being settled within the maximum permitted time to elect the Khalifah – three days and nights – and also that the candidates were limited to six and then after that to two, we will mention how that occurred with the details in order to understand the issue we are discussing:

1. 欧麦尔（ra）于伊历24年穆哈兰月的一个星期日早晨去世，死因是被阿布·卢鲁阿刺伤所致，愿真主诅咒他（swt）。当时欧麦尔（ra）在伊历23年宰尔黑哲月结束前四天的星期三晨礼中，正站在清真寺的讲坛上领拜。根据他的遗嘱，苏海卜为他领了拜。

1. Umar (ra) died on Sunday morning in Muharram 24 A.H. from the effects of being stabbed by Abu Lu’lu’a, may Allah (swt) curse him, when Umar (ra) was standing in prayer in the pulpit of the mosque during the Wednesday morning prayer four days before the end of Dhul Hijja 23 A.H. Suhayb led the prayer for him in accordance with his will.

2. 当欧麦尔（愿真主喜悦他）的事务处理完毕后，两位同伴所托付的六人议会，由米格达德召集到一座房子里，艾布·塔勒哈负责照料他们的需要。他们在那里坐下商议，随后一致同意由阿卜杜·拉赫曼·本·奥夫从他们中间选出哈里发。

2. When they had completed the issue of Umar (ra), Al-Miqdad gathered the council of six which had been entrusted by Umar (ra) in one of the houses and Abu Talha took care of their needs. They sat therein and discussed and then appointed Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf to select the Khalifah from amongst them with their consent.

3. 阿卜杜·拉赫曼开始与他们商议，并逐一询问每一位：如果他自己不担任哈里发，那么在其余人中，他认为谁应当担任？他们的回答仅限于阿里（愿真主喜悦他）和奥斯曼（愿真主喜悦他），于是阿卜杜·拉赫曼将候选人从原先的六人缩小到了两人。

3. ‘Abd Al-Rahman began to discuss with them and he asked each of them: If he was not to be the Khalifah then who did he think should be from amongst the others? Their answers were limited to ‘Ali (ra) and ‘Uthman (ra), and so Abd Al-Rahman limited the candidacy to two from the original six.

4. 此后，正如众所周知的那样，阿卜杜勒-拉赫曼开始向人们征询意见。

4. After that Abd Al-Rahman began to consult the people as is well known.

5. 周二夜晚——也就是周日乌马尔（愿安拉喜悦他）去世后的第三天夜里——阿卜杜·拉赫曼前往他的侄子穆斯瓦尔·本·马赫拉马的家中。以下内容直接摘自伊本·凯西尔的《开端与终结》（Al-Bidayah Wal-Nihayah）：

5. On Tuesday night - in other words, the night of the third day after the death of Umar (ra) on Sunday, Abd Al-Rahman went to the house of his nephew Al-Miswar Bin Makhramah. The following is taken directly from Al- Bidayah Wal-Nihayah of Ibn Kathir:

. )فلما كانت الليلة التي يس ف ر صباحها عن اليوم الرابع من موت عمر، ج اء - أي عبد الرحمن بن ع وف - إلى منزل ابن أخته المس ور بن مخرمة فقال: أنائم يا مس ور؟ والله لَم أغتمض بكثير ن وم منذ ثلاث ...( .

. )فلما كانت الليلة التي يس ف ر صباحها عن اليوم الرابع من موت عمر، ج اء - أي عبد الرحمن بن ع وف - إلى منزل ابن أخته المس ور بن مخرمة فقال: أنائم يا مس ور؟ والله لَم أغتمض بكثير ن وم منذ ثلاث ...( .

“当夜是乌马尔去世后的第四天早晨所对应的那一夜，阿卜杜·拉赫曼·本·奥夫来到他侄子米斯瓦尔·本·马赫拉玛的家中，说：‘米斯瓦尔，你睡着了吗？以真主发誓，过去这三夜我几乎没有睡过。’也就是说，是乌马尔（愿真主喜悦他）去世后的三夜，即乌马尔在星期日早晨去世，之后是星期日夜、星期一夜和星期二夜——直到他说……”

“When the night whose morning was the fourth day after the death of Umar, Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf came to the house of his nephew Al-Miswar Bin Makhrama and said “You are sleeping O Miswar? By Allah, I did not get much sleep for the last three (nights)” in other words, the last three nights after the death of Umar (ra) which occurred on Sunday morning, which was Sunday, Monday and Tuesday night – until he said.

. )إذهب فادع إليَّ علياً وعثمان ... ثم خرج بهما إلى المسجد ... ونودي في الناس عامة : الصلاة جامعة .

. )إذهب فادع إليَّ علياً وعثمان ... ثم خرج بهما إلى المسجد ... ونودي في الناس عامة : الصلاة جامعة .

“去把‘Ali和‘Uthman叫来见我……”然后他与他们一同前往清真寺……人们被召集起来：礼拜将以聚礼的形式举行。那天正是星期三早晨的礼拜。随后，他握住Ali（ra）的手——愿安拉喜悦他，并使他的面容尊荣——问他是否同意以安拉的经典、其使者的逊奈，以及Abu Bakr（ra）和Umar（ra）的作为来进行效忠（Bay'a）。‘Ali（ra）那句著名的回答是：以经典和逊奈为准——是的。至于Abu Bakr（ra）和Umar（ra）的作为，他会自行进行Ijtihad。‘Abdul Rahman松开了手，转而握住‘Uthman（ra）的手，问了同样的问题。‘Uthman（ra）回答道：以安拉发誓，我同意。于是，与‘Uthman（ra）的效忠就此完成。

“Go and summon ‘Ali and ‘‘Uthman for me…then he went out with them to the mosque…the people were summoned: the prayer will be held in congregation”, which was the Wednesday morning prayer. Then he took Ali’s (ra) hand, may Allah (swt) be pleased with him and honour his face, and asked him regarding taking the Bay’a upon the Book of Allah (swt), the Sunnah of His Messenger and the actions of Abu Bakr (ra) and Umar (ra). ‘Ali (ra) famously replied: upon the Book and the Sunnah – yes. As for the actions of Abu Bakr (ra) and Umar (ra), he would make his own Ijtihad. Abdul Rahman removed his hand, took the hand of ‘Uthman (ra) and asked the same question. ‘Uthman (ra) replied: By Allah yes, and so the Bay’a was completed with ‘Uthman (ra).

苏海卜那天带领众人礼了晨礼和晌礼，随后奥斯曼（愿真主喜悦他）作为穆斯林的哈里发带领众人礼了晡礼。这意味着，尽管对奥斯曼（愿真主喜悦他）的效忠约定从晨礼时便已开始缔结，苏海卜的领导权直到麦地那有影响力的人士向奥斯曼（愿真主喜悦他）效忠之后才告终止。这一效忠于晡礼前不久完成，期间同伴们相互召集，前来向奥斯曼（愿真主喜悦他）效忠，直到当天正午已过、晡礼之前。效忠的宣誓在晡礼前完成后，苏海卜的领导便告结束，奥斯曼（愿真主喜悦他）作为他们的哈里发带领众人礼了晡礼。

Suhayb led the people in the morning and midday prayer that day, and then ‘Uthman (ra) led them in the afternoon prayer as the Khalifah of the Muslims. This means that despite the contracting Bay’a to ‘Uthman (ra) starting at the Morning Prayer, the leadership of Suhayb did not expire except after the Bay’a of the influential people in Madinah to ‘‘Uthman (ra). This was completed a little before the afternoon prayer, where the companions summoned each other to give Bay’a to ‘Uthman (ra) until after the middle of that day had passed and before the afternoon prayer. When the taking of the Bay’a was completed before the afternoon prayer, the leadership of Suhayb finished, and ‘Uthman (ra) led the people in the afternoon prayer as their Khalifah.

作者在《终结之始》(Al-Bidayah Wal-Nihayah)中解释了为何在晨礼时‘Uthman(ra)接受效忠,而下午礼却由Suhayb领拜。他说:“人们在清真寺向他效忠,然后他被带到协商之家(即众人协商聚集的那座房子),其余的人便向他效忠。看来直到晌礼之后他才完成接受效忠。于是,Suhayb在先知ﷺ的清真寺中领了那次拜功,因此哈里发、信士们的领袖‘Uthman(ra)所领导穆斯林的第一场拜功,是下午礼。”

The author of Al-Bidayah Wal-Nihayah explains why Suhayb led the people in the afternoon prayer though ‘Uthman (ra) took the Bay’a at the morning prayer, saying: “The people gave him the Bay’a in the mosque, then he was taken to the house of Shura (i.e. the house where the people of consultation met), so the rest of the people gave him the Bay’a . It seems he did not finish taking the Bay’a until after the midday prayer. So, Suhayb prayed that prayer in the Prophet (phuh)’s mosque, thus the first prayer in which the Khalifah, leader of the believers ‘Uthman (ra) led the Muslims was the afternoon prayer”.

因此,在哈里发职位因死亡或罢免而空缺后提名人选时,必须考虑以下事项:

Consequently the following matters must be considered when making nominations for the post of Khilafah after it becomes vacant (through death or dismissal), which are:

关于候选与任命的工作必须日夜进行，直到任务完成。

1. The work regarding candidacy and appointment must be done day and night until the task is completed.

2. 被提名者须先经过筛选，确认其符合合同条件，此项工作由地方法院（Madhalim court）负责进行。

2. Nominees have to be short listed in terms of fulfilling the contractual conditions, a matter that is conducted by the Madhalim court.

3. 候选人要经过两轮筛选：先缩小到六人，再缩小到两人。这一筛选工作由乌玛（穆斯林共同体）的议会以乌玛代表的身份进行。原因在于，乌玛委托欧麦尔（愿真主喜悦他）代表他们，欧麦尔提名了六人，这六位候选人又从他们之中推选出一位代表，即阿卜杜·拉赫曼，他经过协商，将候选人缩小为两人。因此，整个过程的依据是乌玛的议会，换言之，是其代表。

3. Nominees are short listed twice: to six and then to two. The council of the Ummah conducts this short listing as representatives of the Ummah. This is because the Ummah delegated Umar (ra) to represent them, who nominated six people and the six nominees delegated a representative from amongst themselves, ‘Abd al Rahman, who short listed the nominees to two after discussion. Thus, the reference in all of this is the Ummah’s council; in other words, its representatives.

4. 在选举和宣誓效忠（Bay’a）完成之后，哈里发将向公众宣布，使整个乌玛都知晓，并且会提及他的姓名以及表明他符合建立哈里发资格的各项特征。

4. After the completion of the elections and the Bay’a, the Khalifah is announced to the public such that all of the Ummah are aware of it, and his name and characteristics that mean he fulfils the criteria for the contraction of the Khilafah are also mentioned.

5. 临时领导者的任务在哈里发完成宣誓效忠（Bay’a）之后才告终止，而不是在公布结果之时。苏海卜的领导权并非随着奥斯曼（愿安拉喜悦他）当选而结束，而是随着其宣誓效忠的完成而结束。

5. The task of the temporary leader expires after the completion of the taking of the Bay’a by the Khalifah, rather than by the announcement of the results. The leadership of Suhayb did not finish by the election of ‘Uthman (ra), but rather by the completion of his Bay’a.

如果存在一位哈里发，而他去世或被罢免，就需要任命一位哈里发来取代他，情况便是如此。

This is the case if there was a Khalifah and he passed away or was removed and a Khalifah needs to be appointed to replace him.

如果世上根本没有哈里发,穆斯林就有义务任命一位哈里发,以执行伊斯兰教法的各项规定,并向全世界传播伊斯兰的召唤,正如自1924年3月3日(即1342年回历拉贾卜月28日)伊斯兰哈里发制度在伊斯坦布尔被废除以来的现状。在这种情况下,伊斯兰世界中的每一个穆斯林国家都有资格任命哈里发,哈里发之职应当授予他。因此,如果某个穆斯林国家向一位哈里发效忠宣誓,并将哈里发之职授予他,那么其他国家的穆斯林就有义务向他效忠顺服,即向他的权威表示服从的宣誓。这须在哈里发之职已通过其本国民众的效忠宣誓而确立之后。在该国必须满足以下四个条件:

If there is no Khalifah at all, it becomes obligatory upon the Muslims to appoint a Khalifah, to implement the rules of the shari’a and to carry the Islamic call to the world, as is currently the case since the removal of the Islamic Khilafah in Istanbul, on 28th Rajab 1342 AH (3rd March 1924). In such a situation, every one of the Muslim countries in the Islamic world is suitable to appoint a Khalifah, and the Khilafah would be contracted to him. So, if one of the Muslim countries gave the Bay’a to a Khalifah, and the Khilafah was contracted to him, it becomes obligatory upon the Muslims in the other countries to give him the Bay’a of obedience or in other words, a Bay’a of submission to his authority. This is after the Khilafah has been concluded to him through the Bay’a of the people of his country. The following four conditions have to be fulfilled in that country:

1. 国家的权力必须掌握在穆斯林手中，而不是掌握在非伊斯兰国家手中，也不能处于非伊斯兰势力的影响之下。

1. The authority of the country must be in the hands of the Muslims and not in the hands of a non-Islamic country or under a non-Islamic influence.

2. 该国穆斯林的安全必须由伊斯兰来保障；换言之，其国内外的保护应以伊斯兰的名义并由伊斯兰的力量来实现，而排除其他一切力量。

2. The security of the Muslims in that country must be guaranteed by Islam; in other words, its protection at home and abroad should be in the name of Islam and by Islamic forces to the exclusion of all others.

3. 伊斯兰的实施应当立即生效，并以全面而彻底的方式进行；哈里发必须参与伊斯兰的宣传工作。

3. The implementation of Islam should take place with immediate effect in a comprehensive and radical manner; the Khalifah must be involved in the conveying of the call to Islam.

4. 哈里发必须履行所有契约性条件，即便他可能未履行那些属于优选的条件，因为重要的是契约的条件。

4. The Khalifah must fulfil all the contractual conditions, although he might not fulfil the preferred conditions, since what matters are the conditions of the contract.

如果该国满足这四个条件，那么哈里发国便仅凭该国的拥护宣誓（Bay'a）而确立，并且仅由该国来完成。被授予拥护宣誓的哈里发将成为合法的哈里发，而向其他任何人授予的拥护宣誓都是无效的。

Should that country satisfy these four conditions then the Khilafah would be established by the Bay’a of that country alone, and the Khilafah would be concluded by it alone. The Khalifah to whom they gave the Bay’a would become the legitimate Khalifah and any Bay’a to other than him would be invalid.

任何国家在此之后若向另一位哈里发效忠宣誓（Bay'a），其效忠宣誓都是无效的，因为先知穆罕默德ﷺ曾有言。

Any country that might give the Bay’a to another Khalifah after that, then their Bay’a would be invalid, due to the saying of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh).

. » إِذَا بُويِعَ لِخَلِيفَتَ يْنِ فَاقْ تُ لُوا الآخَرَ مِنْ هُمَا « .

. » إِذَا بُويِعَ لِخَلِيفَتَ يْنِ فَاقْ تُ لُوا الآخَرَ مِنْ هُمَا « .

“当为两位哈里发宣誓效忠时，杀掉后被宣誓效忠的那一位”，以及他的话。

“When oath of allegiance has been taken for two caliphs, kill the one for whom the oath was taken later” and his saying.

. » فُوا بِبَ يْ عَةِ الأَوَّلِ فَالأَوَّلِ ...« .

. » فُوا بِبَ يْ عَةِ الأَوَّلِ فَالأَوَّلِ ...« .

“Fulfil the Bay’a (oath of allegiance) of the first, then the first” and his saying. . وَمَنْ بَايَعَ إِمَامًا فَأَعْطَاهُ صَ فْ قَ ةَ يَدِهِ وَثَمَرَةَ قَ لْبِهِ، فَ لْ يُطِ عْ هُ إِنِ اسْ تَطَاعَ ، فَإِنْ « » جَاءَ آخَرُ ي نَُازِعُهُ فَاضْرِبُوا عُنُقَ الآخَرِ .

“Fulfil the Bay’a (oath of allegiance) of the first, then the first” and his saying. . وَمَنْ بَايَعَ إِمَامًا فَأَعْطَاهُ صَ فْ قَ ةَ يَدِهِ وَثَمَرَةَ قَ لْبِهِ، فَ لْ يُطِ عْ هُ إِنِ اسْ تَطَاعَ ، فَإِنْ « » جَاءَ آخَرُ ي نَُازِعُهُ فَاضْرِبُوا عُنُقَ الآخَرِ .

“谁向一位伊玛目宣誓效忠，就应当真心实意、诚心诚意地向他献上效忠之约，并尽其所能服从他。若另有人站出来争夺权位（而此前已经确立了一位），则应斩杀这第二个人。”

“He who swears allegiance to an Imam, he should give him the pledge in ratification and the sincerity of his heart. He should obey him to the best of his capacity. If another man comes forward as a claimant (when one has already been installed), behead the second”.

关于效忠宣誓（Bay'a）的方式：前文已阐明效忠宣誓是伊斯兰教中任命哈里发的既定方式的依据。至于其实际执行，可以通过握手，也可以通过书面形式。据‘Abd Allah b. Dinar 叙述，他说："当众人一致拥立‘Abd Al-Malik b. Marwan 时，我曾见到Ibn Umar，他写道：‘我在此书写，我宣誓听从并服从‘Abd Allah ‘Abd Al-Malik，信士们的领袖，遵循安拉的经典和祂的使者的sunnah，尽我所能。’"效忠宣誓也可以通过其他任何方式进行。

The method of the Bay’a: In the aforementioned we have explained the evidences for the Bay’a as the prescribed method of appointing a Khalifah in Islam. Regarding its practical implementation, it is through shaking the hand as well as by writing. It has been narrated by ‘Abd Allah b. Dinar who said: “I witnessed Ibn Umar when people agreed on Abd Al-Malik b. Marwan saying: . كتب أني أقر بالسمع والطاعة لعبد الله عبد الملك أمير المؤمنين على كتاب الله « » وسنة رسوله ما استطعت . "I write herewith that I swear allegiance to listen to and obey ‘Abd Allah Abd Al-Malik, the leader of the believers, in accordance with the Book of Allah and the Sunnah of His Messenger, to the best of my ability”. The Bay’a can also be given by any other means.

Bay'a只能由成年人作出，未成年人的Bay'a是无效的。阿布·阿基勒·扎赫拉·本·马阿巴德，依据其祖父阿布杜拉·本·希沙姆的传述，后者生活在使者的时代，他说：他的母亲宰奈卜·宾特·哈米德带他去见安拉的使者ﷺ，并说："安拉的使者啊，请接受他的Bay'a。"于是安拉的使者ﷺ说道：

The Bay’a should only be given by an adult as the Bay’a of the minor is not valid. Abu Aqeel Zahrah b. Ma‘bad reported on the authority of his grand-father ‘Abd Allah b. Hisham who lived during the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) , that his mother Zaynab bint Hamid took him to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and said “O Messenger of Allah, take Bay’a from him” upon this the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said.

. » هُوَ صَغِيرٌ، فَمَسَحَ رَأْسَهُ وَدَعَا لَه « .

. » هُوَ صَغِيرٌ، فَمَسَحَ رَأْسَهُ وَدَعَا لَه « .

“他还年轻”，然后他擦拭了他的头部，并为他祈祷，此事由布哈里所传述。

“He is young” and he wiped over his head and prayed for him, as narrated by Al-Bukhari.

关于效忠誓约（Bay'a）的措辞，它并不局限于任何特定的字句，但应包含这样的承诺：哈里发依照安拉的经典和祂的使者的逊奈行事，并且给予效忠者应承诺在其喜欢和不喜欢的事情上、在顺境和逆境中都服从。将会颁布一项法律，依据前述各点来确定这一措辞。

As for the wording of the Bay’a, it is not restricted to any specific wording, but it should include the commitment that the Khalifah acts according to the Book of Allah (swt) and the Sunnah of His Messenger and that the person who gives the Bay’a should pledge to obey in that which they liked and disliked and in ease and hardship. A law will be published that will determine this wording in accordance with the previous points.

一旦向哈里发献上效忠誓约（Bay'a），这份誓约便成为给予者颈上的一份托付，他不得撤回。因为在任命哈里发一事上，这是他的权利，直到他将其交出为止。然而一旦交出，他便不得撤回。即使他想要撤回，也不被允许收回他的效忠誓约。布哈里在圣门弟子贾比尔·伊本·阿卜杜拉的传述中记载：一位贝都因人因信奉伊斯兰而向安拉的使者ﷺ献上了效忠誓约，但他后来身体不适，于是他说：

Once the Bay’a is given to the Khalifah, then the Bay’a becomes a trust on the neck of the one who gave the Bay’a, where he is not allowed to withdraw it. For it is his right in terms of appointing the Khalifah until he gives it. But once he gave it, he is not allowed to withdraw it. Even if he wanted to do so, he is not permitted to withdraw his Bay’a. Al-Bukhari narrated from Jabir Ibn ‘Abd Allah that a Bedouin gave the Bay’a to the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) on Islam, but he became unwell, so he said:

. » أَقِلْنِي بَ يْ عَتِي « .

. » أَقِلْنِي بَ يْ عَتِي « .

“请解除我的效忠誓约（取消我的宣誓）”，但真主的使者ﷺ拒绝了他。然后他又来说了同样的话，使者ﷺ仍然拒绝。于是他离开了城镇。真主的使者ﷺ说道：

“Relieve me of my Bay’a (cancel my pledge) ”, which the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) refused. Then he came and said the same, but the Messenger (pbuh) rejected. So he left the town. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said.

. » إِنَّمَا الْمَدِينَةُ كَالْكِيرِ ت نْفِي خَبَثَ هَا وَيَ نْصَعُ طَيِّبُ هَا « .

. » إِنَّمَا الْمَدِينَةُ كَالْكِيرِ ت نْفِي خَبَثَ هَا وَيَ نْصَعُ طَيِّبُ هَا « .

“麦地那就像铁匠的熔炉，它去除杂质，净化优良之物。”

“Madina is like the blacksmith's furnace. It removes the impurities and purifies the good.”.

穆斯林又引述纳菲尔的传述，他引用阿卜杜拉·本·欧麦尔的话说，他听到安拉的使者ﷺ说：「谁从服从中脱手，他在复活日见到安拉时，将没有任何理由。」

Muslim also narrated from Nafi’ on the authority of ‘Abd Allah b. Umar that he heard the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) say. . » مَنْ خَل عَ يَدًا مِنْ طَاعَةٍ، لَقِيَ اللَّهَ يَ وْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ لا حُجَّةَ لَه « .

“谁从（对埃米尔的）服从中收回他的手，他在复活日站在真主面前时，将找不到任何辩护的理由。”

“One who withdraws his hand from obedience (to the Amir) will find no argument (in his defense) when he stands before Allah on the Day of Resurrection ”.

撕毁对哈里发的效忠誓约，即是将手从对真主（SWT）的服从中收回。然而，这仅限于他对哈里发的效忠是缔约性的效忠，或是穆斯林所接受并宣誓的服从性效忠。但如果他最初向某位哈里发宣誓效忠，而该效忠并未完成，那么他有权解除这一誓约，因为缔约性的效忠尚未由穆斯林对他完成。因此，圣训中的禁令针对的是撕毁对哈里发的效忠，而不是针对那位尚未完成哈里发缔约的人。

Breaking the Bay’a to the Khalifah is a withdrawal of the hand from the obedience to Allah (swt). However, this is the case if his Bay’a to the Khalifah was a Bay’a of contracting, or a Bay’a of obedience to a Khalifah was accepted and pledged by the Muslims. But if he pledged himself to a Khalifah initially, and the Bay’a was not completed, then he has the right to relieve himself from that Bay’a, in view of the fact that the contracting Bay’a has not been concluded to him from the Muslims. So the prohibition in the hadith is focused on withdrawing a Bay’a to a Khalifah, not to a man for whom the Khilafah contract was not completed.