第一百零二条

国库（Bayt Al-Mal）是负责依照伊斯兰教法规则，对收入与支出进行征收、保管和支付管理的机构。国库办公室的负责人称为国库总管（Khazin Bayt Al-Mal）。各省的办事处隶属于它，每个办事处的负责人称为国库受托人（Sahib Bayt Al-Mal）。

The treasury (Bayt Al-Mal) is the administration responsible for the revenues and expenditure in accordance with the Shari’ah rules in terms of their collection, storage and spending. The head of the office of the treasury is called the Treasurer of the Treasury (Khazin Bayt Al-Mal). The offices in the provinces fall under it and the head of each office is called the Trustee of the Treasury (Sahib Bayt Al-Mal).

“بيت المال”是一个由属格结构构成的名词。它指保存国家收入、直至支出之前的地方。它也可以指负责收取和支出穆斯林应得款项的机构。

Bayt Al-Mal is a noun made from a genitive construction. It is used to mean the place where the state’s revenues are kept until they are spent. It could mean the authority responsible for receiving and spending the funds entitled for Muslims.

我们已经如前所述采纳了这样一种做法:总督被赋予一种特殊的权力,这种权力不包括军队、司法和财政。因此,整个军队将成为一个中央部门(由圣战总指挥[Amir of Jihad]主管)。司法机构将成为一个中央部门(称为司法部),全部财政则构成一个中央部门(称为国库),它独立于国家内的其他任何机构,并与其他机构一样从属于哈里发。

We have adopted – as we explained earlier - that the governor is given a special authority that excludes the army, judiciary and funds. Thus, the whole army will be a central department (presided over by the Amir of Jihad). The judiciary will be a central department (known as judiciary) and the entire funds form a central department (known as the treasury), which is separate from any other organisation in the State, and is subordinate to the Khalifah as are the other organisations.

除此之外,还有大量证据表明,国库直接隶属于使者(愿主福安之)或哈里发,或由他们指定负责管理的人。使者(愿主福安之)有时会亲自处理财物,他有一个保险库。他会接收财物、分配财物,并将其用在应当用的地方。另一些时候,他会指派他人负责此事。他之后的正统哈里发也是这样做的:他们或者亲自掌管国库,或者委派他人代为管理。

This is in addition to the fact that there are abundant evidences that the treasury was under the direct authority of the Messenger (pbuh) or the Khalifah, or whoever he appointed to preside over it. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would sometimes deal directly with the funds and he had a safe. He used to receive the funds, distribute them, and spend them in their due place. On other occasions he used to appoint somebody to take care of that. This is what the righteous Khulafaa’ used to do after him , where they either took charge of the treasury by themselves, or they delegated others to do that on their behalf.

安拉的使者ﷺ曾把钱财放在清真寺里，正如布哈里从艾奈斯处传述，他说：

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) used to place the funds in the mosque, as Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas, he said:

. » يبَِالٍ يمنَ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن فَ قَالَ: انْ ثُ رُوهُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ أُيتَِ النَّيبُِّ « .

有人从巴林给先知（ﷺ）送来一些钱财。他说：“把它铺在清真寺里。”

“Some funds were brought to the Prophet (phuh) from Bahrain. He said: ‘Spread it out in the mosque.’”.

他有时会把它放在他的某位妻子的房间里，正如布哈里从欧格白那里所传述的：他说，

He would sometimes put it in one of the rooms of his wives, as it was narrated by Al-Bukhari from Uqbah, he said:

. بيالْمَ ي دينَية الْعَصْرَ، فَسَلَّمَ ثُمَّ قَامَ مُسْيرعًا، فَ تَخَطَّى يرقَابَ صَلَّيْتُ وَرَاءَ النَّيبِِّ « النَّا ي س إيلَى ب عَْ ي ض حُجَير نيسَائييه، فَ فَيزعَ النَّاسُ يمنْ سُرْعَتييه، فَخَرَجَ عَلَيْيهمْ، فَ رَأَى أَن هَُّمْ عَ ي جبُوا يمنْ » سُرْعَتييه، فَ قَالَ: ذكََرْتُ شَ يْئًا مِنْ تِ بْرٍ عِنْدَنَا، فَكَرِهْتُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَنِي، فَأَمَرْتُ بِقِسْمَتِهِ .

我在麦地那跟先知（愿主赐他福安）后面礼了晡礼。他念完台斯里姆后，急忙起身，穿过众人的行列，走向他某位妻子的居所。众人因他行动之快而感到惊慌。先知（愿主赐他福安）回来时，看到众人对他的急促感到惊讶，便对他们说：“我想起家中还留着一块金子，我不愿它分散我对崇拜真主的专注，所以我已吩咐把它分发出去（作为施舍）。”

“I offered the `Asr prayer behind the Prophet (phuh) at Medina. When he finished the prayer with Taslim, he got up hurriedly and went out by crossing the rows of the people to one of the dwellings of his wives. The people got scared at his speed . The Prophet (phuh) came back and found the people surprised at his haste and said to them, "I remembered a piece of gold lying in my house and I did not like it to divert my attention from Allah's worship, so I have ordered it to be distributed (in charity)”.

关于将其保存在安全之处——穆斯林圣训实录中记载，欧麦尔（ra）曾说：

With respect to keeping it in a safe - Muslim narrated from Umar (ra) that he said:

. قَالَتْ: هُوَ يفي ي خزَانَتييه يفي الْمَشْرُبَية ... ؟ فَ قُلْتُ لهَاَ: أَيْنَ رَسُولُ اللهي ...« فَيإذَا أَنَا بيقَبْضَةٍ يمنْ شَعييرٍ نََْيو الصَّاي ع، وَيمثْليهَا قَ رَظًا فَ نَظَرْتُ بيبَصَيري يفي ي خزَانَية رَسُويل اللهي يفي نَا ي حيَية الْغُرْفَية وَإيذَا أَفييقٌ مُعَلَّقٌ. قَالَ: فَابْ تَدَرَتْ عَيْ نَايَ قَالَ: مَا ي بُْكِيكَ يَا ابْنَ الْخَطَّابِ ؟ قُ لْتُ: يَا نَيبَِّ اللهي، وَمَا يلَ لاَ أَبْ ي كي وَهَذَا الَْْ ي صيرُ قَدْ أَث رََّ يفي جَنْبيكَ، وَهَ ي ذهي ي خزَان تَُكَ لا أَرَى »... ؟ فييهَا إيلاَّ مَا أَرَى .

“……于是我对她说:‘真主的使者ﷺ在哪里?’她说:‘他在木制小阁楼里的他的贮藏室中。’我望向真主的使者ﷺ的贮藏室,突然看见一侧的房间里有大约一萨阿(一种小型容量单位)的大麦,以及与之相当、用于榨汁的树果。我还看见房间里挂着一张未经硝制的兽皮。我的眼睛流下了泪水。先知ﷺ说:‘是什么让你哭泣,阿勒-赫塔卜之子?’我说:‘真主的先知ﷺ啊!我怎能不哭呢?这张草席已经压出了您身侧的痕迹,而这就是您的贮藏室,我所看到的仅仅是我眼前所见的这些……’”

“..So I said to her, ‘Where is the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ?’ She said ‘He is in his safe in the wooden oriel.’ I gazed in the safe of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and I suddenly saw an amount of barley of about one sa' (a small cubic measure) and equal to that of tree fruits used for juice on one side of the room. I saw as well an un-tanned skin hanging in the room. My eyes wept. The Prophet (phuh) said ‘What makes you weep, son of Al- Khattab?’ I said ‘O Prophet (phuh) of Allah! Why I should not weep when this mat has influenced your side and this is your safe in which I do not see except that which I see…’.”.

在正统哈里发时期,存放公共财物的地方逐渐被称为“公库”(Bayt Al-Mal)。伊本·萨德在《Al-Tabaqat》中引述萨西勒·伊本·阿布·哈斯马等人的话说:“艾布·伯克尔在Al-Sanh有一所房子,无人看守。有人对他说:‘您为何不派人看守?’他说:‘它有锁。’他会把里面的财物分发出去,直到它空了。他迁往麦地那时,把它搬到了自己的家中。”欣纳德在《Al-Zuhd》中以良好的传述链引述阿奈斯的话说:“有人来见欧麦尔,说:‘信士的领袖啊!请资助我,我想去参加圣战。’欧麦尔说:‘拉着他的手,带他去公库,让他取所需的钱财。’” 比哈基在《Al-Sunan Al-Kubra》中引述阿卜杜拉·伊本·瓦迪阿的话,伊本·哈哲尔认定其为可靠,他说:“阿布·胡达伊法的奴仆萨利姆曾是我们一位名叫萨勒玛·宾特·叶尔的妇人的奴仆,她在贾希利叶时期释放了他。他在亚玛玛战役中阵亡后,他的遗产被送到欧麦尔·伊本·哈塔卜那里。欧麦尔召见了瓦迪阿·伊本·希dham,说:‘这是你奴仆的遗产,你比别人更有资格继承。’他说:‘信士的领袖啊!真主使我们无需他的遗产。我们的女主人无条件地释放了他,所以我们不想因他的事情使自己蒙羞,或招致损失。’于是欧麦尔把他的遗产放入了公库。” 比哈基和达里米的传述,伊本·哈兹姆认定其为可靠:“苏富延·伊本·阿布杜拉·伊本·拉比阿·萨格斐发现了一个皮囊,把它带给欧麦尔·伊本·哈塔卜。他说:‘把它公告一年;如果有人认领,就交给他;否则它就归你所有。’无人认领。次年他又见到欧麦尔,并向他提起此事。欧麦尔说:‘它归你所有,因为真主的使者(愿主福安之)命令我们这样做。’他说:‘我不想要它。’欧麦尔便收下它,并将其放入公库。” 阿卜德·安拉·本·阿慕尔传述，达里米和伊本·艾卜·沙依白在其著作中记载他说："奥斯曼在位时，一个奴隶去世了，没有任何亲属。于是他下令将其财产归入公库（Bayt Al-Mal）。"伊本·阿ب德·巴尔在《伊斯提兹卡尔》中传述，阿奈斯·本·西林说："阿里过去会分配公库中的款项，直到公库空无一物，然后他便将其洗净，并坐在其中。"

At the time of the righteous Khulafaa’, the place in which funds were kept came to be known as Bayt Al-Mal. Ibn Sa‘d mentioned in Al-Tabaqat from Sahl Ibn Abu Hathmah and others: “Abu Bakr used to have a house in Al-Sanh not guarded by anybody. So it was said to him, ‘Why do you not put somebody to guard it?’ He said, ‘It has a lock.’ He used to give out that which was in it until it became empty. When he moved to Madinah, he moved it and placed it in his house.” Hinad narrated in Al-Zuhd with a good chain from Anas, he said: “A person came to Umar and said, ‘O Leader of the Believers! Support me for I want to go in Jihad. Umar replied, ‘Hold his hand and take him to Bayt Al- Mal so he can take the funds he wants.” In Al-Sunan Al-Kubra by Al-Bayhaqi, which was authenticated by Ibn Hajar from ‘Abd Allah b. Wadi‘ah, said: “Salim, the servant of Abu Hudhayfah, was a servant to a woman from us called Salma bint Ye’ar, she freed him in her days of Jahiliyyah. When he was killed in Al- Yamamah, his heritage was brought to Umar Ibn Al-Khattab. So he called upon Wadi‘ah Ibn Khidham and said, ‘This is the heritage of your servant, and you deserve it more.’ He said, ‘O Leader of the Believers. Allah has made us of no need to him. Our woman has freed him unrestricted; so we do not want to bring disgrace to ourselves, (or to bring loss upon us) from his matter.’ So, Umar put his inheritance wealth in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Bayhaqi and Al-Darimi narrated, and Ibn Hazm authenticated it: “Sufyan b. ‘Abd Allah b. Rabi’ah Al-Thaqafi found a leather bag and brought it to Umar b. Al-Khattab. He said, ‘Announce it for one year; and if it was recognised (by someone) then give it (to them), otherwise it is yours.’ No body recognised it, so he met him the next year and mentioned it to him. Umar said, ‘It is yours, for the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ordered us to do that.’ He said, ‘I do not want it.’ Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal.” Al- Darimi and Ibn Abi Shaybah narrated from ‘Abd Allah b. Amr who said: “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al- Mal.” Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr narrated in Al-Istidhkar from Anas Ibn Sirin “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside.”.

关于Bayt Al-Mal的第一种含义,即"场所"而言。至于第二种含义,即"负责的主管机构",之所以需要这样理解,是因为有些财产并不存放在某个场所之中,例如土地、油井、气井、矿山,以及从财富中提取并分配给应得者的慈善资金。Bayt Al-Mal有时也用来指负责的主管机构,正如Al-Bayhaqi在《Sunan》中、Ahmad在《Al-Musnad》中,以及'Abd Al-Razzaq在《Musannaf》中,引述Lahiq Ibn Hameed所载:"Ibn Mas'ood被派去主管司法和Bayt Al-Mal。"这并不是说Umar(ra)派他去做Bayt Al-Mal的看门人,而是说他负责征收和支配这些财产。这与Ibn Al-Mubarak在《Al-Zuhd》中引述Al-Hasan的记载含义相同:Basra的领导人与Abu Musa Al-Ash'ari一同前来,请求他为他们分配食物。他在结束对他们的讲话时说:"诸位领导!我从Bayt Al-Mal为你们分配了两只羊和两块可耕地。"因此,这一用法可以指负责的主管机构。

This is in regards to the first meaning of Bayt Al-Mal, which is the place. With regards to the second meaning, which is the responsible authority, this is necessitated by the fact that the funds are sometimes not kept in a place, such as the lands, oil wells, gas wells, mines, and the charity funds that are taken from the wealth and paid to its deserving people without being kept in a place. The Bayt Al-Mal is sometimes used to mean the responsible authority as narrated by Al-Bayhaqi in Sunan, Ahmad in Al- Musnad, and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in His Musannaf, from Lahiq Ibn Hameed “Ibn Mas’ood was sent to preside over the judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal.” It would not mean that Umar (ra) sent him as a doorman to the Bayt Al-Mal, but rather he meant that he was responsible to collect and spend the funds. This is the same meaning as narrated by Ibn Al-Mubarak in Al-Zuhd from Al- Hasan, when the leaders of Basra came with Abu Musa Al- Ash‘ari and requested him to assign food for them. He said, in concluding his words to them: ‘O Leaders! I have assigned two sheep and two patches of arable land to you from the Bayt Al- Mal’; thus it can mean the responsible authority.

负责支配Bayt Al-Mal（国库）的收入并处理其支出的，是哈里发。

The one that disposes of the revenues and deals with the expenses of Bayt Al-Mal is the Khalifah.

真主的使者ﷺ曾将奥斯曼（愿主喜悦他）为“困难军”（Jaysh al-‘Usrah）捐献的财物接在自己的膝上。艾哈迈德有所记载；提尔米兹也记录了一段圣训，他认为其为“哈桑·Gharib”（哈桑·佳利卜）等级；哈基姆认定其为可靠，并得到宰哈卜的赞同。该圣训传自阿卜杜·拉赫曼·本·萨穆拉，他说：

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) was the one that received the donations of ‘Uthman (ra) to the army of hardship (‘Usrah) in his lap. Ahmad narrated and Al-Tirmidhi reported a narration - they considered it to be Hasan Gharib, and Al-Hakim authenticated it and Al-Dhahabi agreed with him - from ‘Abd al Rahman b. Samrah that he said:

. بيأَلْ ي ف يدينَارٍ يفي ث وَْبييه ي حينَ جَهَّزَ النَّيبُِّ )جَاءَ عُثْمَانُ بْنُ عَفَّانَ إيلَى النَّيبِِّ مَا « : ي قَُلِّ بُ هَا بييَ ي دهي وَي قَُولُ فَجَعَلَ النَّيبُِّ جَيْشَ الْعُسْرَةي قَالَ فَصَ بَّ هَا يفي ي حجْير النَّيبِِّ ي رَُدِّدُهَا يمرَارًا( » ضَرَّ ابْنَ عَفَّانَ مَا عَمِلَ بَ عْدَ الْيَ وْمِ “ .

“Uthman 带着一千第纳尔来到先知ﷺ面前，那时他正在为困难之役（塔布克之役）做准备，他把这些钱全部倒在了先知ﷺ的怀里。据他所说，先知ﷺ开始翻动这些钱，并且说：“从今天起，‘Uthman 所做的任何事都不会损害他。”他把这句话重复了许多次。先知ﷺ有时也亲自把钱分发出去。这段记载由 al-Bukhari 从 Anas 那里传述。

‘Uthman came to the Prophet (phuh) with one thousand dinars when he prepared the Army of the Hardship (Tabuk) and he emptied it in the lap of the Prophet (phuh) . He said the Prophet (phuh) started to turn them around and say: ‘Uthman will not be harmed by any work he does after today, and he repeated it many times”. He used sometimes to divide them by himself. Al-Bukhari narrated from Anas:

. يبَِالٍ يمنَ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن فَ قَالَ: انْ ثُ رُوهُ فِي الْمَسْجِدِ ... فَ لَمَّا قَضَى أُيتَِ النَّيبُِّ « وَثَمَّ الصَّلاةَ جَاءَ فَجَلَسَ إيلَيْيه، فَمَا كَانَ ي رََى أَحَدًا إيلاَّ أَعْطَاهُ ... فَمَا قَامَ رَسُولُ اللَّيه » يمنْ هَا يدرْهَمٌ.

“来自巴林的钱财被带到先知ﷺ面前。他说：‘把它们铺在清真寺里。’他完成拜功后，就坐在它们旁边，凡是他看到的人，都会给他一份……当安拉的使者ﷺ站起来时，那些钱财中已经一枚迪拉姆也不剩了。”

“Funds from Bahrain were brought to the Prophet (phuh) . He said ‘spread them out in the mosque’. When he finished the prayer, he sat down close to them and left nobody he saw without giving him… when the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) stood up, there was not a single dirham left with them”.

阿布·伯克尔(ra)亲自负责分配来自巴林的钱财。布哈里根据贾比尔的传述记载：他说……

Abu Bakr (ra) took responsibility of dividing by himself the funds coming from Bahrain. Al-Bukhari narrated from Jabir who said:

. لَوْ قَدْ جَاءَنِي مَ الُ الْبَحْرَيْنِ، لَقَدْ أَعْطَي تُكَ هَكَذَا « : )قَالَ رَسُولُ اللَّيه فَ لَمَّا جَاءَ مَالُ الْبَحْرَيْ ي ن أَمَرَ أَبُو بَكْرٍ ، فَ لَمْ يَ يَئْ حَ تََّّ قُبيضَ النَّيبُِّ ،» وَهَكَذَا وَهَكَذَا دَيْنٌ أَوْ ي عدَةٌ فَ لْيَ أْتينَا، فَأَتَ يْ تُهُ فَ قُلْتُ: إينَّ مُنَايديًا فَ نَادَى: مَنْ كَانَ لَهُ ي عنْدَ رَسُويل اللَّيه قَالَ: يلَ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَحَثَا يلَ ثَلاَثاً ...( رَسُولَ اللَّيه “ .

安拉的使者ﷺ说:“如果有来自巴林的钱财,我会这样、这样、这样地给你。”安拉的使者ﷺ去世后,巴林的钱财到来了,艾卜·伯克尔下令让人呼喊:凡是有安拉的使者ﷺ欠他债务或有他应得之物的人,请到我们这里来。我便去找他,说:安拉的使者ﷺ说:“我应得的是这样、这样。”于是他给了我三次(钱财)……”

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: ‘If funds come from Bahrain, I will give you thus and thus and thus. When the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) died and the funds came from Bahrain, Abu Bakr ordered somebody to call: Whoever has some debt or something with the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) let him come to us. I went to him and said: the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: ‘for me is thus and thus, so he gave me (of money) three times...’”.

在前述关于苏弗彦·阿赛吉菲所发现的皮囊、并将其告知欧麦尔（愿真主喜悦他）的那段叙述中，欧麦尔将其取走，放入了公库（Bayt Al-Mal）。沙斐仪在《乌姆》中记载：“几位学者告诉我们，伊拉克的战利品运到欧麦尔·伊本·哈塔卜那里时，公库的管理者对他说：‘让我把它们放进公库吧。’他说：‘不！以克尔白的主发誓，在我分配之前，它不会存放在任何房屋里。’于是他下令将其放在清真寺中，上面铺上皮垫，并让来自穆哈吉尔和安莎尔的人看守。第二天早上，阿拔斯·伊本·阿卜杜勒·穆塔利卜和阿卜杜勒·拉赫曼·伊本·欧夫与他一同出来，他或是握着其中一人的手，或是被其中一人握着手。他们看见他时，便将皮垫从钱财上移开。于是，他看到了一幅他从未见过的景象：他看见金子、蓝宝石、水晶和珍珠闪闪发光，便哭了起来。其中一人对他说：‘以真主发誓！今天不是哭泣的日子，而是赞颂和欢喜的日子。’他说：‘以真主发誓！我不是像你们那样看待此事。这样的钱财在任何民族中增多，都只会使其内部产生伤害。’然后他转向克尔白的方向，举起双手说：‘我的主啊！我求你庇佑我，免受诱惑，因为我听到你（subhanahu wa ta'ala）说：”

In the narration mentioned above of Sufyan Al-Thaqafi regarding the leather bag which he found and announced to Umar (ra): “Umar took it and put it in the Bayt Al-Mal”. Al-Shafi‘i reported in Al-Umm “More than one of the scholars told us that when the spoils of Iraq reached Umar Ibn Al-Khattab, the trustee of the Bayt Al-Mal told him, ‘let me put them in the Bayt Al-Mal’. He said: ‘No! By the Lord of the Ka’bah, it will not be kept in any house until I have divided it.’ So he ordered it should be put in the mosque, and leather mats were put on top of it and men from the Muhajir and Al-Ansar guarded it. In the morning, Al-‘Abbas b. ‘Abd Al-Muttalib and ‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Awf went out with him, he was either holding the hand of one of them, or one of them was holding his hand. When they saw him, they removed the leather mats away from the funds. So, he saw a scene he never saw before. He saw the gold, sapphire, crystals, and pearl sparkling and he cried. One of them said to him, ‘By Allah! This is not a day of crying, rather a day of praising and delight.’ He said ‘By Allah! I did not think of it your way. Rather, such funds will not increase in any people except their harm falls between them.’ Then he turned to the Qiblah, rose up his hands and said, ‘O my Lord! I seek protection with you from being allured, for I hear You (swt) saying:

“但那些否认我们的迹象的人，我们将渐渐引导他们走向毁灭，他们却不知道从何而来。”（《古兰经》7:183）。然后他说：“苏拉格·伊本·贾沙姆在哪里？”有人把他带到他面前，他的手臂上长满了汗毛，身材纤细。他把两个基斯拉的手镯给了他，说：“戴上它们。”他便戴上了。然后他说：“安拉至大。”他又说：“安拉至大。”他说：“你们说，一切赞颂归于安拉，是祂将它们从基斯拉·伊本·希尔米兹手中夺回，并把它们戴在了比尼·米дли吉族的贝都因人苏拉格·伊本·贾沙姆身上。”他开始用一根木棍翻动财物，说：“确实，那个替他保管的人是诚实的。”有人对他说：“让我告诉你，你是安拉的受托人（阿敏），他们把你所保管的交还给你，就如同把他们所保管的交还给安拉。所以，如果你隐瞒，他们也会隐瞒。”他说：“你说得对。”然后他把财物分发了出去。我们之前还提到过阿卜杜拉·伊本·阿慕尔的传述，由达里米记录：在奥斯曼时期，一名奴隶去世，没有亲属，于是他下令将其财产交入公库（拜特·马尔）。此外，还有伊本·西林在《伊斯提兹卡尔》中的传述：阿里过去分配财物，直到公库空了，然后他便将其清洗，并坐在里面（地上）。

“But those who deny Our signs - We will progressively lead them [to destruction] from where they do not know.”. (TMQ 7:183). Then he said, ‘Where is Suraqah Ibn Ja’sham?’ He was brought to him while his arms were hairy and slim. He gave him the two bracelets of Kisra. He said, ‘Wear them’ and he did. He then said, ‘Allah is great.’ He said, ‘Allah is Great’ He said, ‘Say all Praise is to Allah, who wrested them from Kisra Ibn Hirmiz and dressed Suraqah b. Ja‘sham with them, a Bedouin from Bani Midlij.’ He started to turn over the funds with a stick and said, ‘Indeed the one that rendered that is honest.’ A man said to him, ‘Let me tell you, you are the trustee of Allah (ameen), and they render to you that which you rendered to Allah. So, if you reveled they would revel.’ He said, ‘You said the truth.’ then he distributed it”. We mentioned before also the narration of ‘Abd Allah b. Amr as reported by Al-Darimi “A servant passed away at the time of Uthman without having a relative. So, he ordered that his wealth be put in Bayt Al-Mal”. This is aside from the narration of Anas Ibn Sirin in Al-Istidhkar that “Ali used to divide the funds until the Bayt Al-Mal became empty, then he would wash it and sit inside (on the floor).”.

信使（愿主福安之）有时会指派其中一位圣门弟子主持财物的分配，或授权他处理财物的某些事务。布哈里（愿主慈悯之）记载了一段圣训，出自欧格白：信使（愿主福安之）说："我想起我们那里还有一些金块，我不愿它留着牵绊我，于是我下令将它分掉。"

The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) would sometimes appoint one of his companions to preside over the division of the funds, or he used to appoint him over some of the issues of the funds. Al-Bukhari reported a narration from ‘Uqbah that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: .» ذكََرْتُ شَ يْئًا مِنْ تِ بْرٍ عِنْدَنَا، فَكَرِهْتُ أَنْ يَحْبِسَنِي، فَأَمَرْتُ بِقِسْمَتِهِ « .

“我想起家中有一块金子，我不喜欢它分散我对安拉崇拜的注意力，所以我已下令将它分发（作为施舍）。”这段传述出自伊本·沙哈布，由伊本·艾布·沙伊巴转述，其传述链被哈菲兹·伊本·哈哲尔·阿斯喀兰尼、穆恩齐里和海赛米认定为哈桑级。

“I remembered a piece of gold Lying in my house and I did not like it to divert my attention from Allah's worship, so I have ordered it to be distributed (in charity).”The narration of Ibn Shihab, as reported by Ibn Abi Shaybah through a narration considered Hasan by Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar Al-‘Asqalani, Al- Mundhiri and Al-Haythami says:

. دَخَلَ ي خزَانَةَ بيلاَلٍ الَّيتِ يَضَعُ فييهَا الصَّدَقَا ي ت، فَ وَجَدَ فييهَا أَنَّ رَسُولَ الله ي « صُبْ رَةً يمنْ تََْرٍ، فَ قَالَ: مَا هَذَا التَّمْرُ يَا بِلاَلُ ؟ قَالَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهي، أَخَذْت هَُا لينَ وَائيبيكَ. قَالَ : أَفَأَمِنْتَ أَنْ تُصْبِحَ وَلَهَا فِي جَهَنَّمَ بُخَارٌ ؟ أَنْفِقْ وَلاَ تَخْشَ مِنْ ذِي الْعَرْشِ إَقْلاَلاً أَوْ » إِقْ تَار اً .

“真主的使者ﷺ进入了毕拉勒的储藏处，那里放着施舍之物（天课），他发现里面堆着一堆椰枣，便说：‘毕拉勒啊，这些椰枣是什么？’他说：‘真主的使者啊，我把它留起来，以备您的不时之需。’他说：‘你不担心它在火狱中冒烟而醒来吗？你要施舍，不要害怕那座宝座的主使你减少或吝啬。’”另有记载说：“在真主的使者ﷺ在世时，阿卜杜·拉赫曼·本·奥夫负责骆驼和羊的施舍，毕拉勒负责水果的施舍；而马赫米耶·本·朱兹负责五分之一的份额（归真主的使者ﷺ及其家人）。”哈里发说：“毕拉勒还负责他的开支。”

“The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) entered the safe of Bilal in which he put the Sadaqah (charity) and found in it a heap of dates, so he said, ‘What are these dates, O Bilal?’ He said ‘O Messenger of Allah, I took it for your hard times.’ He said, ‘Do you feel safe from waking up and finding it fume in Hell? Spend and do not fear reduction or stinginess from the Owner of the Throne.’” And also in the narration: “Abd al Rahman b. ‘Awf used to take charge of the Sadaqah of camels and sheep at the time of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) , and Bilal used to take charge of the Sadaqah of fruits; while Mahmiyyah Ibn Juz’ used to take charge of the fifth (of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and his household)”. And Khalifah said: “And Bilal was responsible for his expenses”.

伊本·希班在其《沙希哈》中传述，来自阿卜杜拉·本·拉希耶·胡扎尼，他说："我遇见了安拉的使者（愿主福安之）的穆安津比拉勒，我问道：'比拉勒啊！安拉的使者（愿主福安之）的开支是多少？'他回答说：'他没有任何财物。自他被派为使者直至他去世之日，都是由我负责此事。如果有穆斯林来到他面前，而他看到那人衣着不足，他便命我赶紧去借钱，为他买一件外衣给他穿，并且给他买食物。'"穆斯林传述，来自安拉的使者（愿主福安之）的仆人阿布·拉菲，他说：

Ibn Hibban reported in his Sahih from ‘Abd Allah b. Lahya Al-Huzani, who said: “I met with Bilal, the Mu’adhin of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) and said, ‘O Bilal! How much were the expenses of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) ?’ He replied, ‘He did not have anything. I was the one that took care of that since he was sent as a Messenger till the day he passed away. If a Muslim came to him and he saw him not dressed he ordered me to rush and borrow some money so as to buy him a cloak to dress him and also feed him’”. Muslim reported from Abu Rafi‘, the servant of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) , who said:

اسْ تَسْلَفَ مِنْ رَجُلٍ بَكْرًا، فَ قَدِمَتْ عَلَيْهِ إِبِلٌ مِنْ إِبِلِ أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ « الصَّدَقَةِ، فَأَمَرَ أَبَا رَافِعٍ أَنْ يَ قْضِيَ الرَّجُلَ بَكْرَه ، فَ رَجَعَ إيلَيْيه أَبُو رَافيعٍ فَ قَالَ: لََْ أَ ي جدْ فييهَا إيلاَّ » ي خيَارًا رَبَا ي عيًا، فَ قَالَ: أَعْطِهِ إِيَّاهُ، إِنَّ خِيَارَ النَّاسِ أَحْسَ نُ هُمْ قَضَاء .

真主的使者ﷺ借了一头幼驼。之后，他收到了一些天课骆驼。他吩咐阿布·拉菲阿归还那人他的幼驼。我说：我在骆驼中找不到，只有一头四岁的好骆驼。真主的使者ﷺ说：把它给他吧，因为最好的人是还债最好的人。

“The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) borrowed a young camel. Then he received some camels of the Sadaqah. He ordered Abu Rafi‘ to repay the man his young camel. I said: I did not find in the camels except a four year old good camel. The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: give it to him, for the best people are those who are best in repayment”.

It is also mentioned in the narration of Ibn Abbas, which is agreed upon: That when the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent Mu’adh to Yemen, he said: ليمُعَايذ بْ ي ن جَبَلٍ ي حينَ ب عََثَهُ إيلَى الْيَمَ ي ن: ... فَإِنْ هُمْ أَطَاعُوا قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهي « لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَأَخْبِرْهُمْ أَنَّ اللَّهَ قَدْ فَ رَضَ عَلَيْهِمْ صَدَقَةً تُ ؤْخَذُ مِنْ أَغْنِيَائِهِمْ فَ تُ رَدُّ عَلَى فُ قَرَائِهِمْ، فَإِنْ هُ مْ أَطَاعُوا لَكَ بِذَلِكَ، فَإِيَّاكَ وَكَرَائِمَ أَمْوَالِهِمْ، وَاتَّقِ دَعْوَةَ الْمَظْ لُومِ فَإِنَّهُ » لَيْسَ بَ يْ نَهُ وَبَ يْنَ اللهِ حِجَابٌ .

“如果他们在这些事上服从你，就告诉他们：真主已为他们规定了每日每夜的五次拜功。如果他们在这些事上服从你，就告诉他们：真主已经使他们有义务缴纳天课，天课要从他们中的富人那里取得，再分给他们中的穷人。如果他们在这些事上服从你，那么你就不要拿取他们最好的财产，并且要畏惧受压迫者的祈祷，因为他的祈祷与真主之间没有任何帷幕。”这段圣训也见于穆斯林圣训集，由艾卜·胡莱赖在传述。

“And if they obey you in that, tell them that Allah has enjoined on them five prayers in each day and night. And if they obey you in that tell them that Allah has made it obligatory on them to pay the Zakat which will be taken from the rich among them and given to the poor among them. If they obey you in that, then avoid taking the best of their possessions, and be afraid of the invocation of an oppressed person because there is no screen between his invocation and Allah”. It is also reported in Muslim from Abu Hurayrah.

. » عُمَرَ عَلَى الصَّدَقَةِ بَ عَثَ رَسُولُ اللَّهِ « .

“使者派遣欧麦尔去收取天课”。

“that the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) sent Umar to collect the Sadaqah”.

正统的哈里发遵循他的方法，因此他们会委派其他人来管理财库事务。伊本·易沙格和哈利法说："艾布·伯克尔任命艾布·欧拜代·本·哲拉赫掌管公库（Bayt Al-Mal），之后又派他前往沙姆。"阿尔·达哈比在评述穆尔·艾伊盖布的生平时说："艾布·伯克尔和欧麦尔任命他掌管公库。"伊本·凯西尔在其《开端与终结》（Al-Bidayah wa 'l-Nihayah）中，引述阿卜杜拉·本·祖拜尔的话说："安拉的使者ﷺ以阿卜杜拉·本·阿尔喀姆·本·阿布杜·雅古特为书记员，他代表他回复各国君主。据说他常命他给一些君主写信，并因对他的信任而由他盖章于所读之信件上。他还写信给艾布·伯克尔，使其负责公库，欧麦尔·本·黑塔卜也同意了此事。"伊本·萨阿德在《层级志》（Al-Tabaqat）中，以及伊本·哈哲尔在《伊苏巴》（Al-'Isabah）中均记载，欧麦尔（愿安拉喜悦他）的财务官是他的仆人雅萨尔·本·努迈尔。艾哈迈德在其《圣训集》（Musnad）中，以及阿卜杜·拉札克在《穆萨奈夫》（Al-Musannaf）中，转述拉希格·本·哈米德的话说："他派伊本·麦斯欧德主管司法和公库"，指的是派往库法。哈利法转述马立克·本·艾奈斯，又从宰德·本·艾斯兰转述："欧麦尔任命阿卜杜拉·本·阿尔喀姆主管公库。"伊本·胡宰麦在其《圣训真本》（Sahih）中转述欧尔沃·本·祖拜尔的话："阿卜杜·阿尔-拉赫曼·本·阿卜杜·阿尔-盖里说：'在欧麦尔·本·黑塔卜在位时，我负责公库。'"伊本·哈哲尔在《法提赫》（Al-Fateh）中谈及阿卜杜拉·本·麦斯欧德的美德时记载："欧麦尔和奥斯曼任命他主管库法的公库。"贾什亚里在《宰相与书记员》（Al-Wuzara' wa 'l-Kuttab）中提到："阿卜杜拉·本·阿尔喀姆·本·阿布杜·雅古特，先知ﷺ的书记员之一，曾为他管理公库"，指的是为奥斯曼（愿安拉喜悦他）管理。 Al-Hakim在《Al-Mustadrak》中引述Al-Zubayr Ibn Bakkar的话说："Abdullah Ibn Al-Arqam Ibn Abdu Yaghuth在Umar时期以及Uthman执政之初直至去世期间负责Bayt Al-Mal，并且他曾与先知ﷺ有过陪伴。" Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr在《Al-Isti’ab》中说："Zaid Ibn Thabit在Uthman的哈里发时期负责Bayt Al-Mal。Zaid有一个名叫Wahib的奴隶，Uthman看到他在Bayt Al-Mal中帮忙，便问：'这是谁？'Zayd回答：'是我的奴隶。'Uthman说：'我看到他在帮助穆斯林，他也有应得的权利，我为他拨给一份。'于是他为他拨了两千。Zayd说：'以真主发誓，你不能给奴隶拨两千。'于是他又为他拨了一千。" Al-Sadfi在关于埃及学者以及进入埃及的使者之伴的书中提到："此后Abu Rafi‘被推荐给'Ali Ibn Abi Talib，于是他让他负责Al-Kufa的Bayt Al-Mal。" Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr在《Al-Isti’ab》中说："'Ubayd Allah Ibn Abu Rafi‘是'Ali的司库和书记员。" Al-‘Ayni在《‘Umdat Al-Qari'》中提到："'Abd Allah Ibn Wahb Al-Suwa’i，'Ali敬重他、喜爱他并信任他，于是让他负责Kufa的Bayt Al-Mal。" 'Ali任命Ziyad负责Basra。Al-Jahshiyari说："当他离开Basra时，他让他负责Al-Kharaj和Diwan。" Bayt Al-Mal（国库）可以分为两部分：

The Righteous Khulafaa’ followed him in his method, so they used to appoint some other people to run the affairs of funds. Ibn Ishaq and Khalifah said: “Abu Bakr appointed Abu ‘Ubaydah b. Al-Jarrah in charge of Bayt Al-Mal, and then he sent him to Al-Sham”. Al-Dhahabi said commenting on the life of Mu’ayqib that “Abu Bakr and Umar appointed him in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal”. In Ibn Kathir’s Al-Bidayah wa ‘l- Nihayah he mentioned from ‘Abd Allah b. Zubayr “The Messenger of Allah (pbuh) used ‘Abd Allah b. Al-Arqam b. ‘Abdu Yaghuth as a scribe, and he used to reply to the Kings on his behalf, and it was mentioned that he used to order him to write to some of the Kings and would stamp what he read to him due to the trust he had with him, and he wrote to Abu Bakr and made him responsible for the Bayt Al-Mal and Umar b. Al-Khattab consented to that”. Ibn Sa‘d narrated in Al-Tabaqat and Ibn Hajar in Al-‘Isabah that the treasurer of Umar (ra) was his servant Yasar Ibn Numayr. Ahmad in his Musnad and ‘Abd Al-Razzaq in Al- Musannaf reported from Lahiq b. Hamid that he said, “And he sent Ibn Mas‘ud in charge of judiciary and Bayt Al-Mal”, meaning to Kufa. Khalifah reported from Malik Ibn Anas from Zayd b. Aslam that “Umar appointed ‘Abd Allah b. Arqam in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal”. Ibn Khuzymah reported in his Sahih from ‘Urwah b. Al-Zubaiyr that “‘Abd Al-Rahman b. ‘Abd Al-Qari said, ‘I was in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal at the time of Umar b. Al-Khattab”. Ibn Hajar narrated in Al-Fateh in the context of speaking about the virtues of ‘Abd Allah b. Mas‘ud: “And he was appointed by Umar and ‘Uthman in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal in Kufa”. Al-Jahshayari mentioned in Al-Wuzara’ wa ’l-Kuttab “that ‘Abdullah b. Arqam Ibn ‘Abdu Yaghuth, one of the scribes of the Prophet (phuh), used to run the Bayt Al-Mal to him”, meaning to ‘Uthman (ra). Al-Hakim mentioned in Al-Mustadrak from Al- Zubayr Ibn Bakkar that, “Abdullah Ibn Al-Arqam Ibn Abdu Yaghuth was in charge of Bayt Al-Mal at the time of Umar and the beginning of the authority of Uthman till he passed away; and he had some companionship (with the Messenger)”. Ibn ‘Abd Al- Barr said in Al-Isti’ab: “Zaid Ibn Thabit was in charge of the Bayt Al-Mal during the Khilafah of Uthman; Zaid used to have a slave called Wahib, Uthman saw him helping them in the Bayt Al-Mal, so he said: ‘Who is this?’ Zayd replied, ‘A slave to me.’ Uthman said, ‘I see that he helps the Muslims, and he is entitled for a right, and I allocate it to him.’ So he allocated to him two thousand. Zayd said, ‘By Allah, you cannot allocate two thousand to a slave’, so he allocated to him one thousand”. Al-Sadfi mentioned in the book about the scholars of Egypt and the companions of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) who entered it: “Abu Rafi‘ was referred after that to ‘Ali b. Abi Talib, so he put him in charge of Bayt Al-Mal in Al-Kufa”. Ibn ‘Abd Al-Barr said in Al- Isti’ab: “‘Ubayd Allah b. Abu Rafi‘ was a treasurer and secretary to ‘Ali”. Al-‘Ayni mentioned in ‘Umdat Al-Qari': “‘Abd Allah b. Wahb Al-Suwa’i, ‘Ali used to honour him, love him and trust him, so he was put in charge of Bayt Al-Mal in Kufa”. ‘Ali appointed Ziyad in charge of Basra. Al-Jahshiyari said: “When he left Basra, he placed him in charge of Al-Kharaj and Diwan". The treasury (Bayt Al-Mal) can be divided into two parts:

收入:它包括三个登记册(Diwan):

Revenues: It includes three registers (Diwan):

• 战利品与哈拉只登记册：这包括战争缴获的战利品、哈拉只、土地、吉兹亚、掠夺物以及赋税。

• The register of the booty and Kharaj: This includes the spoils of war, Kharaj, lands, Jizya, booties and taxes.

公共财产登记册：包括石油、天然气、电力、矿产、海洋、河流、湖泊、泉水、森林、牧场以及Hima（保护地）。

• The register of the public property: This includes oil, gas, electricity, minerals, seas, rivers, lakes, springs, forests, pastures and Hima (protected lands).

• 施舍登记册：包括金钱、货物、庄稼和果实、骆驼、牛和羊的天课。

• The register of Sadaqah: This includes Zakah of money, merchandise, harvest and fruits, camels, cows and sheep.

支出:这包括八个账目。

Expenditure: This includes eight registers:

• 哈里发国（Dar Al-Khilafah）的登记册。 • 国家事务的登记册。

• The register of the Dar Al-Khilafah. • The register of the State’s services.