第21条 - 《哈里发国草案宪法》 | Quran Course

第21条 - 《哈里发国草案宪法》 | Quran Course

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第21条

Article 21

by Sheikh Taqiuddin An-Nabahani6 min readViewed 148 times

穆斯林有权组建政党，以便监督统治者，或通过乌玛（Ummah）谋求执政，但前提是其基础必须是伊斯兰的阿qīdah（信仰），且其所采纳的规则必须是沙里亚（Shari'ah）的规则。组建政党不需要任何许可。任何以非伊斯兰基础组建的团体都是被禁止的。

The Muslims have the right to establish political parties in order to account the rulers or to reach the rule through the Ummah on the condition that their basis is the Islamic 'Aqeedah and that the rules they adopt are Shari’ah rules. The formation of a party does not require any permission. Any group formed on an un-Islamic basis is prohibited.

其证据是真主(SWT)的经文。

Its evidence is the words of Allah (swt).

“而你们之中当有一个团体，号召行善，命人行义，禁人作恶，这些人就是成功的人。”（《古兰经》3:104）以此节经文作为组建政党之依据的观点在于：安拉（SWT）命令穆斯林中应有一个团体，在他们之中从事伊斯兰的宣教（达瓦），同样从事命人行善、禁人作恶，因此安拉（SWT）的话……

“And let there be [arising] from you a nation (a band of people) inviting to [all that is] good, enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong, and those will be the successfu.” (TMQ 3:104). The angle of using this verse as an evidence for the establishment of political parties is that Allah (swt) ordered the Muslims to have a group which carries out the Da’wah to Islam amongst them, and likewise carries out enjoining the Ma’ruf and forbidding the Munkar, so His (swt) saying.

“你们中间应当有一个团体（一群人）”，这是一项命令，要求建立一个具有结构的群体，这个群体具有穆斯林群体中某类团体的特征，因为真主说“从你们中间”，这正是真主的本意。

“Let there be [arising] from you a nation (a band of people)”的意思是：从你们中间组建一个群体，这个群体有使其成员凝聚在一起的纽带，并有一位必须服从的首领（Amir）。这就是集团、政党、社团、组织，或任何适用于具备使其成为群体的要素、并在运作中保持其群体性质的团体的名称。由此可见，该经文是一项要求组建政党、社团、团体或类似组织的命令。至于这一命令是要求组建政治党派，原因在于：该命令是要求组建一个特定的群体，并通过规定其将要履行的行动来加以specify，而不是泛指任何群体。经文说明了该群体作为群体所要履行的行动，而这一说明也界定了所要求组建的群体类型，换言之，界定了所要求创建的社团类型，因为经文提到：从穆斯林中组建一个群体，号召行善，命令Ma'ruf（正道），禁止Munkar（恶行）。因此，这便是该群体的特征，而且是一个明确的特征；符合此特征的群体才是必须组建的，其他的则不是必须的。至于号召行善或伊斯兰的Da'wa（宣教），一个团体可以承担，一个政党或组织也可以承担。然而，命令正道、禁止恶行这一以普遍形式出现的行动，只有政党才能承担，因为它包含了命令统治者遵行正道、禁止他们作恶。事实上，这是命令正道与禁止恶行中最重要的行动，而且它属于本节经文的内容，因为经文是以普遍形式表述的。

“Let there be [arising] from you a nation (a band of people)” means: and bring about from amongst yourselves a group which has a bond which bonds its members together and an Amir to whom obedience is obligatory. And this is the bloc or the party or the association or the organisation or any name from the names which are applied to the group which fulfils what makes it a group and maintains it as group while it is working. And with that it becomes apparent that the verse is an order to form parties, associations, groups or their likes. As for the reality that this order is an order to bring about political parties, that is because the order is a request to bring about a specific group by specifying the action that it will carry out, and not simply any group. The verse explains the action that the group will carry out in its characteristic as a group and this explanation identified the type of group whose creation was requested; in other words, it identified the type of association whose creation was requested, since the verse mentioned: to bring about from the Muslims a group that calls to the good and enjoins the Ma’ruf and forbids the Munkar. So this is to be a characteristic for this group, and it is a defined characteristic, so the group that meets this characteristic is the one which is obligatory to be brought about, and anything else is not obligatory. As for the call to the good, or the Da’wa to Islam, then it is possible for an group to carry it out, and it is possible for a party or an organisation to carry it out. However, enjoining the Ma’ruf and forbidding the Munkar which came in a general form, is an action which can only be carried out by a political party, because it encompasses the ordering of the rulers by the Ma’ruf and forbidding them from the Munkar. In fact, this is the most important action from the enjoining of the Ma’ruf and the forbiddance of the Munkar, and it is part of this verse, since it came in a general form.

这个团体正是安拉（SWT）使穆斯林有义务建立的团体；换言之，它具备经文所描述的全部特征。具备这一特征的团体就是政党。不能以此来论证：仅建立一个呼吁伊斯兰、命人行善、禁人作恶、且不与统治者对抗的团体，就足以履行这一义务。这种说法不能成立，因为只有当穆斯林所建立的团体具备其全部特征时，义务才算履行。换言之，它既要以呼吁向善为基础，也要命人行善、禁人作恶，因为经文中的连接词是“和”（Wa），表示并列与共同；又因为命人行善、禁人作恶的措辞是以全称的形式出现的，所以它必须保持其全称含义，并且这一全称必须得到落实。因此，如果排除了对统治者命人行善、禁人作恶，或者说排除了政治行动，那么经文所要求的团体便不存在，因为这样的团体排除了命人行善、禁人作恶中一项重要的内容，而经文是以全称的方式表述的，所以除非命人行善、禁人作恶包括对统治者的命令与禁止，否则这一特征便不完整，也就不是经文所要求的团体。因此,经文中所提及的这一义务,只有通过建立一个政治团体才能履行,换言之,即一个政党、社团或组织;也就是那样一个团体:它全面地履行劝善戒恶的职责,不排除其中任何内容。而这样的团体,只有依靠政党、社团或与之相似的组织才能实现。

This is the group whose establishment Allah (swt) made obligatory upon the Muslims; in other words, it fulfils all of these characteristics found in the verse describing it. The group which has this characteristic is the political party. It cannot be argued that the creation of a group which calls to Islam, and orders the people with the Ma’ruf and forbids them from the Munkar and does not confront the rulers is sufficient to fulfil this obligation. That cannot be argued since the fulfillment of the obligation does not occur unless the group which the Muslims brought about fulfils all of its characteristics. In other words it fulfils the enjoining of the Ma’ruf and the forbiddance of the Munkar alongside the Da’wah to the good, since the attachment in the verse came with the letter “and” (Wa) which indicates participation, and because the words to order the Ma’ruf and forbid the Munkar came in a general meaning with a form from the forms of generality - ,therefore, it has to remain upon its generality and its generality has to be fulfilled. So the obligation cannot be established unless the work of the group in enjoining the Ma’ruf and forbidding the Munkar was general, as it came in the verse, with no exceptions made. So if the ordering the rulers with Ma’ruf and forbidding them from the Munkar is excluded, or in other words, if the political actions are excluded, then the group requested in the verse is not present, and this group is not the one requested by the verse because it excluded an important action from the enjoining of the ma’roof and the forbiddance of the Munkar, and the verse came in its generality and so this characteristic is not complete unless the ordering of the rulers by the ma’roof and forbidding them from the Munkar is part of the groups actions. For this reason the obligation as mentioned in the verse is not fulfilled except by the establishment of a political group, in other words, a political party or association or organisation; that is, the group which carries out the enjoining of the Ma’ruf and forbiddance of the Munkar generally without excluding anything from it, and this is not found except with a political party or association or something that resembles them.

“凡你们中见到恶行（munkar）的人，就应当以手改变它”（穆斯林圣训实录辑录，传自艾布·赛义德·胡德里），因此这里的意图并非指某一个具体的恶行，而是指“恶行”这一类别，类似的例证还有很多。所以这既适用于该类别中的单一事物，也适用于该类别中的多个事物。因此，穆斯林乌玛中允许存在一个团体，也允许存在多个团体；但如果已有一个团体存在，并且该团体履行了经文所要求的职责，那么足以履行的义务便已完成。不过，这并不妨碍建立其他团体，因为组建政党对穆斯林而言属于足以履行的义务。因此，如果一个团体已经成立，而其他人想要组建第二个团体，也就是去履行这项义务，那么就不允许阻止他们，因为这属于阻止履行义务，而这是被禁止的。据此，阻止组建多个政党是不允许的。这一规定仅适用于那些以经文所提及的内容为基础而成立的政党，即号召行善、命令良善（Ma’ruf）、禁止恶行（Munkar），其中包括对统治者的规劝和对统治者的问责。至于其他情况，则须加以考量：如果其成立是为了从事被禁止的事情，例如号召民族主义，或传播非伊斯兰思想，或类似的事情，那么成立此类集团是被禁止的，国家将予以制止，并且每位参与者都将受到惩处。如果其成立并非为了从事被禁止的事情，而是为了从事被允许的事情，那么以被允许的基础而成立的团体，就是被允许的。然而,除非某个政党具备该节经文中提到的全部特征,否则它不能被视为践行了安拉(SWT)在这节经文中所规定的义务。

“Whoever from you sees an evil (munkar), let him change it” (reported by Muslim through Abu Sa’id Al-Khudri), so the intention is not a single Munkar rather the genus of Munkar, and there are many similar examples. So it holds true upon the single unit from the genus and also upon multiple units from that genus. It is ,therefore, permitted that a single party could exist in the Ummah, and permitted that several parties could exist, but if a single party is present then the obligation of sufficiency has been met if that party carried out the required actions in the verse. However, this does not prevent the establishment of other parties, since the establishment of the political party is an obligation of sufficiency upon the Muslims, so if one party is established and others want to bring about a second party in other words, to carry out that obligation it is not permitted for them to be prevented, since this is the prevention from carrying out an obligation, which is prohibited. Accordingly, it is not permitted to prevent the establishment of multiple political parties. This only applies to those political parties that are established upon what the verse mentioned; that is the call to the good, the enjoining of the Ma’ruf and the prohibiting of the Munkar which encompasses the rulers and accounting the rulers. As for anything else, then it has to be considered - if it was established to carry out something prohibited such as the call to nationalism, or to spread un-Islamic ideas, or similar, then the establishment of such blocs is prohibited and will be prevented by the State, with each participant being punished. If they were not established to carry out something prohibited, such as to carry out something permitted, then what is established upon a permitted basis would be permitted. However, it would not be considered establishing the obligation that Allah (swt) obligated in the text of this verse unless it was a political party which had all the characteristics mentioned in the verse.