哈里发必须严格审查各省总督的施政行为，并持续评估他们的履职表现。他应当委派人员监督其状况、进行调查，并定期召集全部或部分总督，倾听臣民对他们的申诉。

The Khalifah must examine the actions of the governors and continually assess their performance strictly. He must deputise people to monitor their situations, investigate them, and periodically gather all or some of them, and listen to the complaints of the subjects regarding them.

已确认,先知(ﷺ)在任命总督时会对他们进行考核,正如他对穆阿兹和艾卜·穆萨所做的那样;并且他还向他们讲解应当如何处理事务,正如他在致阿姆尔·本·哈兹姆的书信中所做的那样。这封书信在学者中广为人知,伊本·阿萨基尔在《大马士革史》中有所提及,哈菲兹在《伊萨巴》中也有记载。

It is confirmed that the Prophet (phuh) used to test the governors when he appointed them as he did with Mu’adh and Abu Musa, and explained to them how they should proceed as he did with Amr b. Hazm in his message famous amongst the people of knowledge as mentioned by Ibn ’Asakir in Tarikh Damascus and Al-Hafiz said in Al-Isaba.

. » ... عمرو بن حزم على نج ران واس تعمل النبي ...«.

. » ... عمرو بن حزم على نج ران واس تعمل النبي ...«.

“……先知（ﷺ）任命阿穆尔·本·哈兹姆（Amr Bin Hazam）管理奈季兰（Najran）……”据传他写给阿穆尔的信中，内容涉及义务、血金（blood money）以及其他事项，由阿布·达乌德（Abu Dawud）、奈萨伊（Al-Nasa’i）、伊本·罕拔尔（Ibn Hibban）和达里米（Al-Darimi）等人转述。

“…and the Prophet (phuh) appointed Amr Bin Hazam over Najran…” and it is reported from him that the message he wrote to him was regarding the obligations and blood money and other issues, as narrated by Abu Dawud and Al-Nasa’i, Ibn Hibban and Al-Darimi and others.

同样地,他(指先知)也会提醒他们注意一些重要事务,正如他任命阿班·本·赛义德管理巴林时所做的那样。这一事迹见于伊本·赛阿德的《部落志》(Al-Tabaqat),引自瓦基迪,其记载是在有人对他说了这番话之后。

Likewise he would make them aware of some important issues as he did with Abaan Bin Said when he appointed him over Bahrain as has been mentioned in Al-Tabaqat of Ibn Sa’d from Al-Waqidi when it was said to him.

» اسْ تَ وْصِ بَ عَ بْ دِ قَ يْسٍ خَيْراً، وَأَكْرِمْ سَرَاتَهِمْ « 。“要善待阿卜杜·盖斯部族，并尊重他们的首领。”同样，据证实，他（先知ﷺ）也会审查总督，考察他们的情况，并倾听关于他们动态的汇报。他还会就税收和开支问题对总督进行问责；这一点由阿布·哈米德·阿尔-萨伊迪所传述。

. » اسْ تَ وْصِ بَ عَ بْ دِ قَ يْسٍ خَيْراً، وَأَكْرِمْ سَرَاتَهِمْ « . “Take good care of ’Abd Qays and honour their leaders”. In the same way, it is confirmed that he used to account the governors, investigate their circumstances and listen to what was narrated to him regarding their news. He also used to account the governors over the taxation and expenditures; it is narrated by Abu Hamid Al-Sa’idi.

رَجُلاً مِنْ بَنِي أَسْدٍ ي قَُالُ لَهُ ابْنُ اللُّتَبِيَّةِ عَلَى صَ دَقَ ةٍ فَ لَمَّ ا اسْ تَ عْمَلَ النَّبِيُّ « عَلَى الْمِنْ بَرِ قَالَ سُفْيَانُ أَيْضًا قَ دِمَ قَ الَ هَ ذَا لَكُمْ وَهَ ذَا أُهْدِيَ لِي فَ قَامَ النَّبِيُّ فَصَعِدَ الْمِنْ بَ رَ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْ نَى عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ مَا بَالُ الْعَامِلِ نَ بْ عَ ثُ هُ فَ يَأْتِي. يَ قُولُ هَ ذَا لَكَ وَهَ ذَا لِي فَ هَلاَّ جَلَسَ فِي بَ يْتِ أَبِيهِ وَأُمِّهِ فَ يَ نْ ظُ رُ أَي هُْدَى لَهُ أَمْ لاَ وَالَّذِي نَ فْسِي بِيَدِهِ لاَ يَأْتِي بِشَيْءٍ إِلاَّ جَاءَ بِهِ يَ وْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ يَحْمِلُهُ عَلَى رَقَ بَ تِ هِ إِنْ كَانَ بَعِيرًا لَهُ رُغَاءٌ أَوْ ب قَرَةً لَهَا » خُوَارٌ أَوْ شَاةً تَ يْ عَرُ ثُمَّ رَفَعَ يَدَيْهِ حَتَّى رَأَيْ نَا عُفْرَتَيْ إِبْطَيْهِ أَلاَ هَلْ بَ لَّغْتُ ثَلاَث اً .

رَجُلاً مِنْ بَنِي أَسْدٍ ي قَُالُ لَهُ ابْنُ اللُّتَبِيَّةِ عَلَى صَ دَقَ ةٍ فَ لَمَّ ا اسْ تَ عْمَلَ النَّبِيُّ « عَلَى الْمِنْ بَرِ قَالَ سُفْيَانُ أَيْضًا قَ دِمَ قَ الَ هَ ذَا لَكُمْ وَهَ ذَا أُهْدِيَ لِي فَ قَامَ النَّبِيُّ فَصَعِدَ الْمِنْ بَ رَ فَحَمِدَ اللَّهَ وَأَثْ نَى عَلَيْهِ ثُمَّ قَالَ مَا بَالُ الْعَامِلِ نَ بْ عَ ثُ هُ فَ يَأْتِي. يَ قُولُ هَ ذَا لَكَ وَهَ ذَا لِي فَ هَلاَّ جَلَسَ فِي بَ يْتِ أَبِيهِ وَأُمِّهِ فَ يَ نْ ظُ رُ أَي هُْدَى لَهُ أَمْ لاَ وَالَّذِي نَ فْسِي بِيَدِهِ لاَ يَأْتِي بِشَيْءٍ إِلاَّ جَاءَ بِهِ يَ وْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ يَحْمِلُهُ عَلَى رَقَ بَ تِ هِ إِنْ كَانَ بَعِيرًا لَهُ رُغَاءٌ أَوْ ب قَرَةً لَهَا » خُوَارٌ أَوْ شَاةً تَ يْ عَرُ ثُمَّ رَفَعَ يَدَيْهِ حَتَّى رَأَيْ نَا عُفْرَتَيْ إِبْطَيْهِ أَلاَ هَلْ بَ لَّغْتُ ثَلاَث اً .

“先知（愿主福安之）委派一位来自阿兹德部落、名叫伊本·鲁提比叶的人担任天课征收员。这人回来时（带着所征之物）说：‘真主的使者啊！这是给您的，那是给我的，因为有人把它当作礼物送给了我。’真主的使者ﷺ站上讲坛，赞颂真主，颂扬祂，然后说：‘我委派一个人去做事，他回来却说：“这是给您的，那是有人送给我的礼物”？他为什么不待在他父亲的家里或他母亲的家里，看看是否有人会送礼物给他呢？指着穆罕默德生命所在的真主起誓，你们中任何人若非法取得了什么，他在复活日都会背负着它而来；我在复活日绝不会认出你们中任何人背着一匹嘶鸣的骆驼、一头哞叫的牛或一只咩咩叫的羊而来。’接着，他举起双手，直到我们能看见他腋下的白色。然后他连说三次：‘主啊！我是否已传达了（祢的命令）？’”（一致公认的圣训）

“The Prophet (phuh) employed a man from the tribe of Al- Azd named Ibn Lutbiyyah as collector of Zakat. When the employee returned (with the collections) he said: " O Prophet (phuh) ! This is for you and this is mine because it was presented to me as gift." Messenger of Allah (pbuh) rose to the pulpit and praised Allah and extolled Him. Then he said, "I employ a man to do a job and he comes and says: 'This is for you and this has been presented to me as gift'? Why did he not remain in the house of his father or the house of his mother and see whether gifts will be given to him or not? By Allah in Whose Hand is the life of Muhammad, if any one of you took anything wrongfully, he will bring it on the Day of Resurrection, carrying it on (his back), I will not recognize anyone of you, on the Day of Resurrection with a grunting camel, or a bellowing cow, or a bleating ewe." Then he raised his hands till we could see the whiteness of his armpits. Then he said thrice, ''O Allah ! have I conveyed (Your Commandments” (agreed upon narration).

欧麦尔(愿真主喜悦他)对各地总督的监察非常严格,他派穆罕默德·本·麦斯莱maslamah(愿真主喜悦他)去考察他们的情况并进行调查。每逢朝觐季节,他都会召集各位总督,审查他们的所作所为,倾听民众对他们的申诉,并提醒他们总督职责的要求,查明他们的实际情况。据传,欧麦尔(愿真主喜悦他)有一天对身边的人说道:

Umar (ra) used to be severe in his monitoring of the governors and appointed Muhammad Bin Maslamah (ra) to examine their circumstances and investigate them. He would gather the governors in the pilgrimage season in order to look into what they had done, listen to the complaints of the subjects regarding them and to remind them of the affairs of the governorship and establish their circumstances. It is narrated from Umar (ra) that one day he said to those around him.

. "أرأيتم إذا استعملت عليكم خير من أعلم ثم أمرته بالعدل، أكنت قضيت الذي علي قالوا: نعم، قال: لا، حتى أنظر في عمله، أعمل بما أمرته به أم لا" .

. "أرأيتم إذا استعملت عليكم خير من أعلم ثم أمرته بالعدل، أكنت قضيت الذي علي قالوا: نعم، قال: لا، حتى أنظر في عمله، أعمل بما أمرته به أم لا" .

“你们认为，如果我任命你们中我所知道的最优秀的人担任你们的管理者，并命令他要公正，那么我是否已经尽到了我的责任？”他们回答说：“是的。”他说：“不，直到我审查他的行为——他是否按照我的命令去做。”（由艾哈迈德·拜哈基在《圣训大全》和《信仰分支》中引述自塔乌斯）。欧麦尔（愿真主喜悦他）过去严格追究他的总督和官员的责任，他的严格审查有时会导致他因为一些没有确凿证据的怀疑而罢免其中某人，他也会因为未达到怀疑程度的猜测而罢免他们。有人就此问他，他便如此回答。

“Do you think if I appointed over you the best whom I know, and then commanded him to be just, that have I completed what was upon me?” They replied, yes. He said “No, until I looked into his actions – did he act according to what I commanded him to or not” (reported from Al-Bayhaqi in Al-Sunan and Al-Shi’ab from Tawus). Umar (ra) used to strictly account his governors and ’Ummal, and his severity in accounting them would lead to him sometimes removing one of them due to a doubt for which there was no definite evidence and he used to remove them due to suspicion which did not reach the level of doubt. He was once asked about that and so said.

. "هان شيء أصلح به قوماً أن أبدلهم أميراً مكان أمير" .

. "هان شيء أصلح به قوماً أن أبدلهم أميراً مكان أمير" .

“我为人们做的最简单的一件事，就是把他们现有的一位领袖（Amir）换成另一位。”（由 Abu Shabah 在《Al-Tarikh Al-Madinah》中记载，并由 Ibn Sa’d 在《Al-Tabaqat》中从 Al-Hasan 处转述。）

“The simplest thing I do to make things right for people is to relplce a leader (Amir) they have by another” (reported by Abu Shabah in Al-Tarikh Al-Madinah, and by Ibn Sa’d in Al-Tabaqat from Al-Hasan).

然而，尽管他对他们要求严格，却仍允许他们有行事的自由，维护他们在政府中的地位，倾听他们的意见，并重视他们提出的证据。如果证据使他信服，他不会隐瞒自己的认同，也不会吝于称赞该地的'Amil。有一天，他听说自己派驻希姆斯的'Amil，'Umayr b. Sa'd，曾在讲坛上说道：

However, even with his strictness over them he used to allow them freedom of conduct, would protect their standing in government, listen to them and be attentive to their proofs. If the proof convinced him, he would not hide his conviction of it and his praise of the ’Amil. One day, it reached him that his ’Amil over Hims, ’Umayr b. Sa’d, said while upon the pulpit,

. "لا يزال الإسلام منيعاً ما اش ت د السلطان. وليس ت ش دة السلطان قتلاً بالس ي ف أو ضرباً بالسوط، ولكن قضاءً بالحق وأخذاً بالعدل" .

. "لا يزال الإسلام منيعاً ما اش ت د السلطان. وليس ت ش دة السلطان قتلاً بالس ي ف أو ضرباً بالسوط، ولكن قضاءً بالحق وأخذاً بالعدل" .

“只要统治权威严正有力，伊斯兰就会保持强盛。但权威之力并不在于以剑杀戮、以鞭抽打，而在于依真理裁决、践行公正。”这段话由伊本·赛德在《部落志》中引自赛义德·本·苏瓦伊德。乌马尔（愿真主喜悦他）谈及此人时说：“我真希望有一个像欧拜尔·本·赛德这样的人，好借他之力处理穆斯林的事务。”

“Islam will remain strong as long as the authority is rigorously strong. But strength in authority is not killking by sword or striking by whip, but it is judging according to Truth and applying justice” as mentioned by Ibn Sa’d in Al-Tabaqat from Said b. Suwayd. So Umar (ra) said regarding him, . "وددت لو أن لي رجلاً مثل عمير بن سعد أستعين به على أعمال المسلمين" .

“我真希望我身边有像’Umayr Bin Sa’d这样的人，在穆斯林的事务上我可以依靠他。”

“I wish I had a man like ’Umayr Bin Sa’d who I could rely upon in Muslims’ matters”.