女性生活在公共领域与私人领域之中。在公共领域,她被允许与女性、马赫兰(Maharim,即不可与之结婚的近亲男子)以及外男(即她可以与之结婚的男子)共处,但条件是除面部和双手之外不得显露其他部位,衣着不得暴露,也不得公开炫耀饰物。至于私人领域,她除女性和马赫兰之外,不得与任何人同处,也不得与非亲属的外男同处。在这两个领域中,她都受到伊斯兰教法所有规定的约束。

The woman lives in public and private spheres; in the public sphere she is permitted to live with women, Maharim men, and foreign men (men whom she can marry) on the condition that nothing other than her face and hands can be revealed, and that the clothing is not revealing, besides there is not any open display of adornments. As for the private sphere, she is not permitted to live with anyone other than women and her Maharim, and she is not permitted to live with unrelated/foreign men. She is restricted by all the Shari’ah rules in both spheres.

本条的依据是关于请求许可的那节经文。

The evidence for this article is the verse mentioning seeking permission.

“信道的人们啊！你们不要进入不是你们自己的房屋，直到你们征得允许并向其中的居住者致安拉的和平问候。”（古兰经 24:27），以及关于在至亲面前显露装饰的经文。

“O you who have believed, do not enter houses other than your own houses until you ascertain welcome (ask for permission) and greet their.” (TMQ 24:27), and the verse regarding revealing the beautification to the Maharim.

“并告诉信道的妇女，不要显露她们的装饰，除非对丈夫、父亲、丈夫的父亲、儿子、丈夫的儿子、兄弟、兄弟的儿子、姐妹的儿子”（TMQ 24:31）——这些都是私人领域的依据，也是提到完整衣着的经文。

“And tell the believing women not to expose their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands' fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers, their brothers' sons, their sisters' sons.” (TMQ 24:31) - which are the evidences for the private sphere. The verse mentioning the complete clothing.

“并告诉信道的妇女，要把她们的头巾垂到胸前。”（TMQ 24:31）以及长外衣（Jilbab）。

“And tell the believing women to wrap [a portion of] their headcovers over their chests.” (TMQ 24:31) and the Jilbab.

“先知啊！你要告诉你的妻子、你的女儿和信士们的妇女，叫她们把外衣垂下遮住自己（的身体）。”以及关于禁止公开炫耀饰物的经文。

“O Prophet, tell your wives and your daughters and the women of the believers to bring down (let down) over themselves their outer garments.”, and the verse regarding the prohibition of the open display of adornments.

“[但]不炫耀装饰。”（TMQ 24:60），以及那些表明真主（SWT）为男女无别地规定的义务、推荐与许可行为的经文，都是公共领域的证据。

“[but] not displaying adornment.” (TMQ 24:60), along with the texts which indicate the obligatory, recommended and permitted actions which Allah (swt) legislated for woman and man without distinction, are all evidences for the public sphere.

然而,当真主(SWT)允许女性在公共领域与男性一同参与活动时,例如允许她从事商业、农业、工业,担任公务员、法官,加入政党,监督统治者,并以与男性相同的方式处理生活事务,同时,真主(SWT)也制定了具体的规定。因此,规定了女性外出于公共领域时所应穿着的服饰:她必须遮盖全身,除了双手和面部之外,并且不得公开展示她的饰物与装扮。真主(SWT)说:

However, when Allah (swt) permitted the woman to participate in the public sphere with men, such as the permissibility for her to participate in trade, agriculture, industry, the civil service, the judiciary, membership of political parties, accounting the ruler, and dealing with life’s affairs in the same manner as the man, at the same time He (swt) laid down specific rules. So the clothes which she is permitted to come out with in the public sphere have been specified, in that she has to cover all of her body other than her hands and face, and not display her adornments and beautification openly; Allah (swt) said.

“并告诉信士的妇女，不要显露她们的装饰，除非是自然显露的部分。”（《古兰经》24:31）伊本·阿拔斯说，这指的是脸和双手，此说见于拜哈基在《大圣训集》（Al-Sunan Al-Kubra）中的记载。先知ﷺ说。

“And tell the believing women not to expose their adornment except that which [necessarily] appears thereof.” (TMQ 24:31). Ibn ‘Abbas said this is the face and hands, as reported by Al-Bayhaqi in Al-Sunan Al-Kubra. The Prophet said.

. إِنَّ الْجَارِيَةَ إِذَا حَاضَتْ لَمْ يَصْلُحْ أَنْ ي رَُى مِنْ هَا إِلاَّ وَجْهُهَا وَيَدَاهَا إِلَى « » المِفْصَلِ .

. إِنَّ الْجَارِيَةَ إِذَا حَاضَتْ لَمْ يَصْلُحْ أَنْ ي رَُى مِنْ هَا إِلاَّ وَجْهُهَا وَيَدَاهَا إِلَى « » المِفْصَلِ .

“如果一个女孩到了青春期（以开始月经为标志），那么除了脸和双手至手腕处之外，她身体的任何部分都不应被人看见”（由艾布·达伍德以*Mursal*形式的传述记录），并且真主（SWT）说。

“If a girl reaches puberty (indicated by starting menstrual cycle), it is not right that any part of her be seen other than her face and the two hands up to the wrists” (reported by Abu Dawud as a Mursal narration), and Allah (swt) said.

“[但]不炫耀装饰。”（TMQ 24:60），先知也说：

“[but] not displaying adornment.” (TMQ 24:60), and the Prophet also said.

. » أَيُّمَا امْرَأَةٍ اسْ تَ عْطَرَتْ فَمَرَّتْ عَلَى قَ وْمٍ لِيَجِدُوا مِنْ رِيحِهَا فَهِيَ زَانِيَة « .

. » أَيُّمَا امْرَأَةٍ اسْ تَ عْطَرَتْ فَمَرَّتْ عَلَى قَ وْمٍ لِيَجِدُوا مِنْ رِيحِهَا فَهِيَ زَانِيَة « .

“任何女子擦了香水，然后从人群旁经过，使人们闻到她的香气，她就是一个通奸者”（由奈萨仪（Al-Nasa’i）引自艾布·穆萨·艾什尔里，哈基姆（Al-Hakim）认定其为圣训，达哈比（Al-Dhahabi）予以确认）。至于女子在private sphere中应如何生活，她被禁止与女人、Maharim或儿童以外的人同住，并且除了前面提到的人之外，她被禁止在这一私密空间中穿着显露身体的轻薄衣物出现。安拉（SWT）说：

“Any woman who puts on perfume then passes by people so that they can smell her fragrance then she is an adulteress” (reported by Al-Nasa’i from Abu Musa Al-Ash‘ari, and Al-Hakim authenticated it and Al-Dhahabi confirmed it). As for how the woman should live in the private sphere, she has been prohibited from living with anyone other than women, Maharim or children, and she has been prohibited from appearing in this private sphere in light clothes except in front of those just mentioned. Allah (swt) said.

“并告诉信道的妇女，不要显露她们的装饰，除非对她们的丈夫、她们的父亲、她们丈夫的父亲、她们的儿子、她们丈夫的儿子、她们的兄弟、她们兄弟的儿子、她们姐妹的儿子、她们的女伴、她们右手所有的（奴婢），或者没有性欲的男仆，或者还不懂得妇女隐秘之事的幼童。”（TMQ 24:31）

“And tell the believing women not to expose their adornment except to their husbands, their fathers, their husbands' fathers, their sons, their husbands' sons, their brothers, their brothers' sons, their sisters' sons, their women, that which their right hands possess, or those male attendants having no physical desire, or children who are not yet aware of the private aspects of.” (TMQ 24:31).

不论来者是否为她的至亲（Mahram），在未得到许可之前，任何人都不得进入她的私人空间；真主（SWT）如是说。

It is not permitted for anyone to come into her private sphere before taking permission, irrespective of whether they were Mahram or not; Allah (swt) said.

“{信道的人们啊！你们不要进入别人的房屋，直到你们征得主人的许可，并问候屋中的居民。}”（古兰经 24:27）；先知ﷺ也曾命令一个人在进入自己母亲的住处之前先征得许可。

“O you who have believed, do not enter houses other than your own houses until you ascertain welcome (ask for permission) and greet their inhabitants.” (TMQ 24:27); and the Messenger (saw) ordered a man to take permission before entering his mother’s place.

这些是本文的依据。

These are the evidences for this article.