第179条
Article 179
国家应当提供发展知识的条件,例如图书馆和实验室,此外还应兴办学校和大学,使那些想要继续研究各个知识领域的人能够深入钻研,这些领域包括教法学、圣训学、经注学、思想、医学、工程学、化学,以及发明创造和各种发现等。这样做是为了培养大量的穆贾台希德、杰出的科学家和发明家。
The State ought to provide the means of developing knowledge, such as libraries and laboratories, in addition to schools and universities, to enable those who want to continue their research in the various fields of knowledge, like jurisprudence, narrations and Tafsir, and thought, medicine, engineering and chemistry, and such as inventions and discoveries and so on. This is done to create an abundance of Mujtahidun, outstanding scientists and inventors.
本条的依据是先知的话语ﷺ:
The evidence for the article are the words of the Prophet (saw):
.» الإِمَامُ رَاعٍ وَهُوَ وَمَسْؤُولٌ عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ «.
.» الإِمَامُ رَاعٍ وَهُوَ وَمَسْؤُولٌ عَنْ رَعِيَّتِهِ «.
“伊玛目(统治者)是牧者,他要为其臣民负责”(布哈里从阿卜杜拉·本·欧麦尔处传述),以及这一原则:“没有它,义务就无法完成的事物,它本身也是义务”。图书馆、实验室以及其他发展知识的手段,属于伊玛目必须管理的乌玛事务之一;如果他有所疏忽,他就要为此承担责任。若没有这些发展知识的手段,教法上的伊吉提哈德(独立推理)和为军事准备所需的发明就无法实现,那么依据“没有它,义务就无法完成的事物,它本身也是义务”这一原则,提供这些手段就成为哈里发的义务。如果它们有助于实现这些目标,并简化伊吉提哈德和发明的问题,那么它们便属于实现利益的事务管理范畴;在这种情况下,它们就不是义务性的,因此国家有财力时就设立,否则便不设立。基于以上所述,图书馆、实验室及其余发展知识的手段的提供,属于伊玛目必须提供的范畴,换言之,属于国家应当提供的事务。
“The Imam (ruler) is a guardian and he is responsible for his subjects” (reported by Al-Bukhari from Abdullah Bin Umar), and the principle: “That, without which the obligation cannot be accomplished, is itself an obligation”. Libraries, laboratories and the rest of the means of developing knowledge are part of the affairs of the Ummah which the Imam must govern, and if he falls short he is accounted over it. If the Ijtihad in jurisprudence and the creation of inventions which are necessary for the sake of military preparations, are not possible without these means of developing knowledge, then to provide these means becomes an obligation upon the Khalifah in accordance with the principle: “That, without which the obligation cannot be accomplished, is itself an obligation”. If they help to achieve these goals, and simplify the issue of Ijtihad and invention, then they are part of the governing of the affairs which achieve benefits; in which case they would not be obligatory, and so if the State had the finances it would establish them and otherwise not. Due to all of this, the provision of libraries, laboratories and the remaining means to develop knowledge fall under what the Imam must provide, or in other words, what falls upon the State to provide.