公有制分为三类：

There are three categories of Public Ownership:

a. 公共设施，例如城镇中的公共开放空间。

a. Public utilities, such as the open spaces in the towns.

b. 丰富的矿产资源，例如油田。

b. Vast mineral resources, like oil fields.

c. 本质上不允许个人所有的事物，例如河流。

c. Things which, by their nature, preclude ownership by individuals, such as rivers.

该条款的依据即是第129条的依据，因此条款"c"的依据，是先知（愿主赐福并平安于他）对共同拥有公共道路之人的确认，以及他的话语。

The evidence of the article is the evidence for article 129, and so the evidence for clause: “c” is the affirmation of the Messenger (pbuh) upon the people sharing the ownership of the public pathways, and his words:

.» مِنًً مُنَاخُ مَنْ سَبَقَ « .

.» مِنًً مُنَاخُ مَنْ سَبَقَ « .

“Mina is a resting place for whoever arrives first”，由al-Tirmidhi从Aisha（ra）处传述，他说这是Hasan Sahih（良好的圣训），Ibn Khuzaymah也认定其为可信。换言之，米纳（Mina）是半岛上著名的地方，是全体民众共有的公共财产。谁先到达并在那里休息，谁就对其拥有使用的权利。

“Mina is a resting place for whoever arrives first” reported by Al-Tirmidhi from Aisha(ra), and he said it is Hasan Sahih, and Ibn Khuzaymah who authenticated it; in other words, Mina, which is the famous place in the Peninsula, is a public property for all the people. So whoever gets there first and rests there, they have the right to it.

至于条款“b”，其证据是圣门弟子艾布·欧玛尔（即艾布·哈马勒之子艾比德）所传述的：他说，他曾到先知穆罕默德ﷺ那里…… Wait, I must translate faithfully only, without adding content not in the original. Corrected: 至于条款“b”，其证据是从阿慕鲁·本·盖斯，经由他的父亲，转述自阿比德·本·哈马勒所传的圣训，他说：

As for clause: “b”, its evidence is what was reported from ‘Amru b. Qays from his father from Abyad bin Hammal who said:

. مَعْدِنَ الملِْحِ بَِِأْرِبَ فَأَقْطَعَنِيهُ، فَقِيلَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ، إِنَّهُ اسْتَقْطَعْتُ رَسُ ولَ اللهِ « » فَلاَ إِذَنْ :بَِِنْزِلَةِ الْمَاءِ الْعَدِّ -يعنِ أنه لا ينقطع- فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ .

. مَعْدِنَ الملِْحِ بَِِأْرِبَ فَأَقْطَعَنِيهُ، فَقِيلَ: يَا رَسُولَ اللهِ، إِنَّهُ اسْتَقْطَعْتُ رَسُ ولَ اللهِ « » فَلاَ إِذَنْ :بَِِنْزِلَةِ الْمَاءِ الْعَدِّ -يعنِ أنه لا ينقطع- فَقَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ .

“我曾请求安拉的使者（愿主赐其平安）把一片盐碱地封赐给我，他就批准了。有人说：安拉的使者啊，那地好比取之不竭的水——也就是说，它不会枯竭——于是安拉的使者（愿主赐其平安）说：“这样的话，不行。””（由奈萨仪辑录），地下水就是那种不会枯竭的水，因此盐碱地被比作不会枯竭的地下水。这里的用意不在于盐，而在于矿物质。证据是：他一旦知道那是不会枯竭的资源，就禁止了它，而他最初明明知道那是盐碱地，并且最初也批准了封赐，所以禁止的原因在于它是一大片矿产资源。艾布·欧拜德说：

“I asked the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) to assign me a salt laden land as a fief and so he granted it to me. It was said: O Messenger of Allah (pbuh) , it is comparable to a countless water – in other words, it does not deplete – and so the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) said: “In such a case: no”” (reported by Al-Nasa’i), and the groundwater is that which is not depleted, and so the salt laden land was compared to the groundwater which is not depleted. The intention here is not the salt but rather the minerals, the evidence being that when he knew that it was non-depleting he prohibited it, though he initially knew that it was salt, and granted the land initially, and so the prohibition is due to it being a vast mineral resource. Abu ‘Ubayd said:

. فِي الكَلأِ أَنَّهُ مَاءٌ عَدٌ ارْتَََعَهُ مِنْهُ، لأَنَّ سُنَّةَ رَسُولِ الله فَلَمَّا تَبَيََّ لِلْنَبِِِّ « » وَالنَّارِ وَالْمَاءِ أَنَّ النَّاسَ جَِْيعاً فِيهِ شُرَكَاءُ، فَكَرِهَ أَنْ يََْعَلَهُ لِرَجُلٍ يَحُوزُهُ دُونَ سِواه .

. فِي الكَلأِ أَنَّهُ مَاءٌ عَدٌ ارْتَََعَهُ مِنْهُ، لأَنَّ سُنَّةَ رَسُولِ الله فَلَمَّا تَبَيََّ لِلْنَبِِِّ « » وَالنَّارِ وَالْمَاءِ أَنَّ النَّاسَ جَِْيعاً فِيهِ شُرَكَاءُ، فَكَرِهَ أَنْ يََْعَلَهُ لِرَجُلٍ يَحُوزُهُ دُونَ سِواه .

“当先知意识到这包括地下水（不会耗尽）时，他撤销了该做法。这是真主的使者ﷺ关于牧场、火和水的圣行，使所有人共同拥有其所有权。因此，他不喜欢将所有权限定于一人而排除他人。”因此，凡是不会耗尽的矿藏，即其量不被视为少量的，都被视为公共财产。若其数量有限，则不被视为公共财产，这一点由该段圣训可以证明。

“When the Prophet realised it included ground water (does not deplete), he revoked it, it is the Sunnah of the Messenger of Allah (pbuh) in relation to pasture, fire and water, to make all the people partners in their possession. So he disliked limiting possession to one person at the exclusion of others”. Accordingly, every mineral which is non-depleting, i.e. its size is not evaluated as a small quantity, is considered to be a public property. Had it been limited to a small amount then it is not considered to be a public property, as evidenced by the narration.

关于条款：“a”，其证据是圣门弟子之一阿布·哈拉斯所传的话，他说：先知（愿主赐福并平安）说： Note on the translation: the source writes "(pbuh)" after the Prophet's name, which I have rendered as ﷺ per the rules, and the "(pbuh)" as a written honorific was replaced accordingly.

As for clause: “a”, its evidence is the words reported by one of the companions of the Prophet Abu Kharras who said: the Messenger (pbuh) said:

. » الْمُسْلِمُونَ شُرَكَاءُ فِي ثَلاَثٍ: الْمَاءِ وَالْكَلإِ وَالنَّارِ « .

. » الْمُسْلِمُونَ شُرَكَاءُ فِي ثَلاَثٍ: الْمَاءِ وَالْكَلإِ وَالنَّارِ « .

“穆斯林在三样东西上有共同的份额：水、牧场和火”（艾哈迈德所记载），以及他的话语：

“Muslims have common share in three: water, pastures and fire” (reported by Ahmad), and his words:

.» ثَلاثٌ لا يَُْنَعْنَ: الْمَاءُ وَالْكَلأُ وَالنَّارُ « .

.» ثَلاثٌ لا يَُْنَعْنَ: الْمَاءُ وَالْكَلأُ وَالنَّارُ « .

“三样东西不可被禁止（任何人都不得禁止）：水、火和草场”（伊本·马哲从艾布·胡莱赖引述）。这段圣训有一个“伊莱”（illah，即取消禁止的理由）：禁止之所以不可，是因为它们属于公共设施。因此，先知ﷺ允许个人拥有塔伊夫和海拜尔的水源，他们为了灌溉自己的庄稼和园林而占有水源，并对他人造成影响。如果水源是绝对共有的，先知ﷺ就不会允许个人占有它。因此，从先知ﷺ的话语“穆斯林在三样东西上共享：水……”，以及“三样东西不可被禁止”，并结合他允许个人拥有水源的事实，可以推导出一个“伊莱”：水、草场和火的共享，是因为它们是公众不可或缺的公共设施。凡是被视为公共设施的东西，例如城镇中的空地、采薪之地和放牧的草场，都属于公共财产。

“Three can not be denied (to anyone): water, fire and pastures” (reported by Ibn Maja from Abu Hurayrah). This narration has an Illah that its prevention is because they are from the public utilities. So the Messenger (pbuh) permitted individual ownership of water in Al-Ta’if and Khaybar, and they owned it at the expense of others in order to irrigate their crops and gardens, and so if there was absolute partnership in water, he would not have allowed individuals to own it. Therefore, from the words of the Messenger (pbuh) Muslims have common share in three: water…”, and: “three are not denied” along with his permission for individuals to own water, an Illah can be deduced that the partnership in water, pastures and fire, is due to the fact that they are public utilities that the public cannot live without, and so anything that is considered to be a public utility such as the open space in the towns, the areas for wood and the grazing pastures are all public property.

这是公有制的证据。

This is the evidence for public ownership.

至于这三类本身构成公有财产，这是通过考察得出的。通过对公有制相关证据的考察，发现它们仅限于这些类别，因此此条的证据随之明确。

As for the fact that these three alone constitute publicly owned property, this is from examination. Through the examination of the evidences regarding public ownership, it was found that they were limited to these categories, and so subsequently the evidence for this article has been made clear.