Sura endi insonning yashashi uchun Alloh yaratgan yer haqida so'z yuritadi. U yerni tekis qildi va unda insonning hayotini ta'minlaydigan barcha vositalarni joylashtirdi:
The surah now refers to the earth, which God has created for man to live on. He smoothed it and provided in it all the means that enable it to support human life:
U ShUNDAY qilgan — yer yuzini sizlar uchun yashashga qulay qilib qo‘ygan Zotdir. Shas, uning kengliklarida yuring va Uning rizqidan yeng. Qaytish Unga bo‘ladi.
He it is who has made the earth easy to live upon. Go about, then, in all its highlands and eat of His provisions. To Him you will be resurrected. (Verse 15)
Inson uzoq vaqtdan beri yer yuzida yashab kelmoqda va unga o‘rnashish, uning ustida yurish hamda uning imkoniyatlaridan – jumladan tuprog‘i, suvi, havosi, ma’danlari va barcha boshqa tabiiy boyliklaridan foydalanish uning uchun qulay bo‘lib kelgan. Shu sababli odamlar Allohning ne’matini unutadilar, chunki U yerni ular uchun yashashga qulay qilib qo‘ydi va undagi narsalardan foydalanishlarini ta’minladi. Sura ularga bu buyuk ne’matni eslatadi, uni ko‘z oldilariga qo‘yadi va har bir inson, qaysi davrda yashashidan qat’i nazar, yer va uning imkoniyatlari haqidagi bilimiga ko‘ra tushunishi mumkin bo‘lgan go‘zal ifoda orqali buni amalga oshiradi.
Man has lived long on earth finding it easy to settle upon, walk along and utilize its potentials - including its soil, water, air, minerals and all other natural resources. Hence, people forget Gods blessing as He made the earth easy for them to live on and to benefit by what it contains. The surah reminds them of this great blessing, putting it before their eyes, in a fine expression that everyone, regardless of when do they live, can understand according to their knowledge of the earth and its potentials.
Yer yuzini yashash uchun qulay qilib qo'yilgani haqida aytilgan so'zning o'tmish avlodlar uchun ma'nosi shundan iborat ediki: yer yuzasi tekis qilib yaratilgan, shuning uchun odamlar va hayvonlar uning ustida yurishi, kemalar esa uning dengizlarida suzishi mumkin. Shuningdek, bu ularga yerning ekin ekish va hosil yig'ish uchun yaroqli qilib yaratilganini, hayotni mumkin qiladigan havo, suv va tuproq xilma-xilligi berilganini ham anglatardi. Biroq bular umumiy tushunchalardir.
The description of the earth as easy to live upon meant for those generations of old the surface of the earth and its being smoothed out so that people and animals could walk upon it, and boats could sail through its seas. It also meant for them that it has been made suitable for cultivation and harvest, and given the sorts of atmosphere, water and soil to make life possible. These, however, are general notions.
Ilmiy kashfiyotlar bugungi kungacha ushbu Qur'on bayonining yanada keng ma'noga ega ekanligini ko'rsatadigan qo'shimcha tafsilotlarni taqdim etmoqda.
Scientific discoveries, up to the present day, provide further details that give a much broader sense to this Quranic statement.
Arabskiy atamasi dhalul, Yer oʻzida yashash uchun qulay ekanini bildirish uchun surada ishlatilgan boʻlib, odatda inson minishi uchun "rom qilingan", ya'ni oʻrgatilgan hayvonni tasvirlash uchun ishlatiladi. Fan shuni koʻrsatadiki, bu atama ayni muddao: biz barqaror va harakatsiz deb koʻradigan Yer, aslida albatta harakatda. Bundan tashqari, u toʻxtovsiz, tez sur'atda harakat qilmoqda. Shunga qaramay, u oʻz yoʻlovchisini tashlab yubormasligi va yurish davomida uni oyoq osti qilmasligi uchun "rom qilingan". U harakat qilayotganda yoʻlovchini silkitmaydi, balki unga yengil yoʻl bag'ishlaydi. Bundan tashqari, u sut beradigan, koʻp sut beruvchi minov hayvoniga oʻxshaydi.
The Arabic term used in the surah to describe the earth as easy to live upon’ is dhalul, which is normally used to describe an animal that is ‘broken so that man can use it as a mount. Science tells us that use of this term is apt, because the earth which we see as stable and motionless is nonetheless certainly moving. What is more is that it is running at a fast pace, without stopping. Nevertheless, it is broken so as not to throw off its rider and not to trample him as it goes along. It does not shake him as it moves, but rather gives him an easy ride. Moreover, it is just like a mount that produces milk, yielding much.
Yer, insonning mingib yurgan bu tuyasi, soatiga 1000 mil tezlik bilan aylanadi va shu bilan birga, quyosh atrofidagi orbitasida soatiga taxminan 65 000 mil tezlik bilan harakatlanadi. Bundan tashqari, yer, quyosh va quyosh sistemasi kosmosda taxminan 20000
The earth, this mount man rides, revolves at a speed of 1,000 miles per hour, and, at the same time, moves in its orbit around the sun at a speed of approximately 65,000 miles per hour. Furthermore, the earth, the sun and the solar system travel in space at a speed of around 20,000
mil/soat. Shunday tez harakatlanishiga qaramay, inson Yer yuzida mutlaq qulaylik va barqarorlikda qoladi. Hech narsa uni parchalab yubormaydi va uning mol-mulki havoga uchib ketmaydi. Darhaqiqat, u na bosh aylanishi, na miya chayqalishini his qiladi. Aksincha, u o'z minib olgan narsasida mahkam o'tirgan holda qoladi.
miles per hour. Despite such speedy movements, man stays in perfect comfort and stability on the earths surface. Nothing tears him apart, nor are his belongings thrown in the air. Indeed, he suffers neither dizziness nor concussion. Instead, he remains firmly on his mount.
Bu uch harakatning aniq maqsadi bor. Ushbu harakatlardan ikkitasining inson hayotiga, umuman yer yuzidagi hayotga ta'siri bizga ma'lum.
These three movements have a definite purpose. We know the effect of two of these movements on human life, and on life on earth in general.
Yer o'z o'qi atrofida aylanganda kecha va kunduz almashinib turadi. Agar tun doimiy holat bo'lganida, Yerdagi barcha hayot muzlab qolgan bo'lardi. Aksincha, doimiy kunduz holati bo'lganda esa hamma narsa kuyib ketardi. Yerning Quyosh atrofida aylanishi biz har yili baham ko'radigan to'rt fasl sabab bo'ladi. Bu fasllarning birortasi doimiy bo'lganida, hayot Xudo irodasi bilan belgilangan shaklda mumkin bo'lmas edi. Quyosh tizimidagi uchinchi harakatning maqsadini biz hali aniqlay olganimiz yo'q, ammo u koinotda aniq seziladigan umumiy uyg'unlik bilan bog'liq bo'lsa kerak.
As the earth revolves, the day and night alternate. Had night been the permanent condition, all life on earth would have been frozen out. By contrast, a permanent day condition would result in everything being burnt. The earths orbiting of the sun causes the four seasons we enjoy each year. Had any of these seasons been permanent, life would not have been possible in the form God has willed. We have not as yet discovered the purpose of the third movement in the solar system, but it must relate to the overall harmony clearly noticeable in the universe.
Bu uch xil juda tez harakatga qaramay, bu singan o‘q, ya’ni Yer, o‘z o‘qining 23,5 daraja burchak ostidagi holati bilan belgilangan o‘sha holatini saqlab turadi. Yer o‘qining bu holati Yer orbitasi bilan birgalikda to‘rt fasl hosil bo‘lishida muhim rol o‘ynaydi.
Despite these three exceedingly fast movements, this broken mount, the earth, maintains the same position defined by the position of its axis at an angle of 23.5 degrees. This position of the earths axis is instrumental in producing, along with the earths orbit, the four seasons.
O‘qning burilish burchagi o‘zgarsa, to‘rt fasl almashinuvi davri buziladi.
A change in the axis angle would disrupt the cycle of the four seasons.
Biroq, bu aylanishni saqlab turish o‘simliklarning hayoti uchun, balki yer yuzidagi barcha hayot uchun zarurdir.
Yet maintaining this cycle is essential for the life of plants, and indeed for all life on earth.
Xudo yerni inson uchun yashashga qulay qilib qo‘ygan: unga shunday tortishish kuchini bergan-ki, u odamlarni barqaror va muvozanatda ushlab turadi, shu bilan birga yer o‘zining uchta tez harakatini amalga oshiradi. U, shuningdek, insonning umumiy harakatini osonlashtirish uchun atmosfera bosimining darajasini belgilagan. Agar bu bosim og‘irroq bo‘lganida, inson harakatlanishi ancha qiyin, bu bosimning darajasiga qarab, hatto imkonsiz bo‘lib qolardi. Albatta, og‘ir atmosfera bosimi yo insonning harakatini to‘sar, yo uni butunlay ezib tashlardi. Agar u yengilroq bo‘lganida, insonning harakatida barqarorlik bo‘lmasdi. Darhaqiqat, uning tanasi ichida portlashlar yuz berardi, chunki tana bosimi atmosfera bosimiga nisbatan yuqori bo‘lardi: bu haqiqatan ham baland tog‘larga chiqqanlar bilan ba’zan sodir bo‘ladi.
God has made the earth easy for man to live upon by giving it a gravity which keeps people steady and in balance, while it makes its three speedy movements. He also determined the degree of its atmospheric pressure to make mans overall movement easy. Had this pressure been heavier, man would have found moving about much harder, or even impossible, depending on the level of such pressure. For certain, heavy atmospheric pressure would either hinder man’s movement or crush him completely. Had it been lighter, man’s movement would have lacked stability. Indeed, he would have suffered implosions within his body, because his body pressure would be high in relation to the atmospheric pressure: this does indeed sometimes happen to those who climb to high altitudes.
Bundan tashqari, Alloh taolo yer yuzasini yoydi va unga yumshoq tuproqni berdi. Agar uning yuzasi qattiq toshdan bo‘lganida, ilmiy nazariyalar taxmin qilganidek, yer sovib qotganidan keyin shunday bo‘lishi kerak edi, uning ustida yurish juda qiyin bo‘lar va u hech qanday o‘simlik hayotini yetishtirmas edi. Yomg‘ir, shamol va boshqa atmosfera omillari bu qattiq yuzani ezib, Allohning irodasi bilan unumdor tuproqni hosil qildi, shu tariqa o‘simlik hayoti inson va hayvonlar foydasi uchun gullab-yashnadi. Alloh taolo yer yuzasi ustidagi havoni ham yaratdi va unga hayot uchun zarur bo‘lgan unsurlarni aniq nisbatlarda joylashtirdi. Agar bu nisbatlar boshqacha bo‘lganida, hayot buzilar, hatto mumkin bo‘lmay qolardi. Havo tarkibidagi kislorod 21%, azot esa 78% ni tashkil etadi. Qolgan qismi 10 000 ulushdan 3 ulush nisbatidagi uglerod oksidi hamda boshqa unsurlardan iborat. Bular yer yuzida hayotni saqlab turish uchun zarur bo‘lgan aniq nisbatlardir. Bundan tashqari, yer yuzida hayot mumkin bo‘lishi uchun Alloh taolo yana minglab boshqa o‘zaro bog‘liqliklarni o‘rnatgan. Bularga yer, quyosh va oyning o‘lchamlari, ular orasidagi masofa, quyosh haroratining darajasi, yer qobig‘ining qalinligi, uning tezligi, o‘qining og‘ish burchagi, dengiz suvining quruqlikka nisbati, uni o‘rab turgan havoning zichligi va boshqalar kiradi. Bularning barchasi birgalikda saqlanishi yerni hayotni qo‘llab-quvvatlashga tayyor qiladi, unga oziq-ovqat yetishtirish imkonini beradi va umuman hayot, xususan, inson hayotining gullab-yashnashini ta’minlaydi.
Furthermore, God has stretched the surface of the earth, giving it its soft soil. Had its surface been made of hard rock, as scientific theories suppose should have been the case following the earth’s cooling and hardening, walking on its surface would have been very difficult, and it would not have produced any plant life. Rain, wind and other atmospheric elements managed to crush this solid surface so as to form, by Gods will, this fertile soil, allowing plant life to flourish for the benefit of man and animal alike. God also made the air above the earths surface, putting in it the elements necessary for life in all their accurate proportions. Had these proportions been different, life would have been disturbed, even been impossible. Oxygen constitutes 21% of the element air, while nitrogen forms 78% of it. The remainder is made up of carbon monoxide at a rate of 3 portions out of 10,000, as well as other elements. These are the exact proportions vital for supporting life on earth. In addition, thousands of other correlations have been established by God so as to make life on earth possible. These include the sizes of the earth, the sun and the moon, the distance between these three, the level of the suns temperature, the thickness of the earths crust, its speed, the angle of its axis, the proportion of sea water to dry land, the density of air covering it, and so forth. Maintaining all these together is what ‘breaks’ the earth, making it ready to support life, allowing it to produce sustenance and enabling life in general, and human life in particular, to flourish.
Bu sura bu haqiqatlarga shunday ishora qiladiki, ular har bir inson va har bir avlod tomonidan, ular o‘z bilimi va kuzatish darajasiga qarab qila oladigan darajada tushunilsin va qadrlansin. Shunday qilib, ular barcha hokimiyat qo‘lida bo‘lgan Allohning qo‘li ularni va ular atrofidagi hamma narsani o‘z panohida tutishini, yerni ular uchun yashashga qulay qilib qo‘yishini, ularni va yerni xavf-xatardan saqlab, omon-amanlikda saqlashini anglaydilar. Agar bu ilohiy g‘amxo‘rlik bir lahzagina to‘xtatilsa, butun koinot nazoratdan chiqib ketgan bo‘lar edi va bu uning va undagi barcha tirik mavjudotlarning halokatiga olib kelar edi.
The surah refers to these facts so that they are understood and appreciated by every individual and every generation as they are able to do so, and as their levels of knowledge and observation put before them. Thus, they realize that God’s hand, in which all dominion rests, takes care of them and of all around them, makes the earth easy for them to live upon, keeping them and the earth safe and secure. Should this divine care be withheld for just one moment, the whole universe would reel out of control, leading to its destruction along with all those living on it.
Qachonki inson qalbi bu buyuk haqiqatga ogoh bo‘lsa, Yaratuvchi, Fazl egasi, Rahmi cheksiz Xudo unga istagan joyiga borishga va Uning rizqidan yeyishga ruxsat beradi: “U Zot yerni sizlar uchun yumshoq qilib qo‘ygan. Bas, uning yelkalarida yuringlar va Uning rizqidan yelinglar”. (15-oyat) Tog‘lar bag‘rida yurishga ruxsat tekisliklari va vodiylari bo‘ylab yurishni ham o‘z ichiga oladi. Qiyinroq ish ruxsat etilgan ekan, osonroqi o‘z-o‘zidan ravshan. Yer yuzidagi rizqlarning barchasi Xudoning yaratig‘i bo‘lib, Unga tegishlidir. Xudo ato etgan rizq, hatto ko‘plik shaklida ishlatilganda ham, odatda tushunilganidan ancha kengroq ma’noga ega. U inson qo‘lida turgan, ehtiyojlarini qondirish va bahra olish uchun to‘lashga yetadigan pulni anglatmaydi. Aksincha, u Xudo yer yuziga joylagan, inson yashashiga hissa qo‘shadigan biror narsa topish uchun foydalanishi mumkin bo‘lgan hamma narsani anglatadi. Mohiyatan, bular yer tarkibidagi, o‘zaro nisbatlarida mavjud bo‘lgan elementlarning bir qismi, shuningdek, Xudo o‘simlik, hayvon va insonga bu elementlardan foydalanish va ulardan manfaat olish qobiliyatini ato etganidir:
When man’s heart is alert to this great fact, God, the Creator, the Lord of Grace, the Ever Merciful, allows him to go about wherever he wishes, and to eat of His provisions: “He it is who has made the earth easy to live upon. Go about, then, in all its highlands and eat of His provisions. ” (Verse 15) Permission to go about the highlands incorporates walking along its plains and valleys. When the more difficult enterprise is allowed, the easier one goes without saying. The provisions available on earth are all of Gods creation and belong to Him. What God has provided is much wider in its significance than what we understand from the term provision, even when it is used in the plural form. It does not refer to the money one has in hand to pay for ones needs and enjoyments. Rather, it refers to everything God has placed on the earth that man can use to earn something that contributes to his livelihood. Essentially, these are part of the earth’s composition of the elements that are present in their relative proportions, as also the ability God gave to plant, animal and man to use these elements and benefit by them:
Ma'lumki, barcha o'simlik hayoti atmosferadagi juda oz miqdordagi karbonat angidridga bog'liq bo'lib, o'simliklar uni, so'z bilan aytganda, "nafas oladi". Bu murakkab fotosintez kimyoviy reaksiyasini eng oddiy shaklda ifodalash uchun aytish mumkinki, daraxtlarning barglari o'pkadir va ular quyosh nuri ostida bu o'jar karbonat angidridni uglerod va kislorodga ajratish qobiliyatiga ega.
As is well known, all vegetable life is dependent upon the almost infinitesimal quantity of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere which, so to speak, it breathes. To express this complicated photosynthetic chemical reaction in the simplest possible way, the leaves of the trees are lungs and they have the power when in the sunlight to separate this obstinate carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen.
Ya'ni, kislorod ajralib chiqadi, uglerod esa saqlanib qoladi va o'simlik ildizlaridan ko'tarilgan suvning vodorodi bilan birikadi. Sehrli kimyo orqali tabiat bu elementlardan shakar, selluloza va boshqa ko'plab kimyoviy moddalar, mevalar va gullarni hosil qiladi. O'simlik o'zini o'zi oziqlantiradi va yer yuzidagi har bir hayvonni boqish uchun yetarlicha ortiqcha mahsulot ishlab chiqaradi. Shu bilan birga, o'simlik biz nafas oladigan kislorodni ajratib chiqaradi, u bo'lmasa hayot besh daqiqada tugardi... Demak, barcha o'simliklar, o'rmonlar, o'tlar, har bir mox parchasi va o'simlik hayotining qolgan barcha turlari o'z tuzilishini asosan uglerod va suvdan quradi. Hayvonlar karbonat angidrid chiqaradi, o'simliklar esa kislorod chiqaradi. Agar bu almashinuv bo'lmasa, yo hayvonlar, yo o'simlik hayoti oxir-oqibat deyarli barcha kislorodni yoki deyarli barcha karbonat angidridni sarflab qo'yardi, muvozanat butunlay buzilardi, biri so'liydi yoki o'ladi, ikkinchisi esa tezda uning ortidan ketardi. Yaqinda aniqlanganidek, oz miqdordagi karbonat angidrid ham ko'pchilik hayvonot dunyosi uchun zarurdir, xuddi o'simliklar ham kislorodning bir qismini ishlatganidek.
In other words, the oxygen is given off and the carbon retained and combined with the hydrogen of the water brought up by the plant from its roots. By magical chemistry, out of these elements nature makes sugar, cellulose, and numerous other chemicals, fruits and flowers. The plant feeds itself and produces enough more to feed every animal on earth. At the same time, the plant releases the oxygen we breathe and without which life would end in five minutes... So, all the plants, the forests, the grasses, every bit of moss, and all else of vegetable life, build their structure principally out of carbon and water. Animals give off carbon dioxide and plants give off oxygen. If this interchange did not take place, either the animal or the vegetable life would ultimately use up practically all the oxygen or all of the carbon dioxide, and the balance, being completely upset, one would wilt or die and the other would quickly follow. It has recently been discovered that carbon dioxide in small quantities is also essential to most animal life, just as plants use some oxygen.
Vodorod kiritilishi kerak, garchi biz uni nafas bilan olmasak ham.
Hydrogen must be included, although we do not breathe it.
Vodorodsiz suv mavjud bo‘lmas edi va hayvon hamda o‘simlik moddalaridagi suv miqdori kutilmagan darajada katta va mutlaqo zarurdir.1
Without hydrogen water would not exist, and the water content of animal and vegetable matter is surprisingly great and absolutely essential.1
Azot, shuningdek, yer beradigan rizqlarda muhim o‘rin tutadi:
Nitrogen also plays an important part in the provisions the earth yields:
Azot biror shaklda bo'lmasa, hech bir oziq-ovqat o'simligi o'sa olmaydi. Azotning tuproqqa kirishining bir yo'li — klover, no'xat, loviya va boshqa ko'plab dukkakli o'simliklarning ildizlarida yashaydigan ma'lum bakteriyalarning faoliyatidir. Bu bakteriyalar atmosfera azotini oladi va uni bog'langan azotga aylantiradi, o'simlik nobud bo'lganda esa bu bog'langan azotning bir qismi tuproqda qoladi. Azotning tuproqqa kirishining yana bir yo'li — momaqaldiroqlar. Atmosferada chaqmoq chaqqanida, u azot bilan juda oz miqdordagi kislorodni birlashtiradi, yomg'ir esa uni bog'langan azot holida yerga olib tushadi.2
Without nitrogen in some form not a food plant could grow. One way in which nitrogen can get into the soil is through the activities of certain bacteria which inhabit the roots of leguminous plants, such as clover, peas, beans, and many others. These bacteria take atmospheric nitrogen and turn it into combined nitrogen, and when the plant dies some of this combined nitrogen is left in the soil. Another way in which nitrogen gets into the soil is through thunderstorms. Whenever a flash of lightening rushes through the atmosphere, it combines a very small quantity of the oxygen with the nitrogen and the rain brings it to the earth as combined nitrogen.2
Shunday qilib, azot o‘simliklar o‘zlashtira oladigan shaklda pastga tushiriladi.
Thus nitrogen is brought down in the form plant life can absorb.
O'simliklar havodagi sof azotni o'zlashtira olmaydi.
Plants cannot absorb pure nitrogen as it exists in the air.
Qattiq va suyuq metallar, Yer ichida yashiringan holda, Yerning shakllanish tarzi va u kechirgan sharoitlardan kelib chiqadigan boshqa turdagi rizqlardir. Bu yerda batafsil to'xtalishning hojati yo'q. Biz faqat shuni aytamiz: qisqacha muhokamamiz nuri ostida, arabcha rizq so'zi, ya'ni ro'zg'or, odatda bu so'z bilan bog'liq tushunilganidan ko'ra kengroq ma'no va ahamiyatga ega ko'rinadi. U Yerning yaratilish tuzilishi va koinotning butun loyihasi bilan yanada muhimroq bog'liqdir.
Solid and liquid metals buried inside the earth are other types of provisions resulting from the way the earth was formed and the conditions it went through. We need not go into any details here. All we say is that the Arabic term rizq, or provisions, appears, in the light of our brief discussion, to be wider in scope and significance than what people normally associate with this word. It is more significantly related to the way the earth is made and to the design of the universe as a whole.
Xudo insonlarga undan yeyishga ruxsat berganida, ular undan va butun yer yuzidan foydalanish va bahramand bo‘lish imkoniyatini ham ato etgan: “Bas, uning barcha tog‘li joylarida yuring va Uning rizqidan yeng.” (15-oyat)
When God has permitted mankind to eat of it, He has granted them the facility to make use and partake of it and of the earth as a whole: “Go about, then, in all its highlands and eat of His provisions.” (Verse 15)
Bu bularning barchasi, Alloh taolo odamlarni hayot va o'lim orqali sinash uchun belgilagan, faqat Undan boshqa hech kim bilmaydigan ma'lum bir muddat bilan chegaralangan. Bundan tashqari, bu Alloh taolo bu dunyoda insonga ato etgan narsalar bilan ham chegaralangan.
This is, however, all limited to a period of time known only to God as He set the time allowed for testing people through life and death. It is further confined to all that God makes available for man in this life.
Imtihon vaqti tugagach, o‘lim yuz beradi va undan keyin keladigan narsaga yo‘l ochiladi: "Unga qaytarilasiz." (15-oyat) Albatta, Unga.
When the time of the test is over, death occurs, ushering in what comes after it: “ To Him you will be resurrected." (Verse 15) To Him, certainly.
U'zi koinotning mulki Uning qo'lidadir va barcha panoh Unga bog'liqdir. U har narsaga qodirdir. Agar Unga bo'lmasa, qayta tirilish kimgaga bo'lardi?
It is He who has the dominion over the universe, and with Him all refuge lies. He is able to accomplish anything. If not to Him, to whom would resurrection be?