Ushbu sūra imon va kufr, Allohning payg'ambarlari va ularning xabarlari haqidagi islomiy e'tiqodning asosiy tamoyilini belgilab olgach, yahudiylarning bir qator hollardagi munosabatlarini eslatadi va ular qanday ochiqdan-ochiq yomon gaplar gapirganini bayon qiladi. U ularning Payg'ambar ﷺ va uning xabariga nisbatan tutgan munosabatini qoralaydi, xususan, uning xabarini isbotlovchi belgi va dalillarni ko'rsatishni talab qilgan o'jar da'volarini. Bu munosabatni ular o'z payg'ambarlari Muso (alayhissalom)ga va Iso (alayhissalom) hamda uning onasi Maryamga nisbatan tutgan munosabatlari bilan solishtiradi. Ularning bu turishi yahudiylarning ko'p avlodlar davomida doim bir xil tabiatga ega bo'lganini ko'rsatadi. Qur'on Payg'ambar ﷺga qarshi chiqqan yahudiy avlodi, Isoga qarshi chiqqan avlod va o'tmishda Musoga qarshi chiqqan avlodni bir guruh sifatida tilga oladi va shu yo'l bilan ularning hammasi bir xil tabiatga ega ekanligini ta'kidlaydi.
Having established this basic principle of Islamic faith with regard to the truth of faith and unfaith, God’s messengers and their messages, the sūrah now refers to the attitudes adopted by the Jews on a number of occasions and how they openly spoke evil. It denounces their attitude towards the Prophet and his message, particularly their pigheaded demands asking him to provide them with signs and evidence proving his message. It compares this attitude to the one they adopted towards their own messenger, Moses (peace be upon him), and to their attitude towards Jesus (peace be upon him) and his mother, Mary. Their stance reveals that the Jews have always had the same nature over many generations. The Qur’ān speaks of the Jewish generation which opposed the Prophet and that which opposed Jesus and the one which opposed Moses in the past as one group, in this way emphasising the fact that they all shared the same nature.
Oldingi kitoblarga ega bo'lgan kishilar sendan osmondan ularga bir kitob tushirishingni so'raydilar. Ular Musodan bundan ham kattaroq narsani so'radilar, ular aytganda:
The people of earlier revelations ask you to have a book sent down to them from heaven. They asked Moses for something even greater than that, when they said:
“Bizga Xudoni ko‘rsat, o‘z ko‘zimiz bilan ko‘raylik”, dedilar. Shu zolimligi uchun ularni chaqmoq urdi. Shundan keyin ularga haqiqatning aniq dalillari kelganidan keyin ham buzoqqa sig‘inishga kirishdilar. Shunga qaramay Biz ularni afv etdik va Musoga aniq hujjat (hokimiyat) berdik. Ular bergan qat’iy va’da uchun ularning ustiga Tur tog‘ini ko‘tardik.
`Make us see God with our own eyes.” The thunderbolt smote them for this their wrongdoing. After that, they took to worshipping the calf even after clear evidence of the truth had come to them. Yet We pardoned them that, and We gave Moses clear authority. We raised Mount Sinai high above them in witness of their solemn pledge.
Biz ularga aytdik: "Darvozadan sajda qilgan holda kiringlar". Va Biz ularga yana aytdik:
And We said to them: `Enter the gate, prostrating yourselves”; and We also told them:
«Shanba kuni qonunini buzmang», — va Biz ulardan qat'iy ahd oldik.
`Do not break the Sabbath-law”; and We received from them a most solemn pledge.
(Oyatlar 153-154)
(Verses 153-154)
Arabiston yarimorolida yashagan yahudiylar Islomga va Payg'ambarga ochiqdan-ochiq dushmanona va qat'iy munosabatda bo'lishgan. Ular Islomni yo'q qilish maqsadida uni tanazzulga uchratish uchun doimiy ravishda fitna uyushtirib kelishgan. Ularning bunday munosabati va fitnalari Qur'onda batafsil bayon etilgan. Biz buning ba'zi jihatlarini I va II jildlarda, shuningdek ushbu jildning oldingi qismlarida ham muhokama qilganmiz. Endi esa ushbu munosabatning boshqa jihatlarini izohlaymiz.
The Jews living in the Arabian Peninsula took an openly hostile and rigid attitude towards Islam and the Prophet. They continuously schemed against Islam to try to bring about its downfall. Their attitude and scheming have been described in detail in the Qur’ān. We have also discussed certain aspects of it in Volumes I and II as also earlier in this volume. Now we have an explanation of other aspects of this attitude.
Haddan tashqari takabburlik bilan ular Payg'ambarga ﷺ osmondan tushirilgan, o'z qo'llari bilan ushlashlari mumkin bo'lgan yozma kitobni keltirishni talab qildilar: “Ahli kitob sizdan ularga osmondan kitob tushirib berishingizni so'raydi.” (153-oyat)
Adopting an overbearing manner, they demanded of the Prophet that he should bring them a written book sent down from heaven which they could touch with their own hands: “The people of earlier revelations ask you to have a book sent down to them from heaven.” (Verse 153)
Alloh (Xudo) Oʻz Elchisi nomidan javob beradi va u Oʻz Elchisi hamda musulmon jamoasi bilan Yahudiylar tarixidan bir bobni bogʻlaydi — ularning oʻz Nabiylari, rahbari va najotkori Muso alayhissalomga boʻlgan munosabatini. Ular Musoga ishonishlarini daʼvo qilib, Iso va Muhammad (ularning hammasiga salom boʻlsin) xabarlarini inkor etdilar. Bu takabburlik yangi emas. Ular faqat oʻsha avlodga xos boʻlmagan. Muso davridan beri ular oʻzlarining sezgisizliklarini namoyon etib keldilar, bu esa ularning idrokini faqat moddiy dunyo bilan chegaralab qoʻydi, va ular haqiqatga faqat bosim ostidagina boʻysunishlari bilan oʻjarliklarini koʻrsatdilar. Ular doimo xiyonatkor boʻlib, nafaqat odamlar bilan, balki Rabblari bilan tuzgan ahdlarini ham buzdilar. Ular qoʻpol va andishasiz: aytilayotgan gapni tekshirib koʻrmaydilar. Yomon soʻzlardan ham tiyilmaydilar. Ular doimo ochkoʻz boʻlib, haqqi boʻlmagan boshqalar mulkini qoʻlga kiritishga intiladilar. Ular Xudoga va imon keltirganlar uchun Uning tayyorlab qoʻygan mukofotiga yuz oʻgiradilar.
God gives the answer on behalf of His Messenger, relating to him and to the Muslim community a chapter of Jewish history with their own Prophet, leader, and saviour, Moses, in whom they claimed to believe while denying the messages of Jesus and Muĥammad (peace be upon them all). This arrogance, then is not new. It was not characteristic only of that generation of Jews. Ever since the time of Moses, they have demonstrated their insensitivity, which has restricted their understanding to the material world only, and their stubbornness which has shown that they do not yield to the truth except under pressure. They have always been treacherous, breaking their covenants not only with people but also with their Lord. They are rude and impudent: they do not verify what is being said. Nor do they refrain from using evil words. They are always greedy, trying to lay their hands on other people’s property though they may have no rightful claim to it. They turn their backs on God and the reward He has in store for believers.
Shunday qilib, bu yerda Yahudiylarning haqiqiy mohiyatini va ularning munosabatini ochib beruvchi bir kampaniya ko'rinmoqda. U juda ko'p turli jihatlarni shunchalik kuchli tarzda yoritganligi, Payg'ambar ﷺ davridagi Madinadagi vaziyat haqiqatda qanday bo'lganini bizga ko'rsatadi. Xuddi shunday yovuz fitna va rejalar bugungi kunga qadar ham Islomga va musulmonlarga qarshi davom etmoqda.
What we have here, then, is a campaign revealing the true nature of the Jews and their attitudes. The fact that it tackles in such a powerful way so many different aspects shows us just what the situation in Madinah at the time of the Prophet really was like. The same sort of wicked scheming is still going on against Islam and the Muslims to this day.
"Ahli kitob sizdan osmondan ularga bir kitob tushirishingizni so'raydilar." Bu qotib qolgan, yangilik yo'q bo'lgan qat'iylik haqida tashvishlanmang: "Ular Musodan bundan ham kattaroq narsani so'rab, dedilar: «Bizga Xudoni ko'zimiz bilan ko'rsating»."
Ularga Musoga, ularning payg'ambariga, Xudo bergan aniq dalillar va aniq belgilar ularning yuraklarini qimirlatish, onglarini ochish yoki ularni imonga va taslimlikka yetaklash uchun yetarli bo'lmadi. Ular Xudoni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri, o'z ko'zlari bilan ko'rishni xohlashdi. Bu talab imon nimaligini biladigan yoki his qiladigan odamdan chiqishi mumkin bo'lmagan nodonlik bilan ajralib turardi. Shuning uchun "ularning zulmlari sababli chaqmoq ularni urdi". (153-oyat) Biroq Xudo ularni kechirdi, bu Musoning ular uchun Xudodan mag'firat so'ragan duosiga javob bo'ldi. Bu boshqa surada izohlangan:
“The people of earlier revelations ask you to have a book sent down to them from heaven.” You need not worry about this rigidity in which there is nothing new: “They asked Moses for something even greater than that, when they said: Make us see God with our own eyes.’” The clear evidence and clear signs God has given them through Moses, their Prophet, were not enough to touch their hearts and open their minds or to lead them to belief and submission. They wanted to see God directly, with their own eyes. This was a demand characterised by rudeness which could not have come from a person who knows or feels what faith means. Therefore, “the thunderbolt smote them for their wrongdoing”. (Verse 153) God, however, pardoned them, this in answer to the prayers of Moses who appealed to God to forgive them. This is explained in another sūrah:
"Ularni dahshatli larzon tutganda, u (Muso) duo qildi: Parvardigorim, agar xohlaganingda edi, ulardan oldin va mendan ham avval halok qilgan bo‘lar eding. Bizni, orimizdagi aqlsizlar qilgan ishlari uchun halok qilasanmi? Bularning hammasi Sening sinovingdir: Sen xohlaganingni adashtirasan, xohlaganingni to‘g‘ri yo‘lga yo‘naltirasan. Sen bizning Egamizsan: bizga mag‘firat et va bizga rahm qil. Sen mag‘firat etuvchilarning eng yaxshisisan." (7: 155)
“When violent trembling seized them, he (Moses) prayed: My Lord, had You so willed, You would have destroyed them before this, and me with them. Will You destroy us for what the weak-minded among us have done? All this is but a trial from You, whereby You allow to go astray whom You will and guide aright whom You will. You are Our Master: grant us then, forgiveness and have mercy on us. You are the best of all forgivers.” (7: 155)
“Shundan so‘ng, ular aniq dalil ularga kelganidan keyin ham buzoqqa sig‘inishga kirishdilar.” Bu so‘z Sāmirī tomonidan Misrdan chiqayotganlarida misrlik ayollardan hiyla bilan olingan zeb-ziynat buyumlaridan yasalgan oltin buzoq haqida bormoqda. Musо ularning yonidan Rabbi tomonidan unga belgilangan joyda, u yerda Rabbisi unga o‘z xalqi uchun hidoyat mazmunini o‘z ichiga olgan lavhalarni bergan vaqtda chaqirib olinganida, ular darhol o‘sha buzoqqa sig‘inishga kirishdilar.
“After that, they took to worshipping the calf even after clear evidence of the truth had come to them.” The reference here is to the golden calf, made for them by the Sāmirī using the jewellery taken by trickery from Egyptian women as they left Egypt. They immediately took to worshipping that calf when Moses was called away from them, staying at a place appointed to him by His Lord where He gave him the tablets containing guidance for his people.
«Shunga qaramay Biz ularni kechirdik.» Ammo yahudiylar doim shunday bo‘ladilar: ular faqat zo‘rlik bilan itoat etadilar. «Biz Musoga aniq hokimiyat berdik.» (153-oyat) Bu hokimiyat, ehtimol, lavhalarda mavjud bo‘lgan qonunlardir. Xudo tomonidan berilgan qonun Uning huzuridan to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri hokimiyatni ta’minlaydi. Xudo bundan boshqa hech qanday qonunni tasdiqlamaydi. Bunday qonun odamlarning qalbiga haqiqiy ta’sir ko‘rsatmaydi. Natijada odamlar o‘zlari chiqargan yoki e’lon qilgan qonun va qoidalarga to‘g‘ri hurmat ko‘rsatmaydilar. Bunga faqat qonunni buzganda qo‘lga tushishdan qo‘rqqanlarida amal qilinadi. Xudoning qonunlari esa haqiqiy hurmatga sazovor bo‘ladi va odamlar ularga o‘z ixtiyori bilan rioya qiladilar.
“Yet We pardoned them that.” But the Jews are always the same. They succumb by force only. “And We gave Moses clear authority.” (Verse 153) That authority is most probably the laws contained in the tablets. A law given by God provides direct authority from Him. God does not sanction any law other than that. It has no real effect on people’s hearts. Consequently, people do not show proper respect to laws and regulations that they themselves issue or promulgate. These are only heeded when people fear being caught when they break them. God’s laws, on the other hand, enjoy genuine respect and people observe them willingly.
Biz ularning ustida Toʻrni ko‘tarib, ular ahd-paymon qilsinlar deb, ularga qat’iy va’da berdik. Biz ularga: «Eshikdan sajda qilgan holda kiringlar», dedik va yana: «Shanba kuni (qonunini) buzmanglar», dedik hamda ulardan juda qat’iy ahd oldik. (154-oyat) Yahudiylarning qalblari imon bilan haqiqatan yumshamaganligi sababli, ular taxtalarda yozilganlariga bo‘ysunishdan bosh tortdilar. Shu sababli, ularning shafqatsiz tabiatiga mos keladigan jismoniy kuch bilan itoatga keltirildilar. Agar ular taslim bo‘lib, Alloh ular bilan tuzgan ahdga sodiq qolish va bu taxtalarda bayon etilgan vazifalarini bajarishga va’da bermasalar, ularning boshlari ustida ko‘tarilgan tog‘ har lahzada qulab, hammasini halok qilishi mumkin edi. Faqat itoatga majbur etilganlaridan keyingina ular bu bog‘lovchi, eng qat’iy ahdni bajarish uchun va’da berdilar. Bu ahd boshlari ustida ko‘tarilgan tog‘ning dahshatli tasviri hamda ularning qattiq qalblari bilan bog‘liq holda tasvirlangan. Ahdni shunday tasvirlash uning kuchi va ta’sirining ham tasvirini beradi.
We raised Mount Sinai high above them in witness of their solemn pledge. And We said to them: `Enter the gate, prostrating yourselves”; and We also told them: “Do not break the Sabbath-law”; and We received Pam them a most solemn pledge. (Verse 154) Because their hearts had not been truly influenced by faith, the Jews refused to submit to what was written on the tablets. Hence, they were brought into submission by the sort of physical force suited to their insensitive nature. They beheld the mountain raised above their heads, threatening to fall down any moment and destroy them all unless they surrendered and pledged to observe the covenant God made with them and to carry out their duties as explained on these tablets. Only then, when they were forced into submission did they give their pledges to fulfil the binding, most emphatic covenant. The covenant is described here in terms fitting the horrific image of a mountain raised over their heads and within their hardened hearts. Describing the covenant thus also provides an image of its power and effect.
Ahd shartiga ko'ra, ular Quddus darvozasiga kirganlarida sajda qilishlari va Shanba kuni qonunini ushlashlari kerak edi. Ular dam olish va rohat kuni sifatida Shanba kunini o'zlariga berishni so'ragandan keyin shunday bo'lgan edi. Lekin keyin nima bo'ldi? Ularning qo'rquvi va yengilib qolish hissi susayganda, ular o'z va'dalaridan voz kecha boshladilar. Ular Xudoning vahiylarini inkor etdilar va hech qanday sababsiz payg'ambarlarini o'ldirdilar. Bundan tashqari, ular takabburlik bilan maqtanib, yuraklari har qanday nasihat so'zlariga yopiq ekanini aytdilar.
The covenant stipulated that they should prostrate themselves when they entered the gate of Jerusalem, and that they should observe the Sabbath law, after having requested that the Sabbath be their day of rest and enjoyment. But what happened thereafter? Once their feelings of fear and of being overpowered had weakened, they began to disassociate themselves from their pledges. They denied God’s revelations and killed their prophets without having any cause to do so. Moreover, they boasted arrogantly, saying that their hearts were closed to all words of admonition.
Bundan tashqari, ular Qur’onda Alloh Ўz Elchisi va musulmonlarga nisbatan aytgan barcha ishlarni qildilar: «Shunday qilib, ular ahdlarini buzganlari, Xudoning oyatlariga kufr keltirganlari, haqsiz ravishda payg‘ambarlarni o‘ldirganlari va «Bizning yuraklarimiz yopiqdir», deb maqtanganlari uchun [Biz ularni jazoladik]. Darhaqiqat, Xudo kufrlari sababli ularning yuraklariga muhr bosdi. Natijada ulardan ozchilikdan boshqasi iymon keltirmaydi» (155-oyat).
Furthermore, they did all the things God relates to His Messenger and to the Muslims in the Qur’ān: “And so, [We punished them] for the breaking of their pledge, their disbelief in God’s revelations, their killing of prophets against all right, and for their boast, “Our hearts are closed.” Indeed God sealed their hearts on account of their disbelief. As a result they have no faith except for a few of them.” (Verse 155)
Shu nuqtada ularning nomaqbul xulq-atvori haqidagi hikoya uzilib qoladi.
At this point the account of their highly objectionable behaviour is interrupted.
Ular: “Bizning qalblarimiz yopiq”, deyishardi — yo Payg‘ambarni ulardan ma’qul javob kutishdan umidsizlantirish uchun, yo o‘zlariga Islomga iymon keltirish taklif qilinayotganini masxara qilish maqsadida. Ularni jim qilish uchun darhol javob beriladi: “Albatta, Alloh ularning kufri sababli qalblariga muhr bosdi. Natijada ular, ulardan ozchilikdan tashqari, iymon keltirmaydilar.” (155-oyat) Ularning qalblari tabiatan muhrlanmagan. Ularni muhrlab, qoplab qo‘ygan narsa — ularning kufri va Alloh xabarlarini rad etishidir. Shunday qilib, ular qattiqqo‘l, adashgan bo‘lib, iymon nimani anglatishini tushunishga qodir emaslar. Shu sababli ularning aksariyati kofir bo‘lib qoldi. Faqat ozchilik o‘z qalblarini ochiq tutdi, xolis hukm yuritdi va haqiqatni qayerga olib borsa, o‘sha tomonga intildi. Alloh bu kishilarni to‘g‘ri yo‘lga hidoyat qildi va ular iymonni qabul qildilar. Ammo bunday kishilar haqiqatan ham juda kam edi. Ular orasida `Abdulloh ibn Sallom, Sa`laba ibn Sa`ya, Asad ibn Sa`ya va Asad ibn `Ubaydulloh ham bor edi.
They would say: “Our hearts are closed”, either to make the Prophet despair of a favourable response from them or to deride the fact that they, themselves, were being called upon to believe in Islam. An answer is given straight away to silence them: “Indeed God sealed their hearts on account of their disbelief As a result they have no faith, except for a few of them.” (Verse 155) Their hearts were not sealed by nature. It is their disbelief and their rejection of God’s messages which caused them to be stamped over and sealed by God. Thus, they are hard-hearted, misguided, incapable of appreciating what faith means. Therefore, the overwhelming majority of them remained unbelievers. Only a few kept their hearts open, maintained an objective judgement and pursued the truth wherever it led them. God has guided these people aright and they accepted the faith. But these were very few indeed. Among them were `Abdullāh ibn Sallām, Tha`labah ibn Sa`yah, Asad ibn Sa`yah and Asad ibn `Ubaydillāh.