Saba (Sheba)

Saba (Sheba) - Qur'on soyasida | Quran Course

Qiyomat kuni tasvirlangan sahnalardan birida sura ularning farishtalar va jinnlarga sig'inishiga ishora qiladi: "U ularning hammasini bir joyga to'plagan kuni farishtalarga aytadi: «Bu odamlar sizga sig'inganmidi?» Ular javob beradilar: «Sen pokdirsan! Bizning do'stimiz Sensan, ular emas. Aslida ular jinnlarga sig'inganlar va ko'pchiligi ularga ishonganlar»" (40-41-oyatlar). Bu ularning farishtalar orqali shafoat qilinishi haqidagi fikrlarini rad etadi: "Uning huzurida shafoat foyda bermaydi, faqat O'zi ruxsat bergan kishigagina. Ularning qalblaridan dahshat ketgach, bir-biridan so'raydilar: «Rabbingiz nima buyurdi?» Ular javob beradilar: «Haqni. U eng yuksak, eng ulug'dir»" (23-oyat). Jinnlarga sig'inishlari bilan bog'liq holda Sulaymon va jinnlarning unga qanday xizmatga qo'yilgani eslatiladi. Shuni ta'kidlaydiki, ular uning vafot etganini bilmay qolganlar: "Biz uning o'limini hukm qilganimizda, uning asasini yeb borayotgan yer qurtidan boshqa narsa ularga uning o'lganini ko'rsatmadi. U yiqilganida esa jinnlar, agar yashirin narsani bilganlarida, xo'rlovchi itoatda qolmasliklarini aniq ko'rdilar" (14-oyat).

In one of the scenes it portrays of the Day of Judgement, the sūrah refers to their worship of angels and jinn: “On the day He gathers them all together, He will say to the angels: ‘Was it you that these people worshipped?’ They will answer: ‘Limitless are You in Your glory! You alone are our patron, not they. In fact they worshipped the jinn and most of them believed in them.” (Verses 40-41) It refutes their ideas about intercession by the angels on their behalf: “Before Him, intercession is of no avail, except by one to whom He may have granted permission. When the terror is lifted from their hearts, they will ask [one another]: ‘What has your Lord ordained?’ They will answer: ‘The truth. He is the Most High, the Supreme.” (Verse 23) In connection with their worship of the jinn mention is made of Solomon and how the jinn were placed in his service. It highlights the fact that they were unable to realize that he was dead: “When We decreed his death, nothing showed them that he was dead except an earthworm that gnawed away at his staff And when he fell to the ground, the jinn saw clearly that, had they understood the reality which was beyond [their] perception, they would not have remained in humiliating servitude.” (Verse 14)

Valahki Biz biror shaharga ogohlantiruvchi yuborganimizda, undagi to‘kin-sochin yashovchilar: “Biz sizlarga yuborilgan xabarga ishonmaymiz”, deganlar. Ular yana aytganlar: “Biz sizlardan boylikda ustunmiz va bizda farzandlar ham ko‘p. Biz hech qachon azobga uchramaymiz”. Ayting: “Rabbim xohlagan kishisiga rizqni ko‘p ham beradi, oz ham beradi; lekin ko‘pchilik buni bilmaydi”. Na boyliklaringiz, na farzandlaringiz sizni Bizga yaqinlashtira oladi; faqat iymon keltirib, yaxshi amal qilgan kishigina (Bizga yaqinlashadi). Ana shunday kishilarga ular qilgan ishlari uchun ikki hissa mukofot beriladi. Ular jannat saroylarida tinch-omonlikda yashaydilar. Oyatlarimizga qarshi kurashib, ularni yolg‘on qilishga intilganlar esa azobga topshiriladilar. (34–38-oyatlar) Surada tarixiy misollar ham keltirilgan: Dovud va uning xonadonining Alloh ne'matlariga shukr qilgani, Saboliklarning esa mutlaqo nankor bo‘lgani zikr qilinadi. Ikkala qavmning boshiga kelgan voqealar mashhur bo‘lib, ular Allohning va’dalari hamda ogohlantirishlari to‘g‘ri ekanini tasdiqlaydi.

“Whenever We sent a warner to any community, those of them who lived in luxury said: ‘We do not believe in the message with which you have been sent.’ They also say: ‘Richer than you are we in wealth, and we have more children. We certainly are not going to be made to suffer.’ Say: My Lord gives in abundance, or gives in scant measure, to whomever He wills; but most people do not understand’ It is neither your riches nor your children that can bring you nearer to Us: only he who believes and does what is right [comes near to Us]. To these multiple reward will be given for all that they have done. They will dwell in safety in the mansions of paradise; whereas all who strive against Our revelations, seeking to defeat their purpose, shall be given over to suffering.” (Verses 34-38) The sūrah gives some historical examples, citing David and his household who demonstrated their gratitude for God’s favours and contrasting this with the people of Sheba who were totally ungrateful. What happened to both communities was well known, confirming God’s promises and warnings.

Barcha Makkiy suralar shu mavzularni yoritadi, lekin har bir surada ular o‘ziga xos kosmik fon ustida tasvirlanadi. Darhaqiqat, bu mavzu har safar biz yangi deb his qiladigan turli ta’sirlar bilan birga keladi. Hozirgi surada fon osmon va yerning keng bo‘shlig‘i, idrokimiz yetmaydigan, ulkan va tubsiz olam, Qiyomat kuni to‘planish bo‘ladigan cheksiz maydon, insон ruhining ichki chuqurliklari hamda bir qator ajoyib tarixiy manzaralardir. Ularning har biri qalblarimiz uchun aniq xabar olib keladi va bizni hushyor bo‘lishga undaydi. Sura boshida bizga bu keng koinot kengligi va Allohning cheksiz ilmi haqida so‘z boshlanadi: «U yerga kiradigan va undan chiqadigan narsalarni, osmondan tushadigan va unga ko‘tariladigan narsalarni biladi... Kofirlar: “Bizga Qiyomat hech qachon kelmaydi!” deydilar. Ayt: “Ha, Rabbim bilan qasamki, u albatta sizlarga keladi. U inson idrokidan yashiringan narsalarni biluvchidir. Osmonlarda ham, yerda ham zarracha og‘irlikdagi narsa Undan yashirin emas; undan kichik yoki kattasi ham yo‘qki, ochiq kitobda yozilgan bo‘lmasin”» (2-3-oyatlar).

All Makkan sūrahs tackle these topics, but in each sūrah they are portrayed against a special cosmic background. Indeed, this theme is accompanied by diverse influences that we feel to be new each time. The background in the present sūrah is the wide space of the heaven and earth, the awesome, unfathomable realm that lies beyond the reach of our perception, the limitless plateau where the gathering takes place on the Day of Judgement, the inner depths of the human soul, and a number of amazing historical scenes. Each has its clear message for our hearts, ensuring we remain alert. At the very beginning of the sūrah we are introduced to this broad universal expanse and God’s limitless knowledge: “He knows all that goes into the earth and all that comes out of it; all that descends from the skies and all that ascends to them... The unbelievers say: Never shall the Last Hour come upon us!’ Say: ‘Yes, by my Lord, it shall most certainly come to you. It is He who knows all that lies beyond the reach of human perception. Not an atom’s weight in the heavens or the earth escapes Him; nor is there anything smaller or larger but is recorded in a clear book.” (Verses 2-3)

Sūrah boshida God ta'rifi keladi, bunda Uning ba'zi sifatlari bayon etiladi: osmonlar va yerda hukmronlik qilishi, oxiratda maqtovga sazovor bo'lishi, hikmati va koinotda sodir bo'layotgan barcha narsalardan to'liq xabardorligi. Shuningdek, kofirlarning Qiyomat kunini inkor etishlari va God ning bunga qat'iy javobi – u albatta keladi – zikr qilinadi. Yana sūrahda koinotda bir zarra og'irligicha ham God ning ilmidan tashqarida qolmasligi bildiriladi, bu esa God ning barcha, mo'minlar va kofirlar uchun qilinadigan hisob-kitobi barcha holat va vaziyatlar haqida aniq va to'liq bilim asosida bo'lishini ta'minlaydi. Bu dastlabki qismda sūrah ilm-hikmat egalari God ning Rasuliga nozil qilgan narsaning haqiqat ekanini tasdiqlashlarini bayon qiladi. Unda kofirlarning qayta tirilish g'oyasini g'alati topishlari, ularning dalillari rad etilib, adashishda uzoqqa ketganliklari natijasida azob chekayotganliklari aytiladi. Ularni yer yutib yuborishi yoki osmon ustlariga qulab tushishi mumkinligi bilan ogohlantiriladi. Shu bilan sūrahning birinchi qismi yakunlanadi.

Praise of God forms the beginning of the sūrah, identifying some of His attributes, such as having dominion in the heavens and earth, receiving praise in the hereafter, wisdom and full knowledge of all that takes place in the universe. It also mentions the unbelievers’ denial of the Last Hour and God’s emphatic reply that it will certainly come. Again the sūrah states that not an atom’s weight in the whole universe escapes God’s knowledge, which will ensure that God’s requital o all, believers and unbelievers, will be based on accurate and full knowledge of all situations and circumstances. In this early part, the sūrah states that those who are endowed with wisdom confirm that what God has revealed to His Messenger is the truth. It states that the unbelievers find the idea of resurrection strange, refuting their arguments and telling them that they suffer as a result of being far in error. It warns them that they could be swallowed up by the earth or that the skies could fall apart on them. On this note, the first part of the sūrah ends.

Uchinchi qism mushriklarni o‘zlari sig‘inadigan, go‘yo ilohlik qiladigan narsalarini chaqirib ko‘rishga da’vat etadi va ularga shuni aytadi: bular osmonlarda ham, yerda ham zarracha miqdorda ham hokimiyatga ega emas, ularning ikkalasida ham hech qanday ulushi yo‘q va Unga ulardan hech qanday yordamchi ham yo‘q. (22-oyat) Bu soxta ilohlarning hech biri hech kim uchun Allohning huzurida shafoat qila olmaydi, hatto ular farishtalar bo‘lsa ham, chunki farishtalar Allohdan qo‘rqadi, Uning amrini bajaradi va Uning roziligi bo‘lmaguncha gapirmaydi. Payg‘ambar ﷺ ko‘rsatma bo‘yicha ulardan so‘raydi: osmonlardan va yerdan kim sizlarga rizq beradi? Osmonlar va yer ustidan hukm Allohga tegishli bo‘lsa-ya! Ularga va boshqa barcha mavjudotlarga rizq berguvchi faqat Uning O‘zidir, boshqa hech kim emas. So‘ngra Payg‘ambar ﷺ o‘zi bilan ular o‘rtasidagi masalani hukm chiqarish uchun Allohga topshiradi. Surahning bu qismi uni boshlagan da’vat bilan o‘xshash tarzda tugaydi: «Ayting: Unga sherik deb da’vo qilgan zotlaringizni menga ko‘rsating! Yo‘q! Faqat O‘zi Alloh – qudratli, donodir». (27-oyat)

The third part challenges the idolaters to invoke their alleged deities, and tells them that these “do not have even an atom’s weight of authority either in the heavens or the earth, nor have they any share in either, nor does He have any helper from among them.” (Verse 22) None of these false deities can intercede with God on anyone’s behalf, not even if they were angels, for angels stand in awe of God, do His bidding and do not talk until they are reassured. As instructed, the Prophet asks them who provides their sustenance out of the heavens and the earth, when it is God who has dominion over both? He, and no one else, provides for them and for all other creatures. The Prophet then leaves the matter between himself and them to God for judgement. This part of the sūrah ends with a similar challenge to that with which it began: “Say: Show me those whom you allege to be partners with Him. Nay! He alone is God, the Almighty, the Wise.’“ (Verse 27)

Ushbu ikki bo‘lim, to‘rtinchi va beshinchi qismlar, Xudoning xabarini vahiy qilish masalasiga va kofirlarning unga bo‘lgan munosabatiga to‘xtaladi. Ular boylarning iymonga chaqirishning har bir da’vatiga qanday qarashlarini, hamda o‘z boyligi va farzandlari bilan qanday takabburlik ko‘rsatishlarini bayon qiladi. Bu ikki qism iymon va yaxshi amallar ukbo mukofot uchun asosiy mezon ekanini tasdiqlaydi. Bu yerda mo‘minlar va kofirlarning turli taqdirlari tasvirlangan bir necha manzaralar ko‘rsatiladi, unda yetakchilarning o‘z izdoshlaridan voz kechishi va farishtalarning o‘zlariga sig‘inganlardan uzoqlashishi namoyon bo‘ladi. Ushbu manzaralar orasida, sura kofirlarni o‘zlari yaratgan Xudoning Elchisi haqidagi barcha shovqin-suronlardan xoli bo‘lib, o‘z tabiatlariga murojaat qilib, javoblarni o‘sha yerdan izlashga chaqiradi. U ularga, Payg‘ambar ﷺ hech qanday mukofot so‘ramagan va hech qanday yolg‘on gapirmagan holda, ularning unga qarshi qo‘yayotgan ayblovlari uchun hech qanday dalil yo‘qligini eslatadi. Ushbu ikki qismning har biri Qiyomat kunidan olingan manzara bilan yakunlanadi. So‘ngra, nihoyat, sura kuchli, tez ritmli qisqa oyatlar qatori bilan tugaydi: “Ayting: Robbim haqiqatni otib tashlaydi.”

Together the fourth and fifth parts tackle the question of the revelation of God’s message and the unbelievers’ attitude towards it. They speak about how the affluent view every call to faith, and how they show pride in their wealth and children. These two parts establish the fact that faith and good actions are the basic criteria for reward. Several scenes are shown here of the different fates of the believers and unbelievers, in which we see the leaders disowning their followers and the angels disassociating themselves from those who worshipped them. In between these scenes, the sūrah calls on the unbelievers to resort to their own nature, seeking its answers free from all the fuss they create about God’s Messenger. It reminds them that they have no evidence for the accusations they level at him, when he asks them for no reward and tells them no lie. Each of these two parts is concluded with a scene from the Day of Resurrection. Then, finally, the sūrah ends with a run of short verses that are characterized by a powerful, fast rhythm: “Say: My Lord hurls forth the truth.

Saba (Sheba)

Muqaddima